Despite the development of gasification, in the autumn-winter period, stove heating continues to be the main source of heat for many Russian citizens. It is at this time, as statistics show, that the hearth can become a source of increased danger. And the turn-on delay central heating in apartments is a prerequisite for the use of domestic heating appliances almost around the clock. In this regard, when cold weather sets in, the number of fires increases sharply due to non-compliance with the rules for using stove heating systems and violation of the rules for operating electrical appliances. To ensure that the stove and electric heaters are only a source of heat, and not the cause of a fire, we recall a few simple rules:

1. It is impossible to leave heating stoves unattended and entrust the supervision of them to young children.

2. Before the start of the heating season, it is necessary to check the serviceability of the stove and chimneys, repair them, repair cracks, clean them of soot, and also whitewash all chimneys and walls in attics in which smoke channels pass.

3. Repair, cleaning and routine inspection of stoves should be carried out by a qualified stove-maker.

4. The chimney of the furnace when passing through attic or interfloor floors must have a thickening of brickwork (cutting) of 25 cm with additional asbestos insulation or 38 cm without insulation (51 cm at the chimney of a water heating boiler). The thickening of the brickwork should in all cases also be near the walls of the furnace, if the furnace is adjacent (or close) to the wooden elements of the building.

5. The stove should also not be adjacent to wooden walls or partitions. An air gap (retreat) is left between them to the full height.

6. Any furnace must have an independent foundation.

7. It is forbidden to use ceramic, asbestos-cement and metal pipes for chimneys, as well as to arrange clay and wooden chimneys. For these purposes, a special refractory brick should be used.

8. The furnace must have a serviceable door, dampers of appropriate sizes and a pre-furnace metal sheet nailed to wooden floor, size 50x70 cm. without defects and burnouts.

9. In winter time In order to prevent a fire from overheating of individual parts, it is recommended to heat the stove 2-3 times a day, lasting no more than 1.5 hours.

10. Furniture, curtains and other combustible objects must not be located closer than 0.5 m from the heating stove. You can put them close to each other 4-5 hours after the end of the firebox.

11. You can not store wood chips, sawdust, shavings under the stove, you also can not dry firewood on the stove, hang clothes over it to dry.

12. Do not throw hot coals, slag or ash near buildings, on dry grass. For this, there should be specially designated places where everything raked out of the furnaces is filled with water.

13. It is necessary to stop heating stoves in buildings and structures at least 2 hours before the end of work. In childcare facilities with daytime stay of children, the heating of stoves should be completed no later than one hour before the arrival of children.

14. In the evening, it is necessary to stop heating stoves 2 hours before bedtime.

During the operation of stove heating is prohibited:

To heat with coal, coke, gas furnaces not intended for these types of fuel;

Use gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel and other flammable and combustible liquids for ignition of furnaces;

Use firewood that is larger than the size of the furnace;

Use ventilation and gas ducts as chimneys;

Use furnaces without fire cutting (retreats).

15. Do not use electrical wires and cables with damaged insulation.

16. Do not use damaged outlets.

17. Do not use electric heaters without fireproof supports.

18. Do not use non-standard (home-made) electric heaters.

Comply with the requirements fire safety!

The material was prepared by the press service of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations for the Stavropol Territory

MINISTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR AFFAIRS
CIVIL DEFENSE, EMERGENCIES
AND DISASTER RELIEF

FEDERAL STATE INSTITUTION
"ALL-RUSSIAN ORDER "Badge of Honor"
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FIRE DEFENSE"

MOSCOW 2007

Developed by specialists of the FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia (A.N. Borodkin, SV. Muslakova, V.G. Shamonin) with the participation of employees of the State Fire Supervision Department (UGPN) of the EMERCOM of Russia (Yu.I. Deshevykh, A.N. Nestrugin).

The UGPN EMERCOM of Russia was agreed (letter dated 06.12.2006 No. 19/1/4686).

Developed based on the analysis of existing normative documents concerning the issues of ensuring the fire safety of houses with stove heating. They contain proposals for ensuring the fire safety of solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, both built on site and factory-made during their design, installation and operation.

Designed for use by specialists of design, installation and operating organizations, as well as for monitoring the fire protection of houses with stove heating.

INTRODUCTION

An analysis of the current regulatory documents showed that the fire safety requirements for the installation, repair and operation of stove heating in residential buildings are fragmented, not comprehensive, their verification is carried out without the use of modern control methods, which make it possible to identify hidden defects.

Currently, a large number of individual residential buildings have a mixed type of heating. Often in the process of operation there is a reconstruction of heating systems, installation of fireplaces, redevelopment and change functional purpose premises without complying with fire safety requirements, which significantly increases the fire hazard of buildings, increases the likelihood of a fire and its rapid spread.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

The purpose of the proposed recommendations is to ensure the fire safety of furnace heating systems. They contain proposals for ensuring the fire safety of solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, both built on site and factory-made (with a fire safety certificate). The recommendations also apply to new types of stoves and fireplaces, the characteristics of which are justified by calculations.

1.1 This brochure is based on the departmental publication "Rules for the production of pipe-furnace works" (M: VDPO, 2002), sec. 2.1 - 3.5 (hereinafter, sections of these Recommendations are indicated), as well as the following regulatory documents were used in its development:

Table 2.1

	Number of floors, no more	Number of seats, no more
Residential and administrative
Dormitories, baths
Polyclinics, sports, enterprises consumer services population (except for households, service centers), communications enterprises, as well as premises of categories D and D with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bno more than 500 m 2
General education schools without dormitories
Daycare centers for children, public catering and transport enterprises
Summer garden houses

Note. The number of storeys of buildings should be taken without taking into account the basement.

2.1.2 Stove heating is prohibited in buildings of categories A, B and C (in accordance with the categorization of buildings according to NPB 105-03).

2.1.3 Single-apartment solid fuel stoves may be provided in residential buildings up to two floors inclusive.

2.1.4 Stove heating is allowed for single-apartment individual houses and cottages.

2.1.5 When placing furnaces in rooms, the location of smoke channels and the layout of the building should be taken into account. Options for placing furnaces are shown in fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1. Examples of placement of stoves and stoves in residential buildings:

1 - heating and cooking stove; 2- heating stove; 3- kitchen stove with shield; 4 - hot water column

2.1.7 Furnaces should generally be located near internal walls and partitions, providing for the use of internal fireproof walls to accommodate smoke channels in them. If it is not possible to install smoke channels in the internal walls, mounted or root smoke grouts should be used to remove smoke.

2.1.8 In buildings of any purpose, if there are corridors, furnaces should be installed so that the fireboxes and valves are serviced from the corridors. In buildings of general education schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, clubs, rest houses and hotels that do not have corridors, stoves should be installed so that fireboxes and valves are serviced from utility rooms.

2.1.9 In the corridors and utility rooms from which the furnace fireboxes are serviced, windows with vents or exhaust ventilation with a natural urge.

2.1.10 When placing stoves, it is necessary to provide free access for cleaning the combustion chamber and smoke channels from ash and soot deposits.

2.1.11 Furnaces weighing 750 kg or more (when placed on the ground floor of a rural house) must be installed on a foundation, and the latter should rest on solid ground. When installing stoves on the second or last floors, the load from them should not exceed the calculated ceiling.

2.2. Design and installation of smoke channels for furnaces

2.2.1 Smoke channels (pipes) of furnaces must ensure the complete removal of combustion products into the atmosphere.

2.2.2 Smoke channels (pipes) should, as a rule, be placed near internal walls and partitions made of non-combustible materials. It is allowed to place it in external walls made of non-combustible materials, insulated, if necessary, from the outside to prevent moisture condensation from the discharged combustion products. In the absence of walls in which channels can be placed, wall-mounted or root chimneys should be used.

2.2.3 When installing smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes, it is necessary that the sections of the channel passing through unheated rooms or outside the building be covered with a layer of non-combustible heat-insulating material that ensures that the dew point is not reached (approximately 60 ° C), and sections crossing building structures, must have a temperature outer surface not higher than 50 °C during the operation of furnaces. The joints of the channel elements with each other must be sealed.

2.2.4 As a rule, a separate chimney should be provided for each furnace. It is allowed to connect two furnaces located in the same apartment on the same floor to one pipe. When connecting two branch pipes to the channel, cuts 0.12 m thick and at least 1 m high from the bottom of the branch pipe connection should be provided.

2.2.5 Factory-made stoves must be connected to separate smoke channels.

2.2.6 On the smoke channels of a solid fuel stove, valves with an opening in them of at least 15 × 15 mm should be provided.

2.2.7 Chimneys must be designed from ceramic (clay) bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or from heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick, providing at their base pockets 250 mm deep with holes for soot removal, closed by doors. It is allowed to use chimneys made of asbestos-cement pipes or factory-made stainless steel prefabricated products (two-layer steel pipes with thermal insulation made of non-combustible material). The use of asbestos-cement chimneys or stainless steel for coal-fired stoves is not allowed. When the surfaces of the smoke channels are located outside the buildings, the thickness of the brick walls must be at least 380 mm at a design temperature of up to -20 ° C, 510 mm - at a temperature of -20 to -30 ° C and 650 mm - at a temperature below -30 ° C.

2.2.8 Chimneys should be designed vertically, without ledges and section reduction. It is allowed to deviate pipes at an angle of up to 30° to the vertical with a horizontal deviation of not more than 1 m.

140 × 140 mm - with a thermal power of up to 3.5 kW;

140 × 200 mm - with a thermal power of 3.5 to 5.2 kW;

140 × 270 mm - with a thermal power of 5.2 to 7 kW.

2.2.10 The cross-sectional area of ​​round pipes must not be less than the area of ​​rectangular channels. The area of ​​the chimney must not be less than the area of ​​the flue outlet of the appliance.

2.2.11 The height of the chimneys, counting from the grate to the mouth, should be taken at least 5 m.

2.2.12 Smoke ducts in internal or external walls may be made together with ventilation ducts. At the same time, they must be separated along the entire height by sealed partitions made of clay bricks with a thickness of at least 120 mm.

2.2.13. Elevation of chimneys (Fig. 2.2) should be taken:

At least 500 mm above a flat roof;

At least 500 mm above the roof ridge or parapet when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge or parapet;

Not lower than the roof ridge or parapet when the chimney is located at a distance of 1.5 to 3 m from the ridge or parapet;

Not lower than a line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 ° to the horizon, when the chimney is located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge.

Rice. 2.2. Options for placing smoke channels above the roof

2.2.14. Elevation of chimneys by 500 mm must be provided for:

2.2.15 The arrangement of umbrellas, deflectors and other nozzles on chimneys is not allowed.

2.2.16 Installation of smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes must meet the following requirements:

Corrosion resistance (relative exposure to flue gases) of metal pipes should not be lower than the resistance corresponding to a corrosion rate of 0.01 mm/year;

The design of the smoke channels must ensure the convenience of cleaning (through the top or cleaning hatches) and inspection, as well as the required draft (the vacuum in the smoke channel must not be lower than that specified in the Operation Manual of the furnace);

Chimney fastenings must be reliable and durable, it is necessary to fix at least half of the fragments (i.e. through one);

The tightness, reliability and strength of the joints of the fragments of the smoke channels, which exclude the infiltration of combustion products, must be ensured.

2.3. Laying (installation) of furnaces and their smoke channels

2.3.1 Within the attic, the outer surfaces of the chimney should be plastered and whitewashed.

2.3.2 When installing furnaces with increased heating, the furnace should be protected from the outside with a metal case or frame, which is fastened with clamps from strips of roofing steel 100 mm long and 10-15 mm wide, riveted to the case wall and clamped in the brickwork seams. As a frame, asbestos-cement sheets can be used, which are painted on the outside with a composition containing 70% asphalt varnish No. 177, 20% aluminum powder and 10% gasoline.

2.3.3 Building structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to furnaces and smoke channels must be protected from fire by setting back or cutting with the protection of structures with fireproof thermal insulation.

2.3.4 The retreat can be performed: completely closed, on both sides, on one side and open on all sides.

2.3.5 The dimensions of the retreat and methods of protecting combustible walls and partitions, depending on the type of retreat and the design features of the furnace, should be taken according to Table. 2.2.

Table 2.2

Furnace wall thickness, mm	retreat	Distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall (partition), mm
		not protected	protected
	open
	Closed
	open
	Closed

Notes:

1 For walls with a fire resistance limit of 1 hour or more and a flame propagation limit of zero, the distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall (partition) is not standardized.

2 In buildings of children's institutions, dormitories and catering establishments, the fire resistance of the wall (partition) within the retreat should be at least 1 hour.

3 Protection of the ceiling, floor, walls and partitions should be carried out at a distance of at least 150 mm greater than the dimensions of the furnace.

4 Building structures made of combustible materials should be protected from fire with plaster 25 mm thick on a metal mesh or metal sheet on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick.

5 It is allowed to protect structures from fire using other non-combustible materials that provide a fire resistance limit of the structure of at least 0.75 hours with an open and 1 hour with a closed retreat.

2.3.6. In preschool and medical institutions, only closed retreats should be provided, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 2.3. On the sides, the indentation is sealed with red brick, and on top at the level of the furnace ceiling - with two rows of bricks.

a - side view;

b - top view.

Rice. 2.3. Closed retreat device:

1 - furnace foundation; 2 - sealing layer; 3 - fireproof floor; 4 - wooden wall; 5 - shield from boards; 6 - thermal insulation (asbestos or felt); 7 - brick "on edge"; eight- bake; 9 - pre-furnace sheet;

2.3.7 For air circulation in a closed retreat, holes are made in the walls on the sides above the floor and at the top, and gratings are installed.

2.3.8 The floor in the retreat should be made of non-combustible materials 70 mm above the floor level of the room. A combustible floor is allowed provided that it is protected in retreat with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours.

2.3.9 For heating stoves long burning and frame ovens with walls 65 mm thick, the indentations should be made open on all sides.

2.3.10 Insulation of combustible structures in open retreats should be carried out with plaster 25 mm thick or roofing steel on asbestos cardboard 8 mm thick and go beyond the contours of the furnace by 150 mm.

2.3.11 Ceilings made of combustible materials above the furnace ceiling must be protected from fire.

2.3.12 The distance between the top of the furnace floor, made of three rows of bricks, and the ceiling of combustible materials, protected by plaster on steel mesh or steel sheet on asbestos cardboard with a thickness of 10 mm, should be taken as 250 mm for furnaces with periodic firing and 700 mm for furnaces long burning, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively, 350 and 1000 mm. For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances should be increased by 1.5 times.

The distance between the top of a metal furnace with a heat-insulated ceiling and a protected ceiling should be 800 mm, and for a furnace with a non-insulated ceiling and an unprotected ceiling - 1200 mm.

2.3.13 The space between the ceiling (ceiling) of a heat-intensive furnace and the ceiling made of combustible materials may be closed on all sides with brick walls. In this case, the thickness of the furnace floor should be increased to four rows of brickwork, and the distance from the ceiling should be taken in accordance with clause 2.3.12. In the walls of the closed space above the furnace, two holes should be provided at different levels with gratings having a free section area each of at least 150 cm 2.

2.3.14 The distance from the outer surfaces of brick or concrete chimneys to rafters, battens and other parts of the roof made of combustible materials should be provided in the light of at least 130 mm, from ceramic pipes without insulation - 250 mm, and with thermal insulation with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m 2 K / W non-combustible or slow-burning materials - 130 mm. The space between chimneys and roof structures made of non-combustible and slow-burning materials should be covered with non-combustible roofing materials.

2.3.16 The device for vertical cutting when heating furnaces are located in the openings of combustible structures is shown in fig. 2.4.

2.3.17. Vertical cutting should be carried out to the entire height of the furnace within the room with a thickness not less than the thickness of the adjoining wall or partition.

a - front view

b - top view

Rice. 2.4. Vertical cutting device:

1 - furnace; 2 - vertical cutting; 3 - combustible structure; 4 - heat-insulation;

2.3.18 Binding of vertical grooves with the laying of the furnace or smoke channel is not allowed, as this may cause cracking during the settlement of the furnace.

2.3.19 Protection of combustible structures within the groove can be carried out with asbestos cardboard 8 mm thick or felt 20 mm thick soaked in a clay solution.

2.3.20 When installing two-story furnaces, horizontal cuts should be made at the intersections of combustible floor structures with furnaces.

2.3.21 The horizontal cuts are tied with the furnace masonry. It is not allowed to rest the cutting on the floor. For independent settlement of the building and the furnace, a gap of 15 mm is left between the cutting and the building structure, which is filled with non-combustible materials (clay mortar with the addition of asbestos chips).

2.3.22 The height of the groove should be taken greater than the thickness of the floor so that the top of the groove protrudes 70 mm above the floor or backfill in the attic.

2.3.23 Laying of wooden floor beams in the cutting between the upper and lower tiers of a two-story furnace is not allowed.

2.3.24 Cutting from the bottom of the ashpit and smoke ducts to the combustible floor must be carried out with three rows of bricks, ensuring a distance of at least 210 mm. With a fireproof floor structure, the bottom of the ash pan and smoke turns can be made flush with the floor.

2.3.25 A wall or partition made of combustible materials located at an angle to the front of the furnace at a distance of less than 1250 mm from the furnace door should be protected from fire from the floor up to a level 250 mm above the furnace door. The protection must provide a fire resistance limit of the structure of at least 0.75 hours.

2.3.26 To protect the floor from combustible materials, a metal sheet 500x700 mm in size is installed under the furnace door, with the long side along the furnace.

2.3.27 The floor made of combustible materials under frame stoves, including those with legs, should be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick, while the distance from the bottom of the stove to the floor should be at least 100 mm.

2.3.28 Furnaces should be installed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from building structures from combustible materials.

2.3.29 Furnaces made of prefabricated concrete blocks must have compensators that prevent the destruction of blocks and the formation of through cracks when the furnace mass is heated during combustion.

2.3.30 Wall and ceiling structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to smoke channels should be protected from fire by cutting. The dimensions of the cuts should be taken according to these rules.

2.3.31 When smoke channels cross floor structures made of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange horizontal grooves (Fig. 2.5).

Rice. 2.5. Horizontal cutting:

1 - smoke channel; 2- thermal insulation; 3 - combustible beam; four- non-combustible backfill

2.3.32. Horizontal cuttings are arranged by thickening the walls of the smoke channel. At brickwork thickening is carried out with a weight of not more than 1/4 of the brick length in each row of masonry.

2.3.33. The distance from the inner surface of the smoke channel to the building structure (cut size), as well as the protection of combustible structures from fire, should be provided in accordance with.

2.3.34. Wooden beams embedded in walls with smoke channels should be located at a distance of at least 380 mm from the inner surface of the channel if the beam is protected from fire, and at a distance of at least 500 mm if not protected.

Options for cutting from smoke channels to wooden beams and crossbars are shown in fig. 2.6 and 2.7.

Rice. 2.6. Placement of a wooden beam in a wall with smoke channels:

1 - beam; 2 - thermal insulation; 3 - smoke channels

Rice. 2.7 Way to protect the crossbar from fire:

1 - beams; 2 - crossbar; 3 - smoke channels; 4 - cutting

2.3.25 The distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to metal and reinforced concrete beams should be at least 130 mm.

2.3.36 Combustible roof structures (rafters, battens, etc.) must be located at least 130 mm from the outer surface of the chimney.

2.3.37 The free space between the chimney and the roof structures should be covered with a roofing steel apron placed under the otter (Fig. 2.8).

2.3.38 In buildings with roofs made of combustible materials, chimneys from solid fuel appliances must be equipped with metal mesh spark eliminators with holes no more than 5 × 5 mm and at least 3 × 3 mm to prevent soot deposits.

a - sloping roof; b- flat roof;

c - top view

Rice. 2.8. Performing an otter at the chimney:

1 - apron; 2 - chimney; 3 - roofing steel; 4 - crate; 5 - rafters;

2.3.39. To connect stoves to chimneys, you can use branch pipes (chimneys) no longer than 0.4 m. The wall thickness of the brick branch pipe must be at least 65 mm, and from heat-resistant concrete - at least 60 mm. The following restrictions must be observed:

The distance from the top of the pipe to the ceiling of combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m in the absence of ceiling protection against fire and at least 0.4 m - with protection;

The distance from the bottom of the pipe to the floor of combustible materials should not be less than 0.14 m;

Branch pipes must be made of non-combustible materials.

2.4. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnaces

2.4.1 Before the start of the heating season, stoves must be checked and repaired. Faulty furnaces are not allowed for operation.

2.4.2 Before operating the furnaces, the integrity of the furnace lining and flue ducts and the condition of the firebox lining should be checked.

2.4.3 During operation, it is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of shut-off and control valves, grate, ash pan and firebox doors, tightness of hatches on smoke channels.

2.4.4 It is forbidden to overheat stoves with periodic firing, burning fuel more than the amount for which they are designed. Furnaces should be fired no more than twice a day.

2.4.5 In production, cultural, community, public and other service premises, the furnaces must be fired by specially designated persons who have undergone fire-fighting training and comply with fire safety rules. The furnace in these rooms should end 2 hours before the end of work in these rooms.

2.4.6 In children's institutions with daytime stay of children, the firebox must end no later than 1 hour before the arrival of children.

In hostels, hospitals and children's institutions with round-the-clock stay of children, the firebox must be completed 2 hours before the residents go to bed.

2.4.7 It is not allowed to fire furnaces during mass events.

2.4.9 It is forbidden to fire the furnace with the furnace door open. In case of spontaneous opening of the door, it is necessary to repair it.

2.4.10 It is forbidden to overfill the firebox with fuel or use firewood that is longer than the depth of the firebox.

2.4.11 Approaches to the stove from the side of the furnace door must be free. Furniture and other combustible materials should be placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from heating appliances. solid fuel no more than one firebox.

2.4.12 When operating prefabricated stoves, use only the type of fuel for which the stove is designed. It is not allowed to convert these furnaces to replace one fuel with another.

2.4.13 It is necessary to use firewood, peat and shale, cleaned of impurities, as fuel for stoves.

2.4.14 When igniting and loading new portions of fine coal rich in volatile compounds, do not cover the entire combustion mirror. If the mirror turned out to be closed, then until the flame appears in the firebox above the surface of the coal, it is necessary to keep the furnace door ajar with a gap of 10-20 mm to dilute the gases of the mixture to a safe concentration.

2.4.15 Furnace surfaces should be systematically cleaned from dust and other combustible deposits.

2.4.16 During the summer fire hazard period, during strong winds, it is advisable to stop firing furnaces.

2.4.17 Slag and ash must be removed to a specially designated for them safe place and fill them with water.

2.4.18 The ash pan of the oven must be closed on all sides and have doors on the service side. Its design must prevent the fallout of incandescent fuel particles or ash through the combustion air inlets.

2.4.19 During the operation of furnace heating, it is prohibited:

Leave heating stoves unattended, as well as entrust the supervision of them to young children;

Place fuel, other combustible substances and materials on the pre-furnace sheet;

To heat with coal and coke stoves not designed for these types of fuel;

To fire furnaces during indoor meetings and other public events;

Use ventilation and gas ducts as chimneys.

2.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnace chimneys

2.5.1 During the operation of furnaces, periodic checks and cleaning of smoke channels should be carried out on time and in full.

2.5.2 During the operation of smoke channels, the following violations in their operation are possible:

Insufficient traction in the channels;

Condensation in the chimney;

Leaks at the intersections of the roof channels;

Icing of the head and mouth of the channels.

2.5.3 The presence of draft should be checked before ignition of the stove. In the absence of traction, their operation is not allowed.

2.5.4 To ensure sufficient draft in the channels, it is necessary:

In the room in which the stove is installed, ensure air flow through the gaps between the door and the floor, window vents or transoms.

2.5.5 To prevent moisture condensation in the smoke channels, it is necessary to control the thickness and condition of the thermal insulation of the channels made in the outer walls and within attic space.

2.5.6 To prevent leaks causing destruction of the walls of the channels, it is necessary to control the condition of the otter and the protective visor at the places where the channels cross the roof.

2.5.7 The technical condition of the operated channels should be constantly monitored by persons servicing the furnaces, as well as housing maintenance organizations, taking into account the requirements of the rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock.

2.5.8 When periodically checking the smoke channels, the following is established:

Serviceability of the head;

2.5.9 The smoke channels of the stoves are subject to periodic inspection and cleaning before and during the heating season at least once every three months.

2.5.10 Cleaning of smoke channels from soot is carried out with a chimney-cleaning troika with a hard hair brush, and changeover sleeves, branch pipes and smoke turns of furnaces - with a broom. The quality of cleaning the channels from soot is checked by lowering the pipe-cleaning troika. The free movement of the troika and the amount of soot at the base of the pipe or chimney no more than two or three pipe cleaning buckets indicate high-quality cleaning.

2.5.11 Cleaning of smoke channels from blockages or blockages is carried out by pushing or disassembling.

First of all, it is a blockage or a blockage. If, when struck with a metal ball three or four times, the length of the rope on which the ball falls increases, then it can be assumed that this is a clogging of the channel. It is eliminated by pushing the objects that caused the blockage with a ball or pole. The blockage completely covers the channel section, cannot be pushed through, and is most often eliminated by opening the channel walls and disassembling the blockage manually through the opening. After the blockage is removed, a re-check with a ball is performed and the opening in the channel walls is closed.

2.5.12 In winter, at least once a month, and in areas with a cold climate, twice a month, homeowners or persons responsible for the operation of stoves must inspect the smoke channels (pipes) and, if necessary, take measures to clean them from snow and ice.

2.5.13 If violations are found in the smoke channels that can lead to a fire, it is necessary to stop the operation of the furnaces connected to the channels until the violations are completely eliminated.

3. FIRE SAFETY FOR FIREPLACES

3.1. Designing the placement of fireplaces

3.1.1. Fireplaces are installed, as a rule, in the buildings specified in these Recommendations.

In this case, the fireplace must be provided with a separate smoke channel with a height of at least 5 m, with the necessary rarefied (at least 10 Pa), convenient for cleaning and inspection, not passing through the premises of another owner.

3.1.2. The dimensions of closed brick fireplaces with smoke channels (pipes) more than 5 m high should be taken into account the area of ​​​​heated premises (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1

Room area, m 2	Dimensions, cm
	portal opening		firebox		smoke channel
				back wall width

3.1.3 Fireplaces should, as a rule, be placed against internal walls made of non-combustible materials, taking into account the possibility of attaching them to existing smoke channels (pipes).

3.1.4 It is not recommended to place fireplace surfaces opposite window openings external walls due to the possible significant air exchange in the room, the formation of drafts, as well as the negative impact on the combustion process of fuel in open furnaces.

3.1.5 It is allowed to close the furnace opening with a metal mesh screen with mesh sizes of not more than 1 × 1 mm, a heat-resistant glass curtain or a furnace door with an air duct into the firebox.

3.1.6 In rooms where fireplaces are installed, windows with opening vents (transoms) or other devices for taking outside air should be provided. The area of ​​supply openings must be at least 100 cm 2 when installing fireplaces with a closed firebox and at least 200 cm - with an open one. It is forbidden to build fireplaces in rooms where there are no windows with opening transoms and vents and with a ceiling height of less than 2.2 m.

3.1.7 In places where fireplaces adjoin walls and partitions, laying of electrical wires is unacceptable.

3.2. Masonry (installation) fireplaces

3.2.1 Fireplaces weighing 750 kg or more (when placed on the ground floor of a rural house) must be installed on a foundation, and the latter should rest on solid ground. When installing fireplaces on the second or last floors, the load from them should not exceed the calculated ceiling.

3.2.2 The walls of the fireboxes of brick fireplaces must be lined with refractory or refractory bricks. It is allowed to use selected red ceramic bricks or cast-iron plates for laying fireboxes.

3.2.3 Tiles, tiles, natural stone, heat-resistant tinted concrete, plaster and other materials should be used for facing brick fireplaces.

3.2.4 Before installing the fireboxes, it is necessary to inspect the elements in order to identify possible damage. If leaks are found at the joints of the parts, they must be eliminated using refractory mastic. Broken or cracked glass doors must be replaced.

3.2.5. Fireplace inserts must be installed at a distance of at least 100 mm from load-bearing walls to ensure air circulation. At the bottom of the fireplaces when installing n a the base must also provide a gap of at least 100 mm wide.

Rice. 3.1. The device of a fireplace with a closed type firebox:

1 - smoke channel; 2 - sealing device; 3- - fire cutting; 4 - thermal insulation to protect the structure from fire; 5 - wooden structure; 6 - lattice; 7 - protective screen; 8 - connecting pipe; 9 - thermal insulation; 10 - protective cover; 11 - stick; 12 - stiffening belt; 13 - fireplace insert; 14 - base; fifteen- hole for air intake; 16 - pre-furnace sheet

3.2.6. The lining of furnaces and convection (decorative) casings must be made of non-combustible materials (brick, marble, natural stone, etc.). When installing casings from sheet materials first, it is necessary to assemble a rigid frame, lay thermal insulation, and then fix the finishing panels (gypsum boards, etc.). The frame of the casing must not rest on the chimney top (Fig. 3.1).

3.2.7 Facing parts can be connected to each other and to supporting walls both mechanically and using mortars or mastics. In places of high temperatures, mortars based on heat-resistant cement or fire-resistant mastics should be used.

3.2.8 load-bearing walls and the ceiling within the enclosing casing, as well as the inner walls of the casing, must be covered with fireproof thermal insulation with a thickness of at least 30 mm (basalt fiber slabs, etc.). Thermal insulation materials must have a fire safety certificate.

3.3. Design and selection of smoke channels (pipes) for fireplaces

3.3.1 To remove the products of combustion, channels in the main walls, root or extension pipes supported by a fireplace or an intermediate floor should be used.

3.3.2 Root pipes should be installed on separate foundations (bases). Wall and root pipes should be made of solid red ceramic bricks of normal firing, without cracks, grade not lower than M125 or from heat-resistant concrete blocks.

3.3.3 Mounted chimneys for fireplaces can be ceramic or metal with thermal insulation of the walls with non-combustible material. The thickness of the layer of heat-insulating material is taken according to the project or determined by calculation. The thermal resistance of the heat-insulating layer (the ratio of the thickness of the material layer in meters to its thermal conductivity coefficient) must be at least 0.5 m 2 ·K/W.

3.3.4 Metal pipes must be made of high-quality specially alloyed steel with increased corrosion resistance, wall thickness of at least 1 mm. The design of the joints and individual sections of pipes must ensure tightness at the joints and allow compensating for the thermal expansion of each element without deformation. The joints of the links of the mounted pipes must be placed outside the interfloor and attic floors.

3.3.5 The section of chimneys made of brick should be taken depending on the heat output of fireplaces, taking into account these rules.

3.3.6 The diameters of the chimneys of prefabricated fireplaces must be no less than the diameters of the outlet and connecting pipes.

3.3.7 The connection of prefabricated fireplace inserts to the smoke channels (pipes) must be carried out using stainless steel pipes with a thickness of at least 1 mm. It is allowed to use nozzles made of ordinary steel with a thickness of at least 2 mm or heat-resistant rigid and flexible pipes, if they have a certificate confirming their suitability for this purpose. At the joints of the parts, tightness must be ensured by a snug fit of the elements to each other along the course of the smoke and putty of the joints with refractory compounds.

3.3.8 In chimneys it is necessary to provide devices for cleaning channels from soot deposits.

3.3.9 When installing smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes, it is necessary that the sections of the channel passing through unheated rooms or outside the building be covered with a layer of non-combustible heat-insulating material that ensures that the dew point is not reached (approximately 60 ° C), and sections crossing building structures, must have an external surface temperature not higher than 50 °C during the operation of furnaces. The joints of the channel elements with each other must be sealed.

3.3.10 Factory-made fireplaces must be connected to separate smoke channels.

3.3.11 Installation of smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes must meet the following requirements:

Corrosion resistance (relative exposure to flue gases) of metal pipes should not be lower than the resistance corresponding to a corrosion rate of 0.01 mm/year;

The walls of the inner surface of the chimneys must be smooth, without protrusions;

The design of the smoke ducts must ensure the convenience of cleaning (through the top or cleaning hatches) and inspection, as well as the required draft (the vacuum in the smoke duct must not be lower than that specified in the Fireplace Operation Manual)^

Chimney fixtures must be reliable and durable, i.e. it is necessary to fix at least half of the fragments (i.e. through one);

The tightness, reliability and strength of the joints of the fragments of the smoke channels, which exclude the infiltration of combustion products, must be ensured.

3.3.12 Smoke channels (mounted or root) should not pass through the apartment of another owner; it is possible to install them in the shaft of the wall that limits the other owner (wall smoke channel). In this case, openings for cleaning the smoke channel must be provided on the side of the fireplace owner's room. In addition, the following restrictions must be met:

Each fireplace must have a separate vertical smoke channel of the same section along the entire length, but deviation is allowed, if necessary, at an angle of not more than 45 ° from the vertical with a horizontal deviation of not more than 1 m;

The height of the chimneys, counted from the level of the furnace, is at least 5 m;

The removal of smoke into the ventilation ducts and the installation of ventilation grilles on them is unacceptable.

3.3.13 Elevation of chimneys by 500 mm must be provided for:

Above the top point of the building attached to the heated one;

Above the upper plane of the wind shadow of a tall adjacent building or structure.

3.3.14 The ratio of the area of ​​the furnace opening to the cross-sectional area of ​​the chimney should be within 8 - 15. The cross-sectional area of ​​the chimney should be at least 0.03 m2.

3.4. Laying (installation) of fireplaces and their docking with smoke channels

3.4.1. If there is a combustible floor in the premises, combustible materials should be removed in the places where fireplaces are installed and bases made of non-combustible materials should be installed with an exit beyond the dimensions of fireplaces of at least 50 mm (Fig. 3.2).

If this solution is not possible, the wooden floor must be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos board 10 mm thick or other non-combustible heat-insulating material. The distance from the bottom of the fireplace ash pan to the floor must be at least 100 mm.

Rice. 3.2. Floor Detail:

1 - ceramic tile; 2 - cement-sand screed, 30 mm thick; 3 - wood fiber boards; four- reinforced concrete floor slab

3.4.2 The temperature of the floor under the fireplace must not exceed 50 °C (clause 4.1.10 GOST 9817-95) during its operation, for which a layer of heat-insulating non-combustible material of the appropriate thickness (determined by calculation) should be placed under its base.

3.4.3 The floor made of non-combustible materials under the door of the firebox or the portal opening of the fireplaces should be protected from fire with a metal sheet or other non-combustible material at least 500 mm wide. The long side of the sheet must be at least 100 mm larger than the width of the firebox door or fireplace portal.

3.4.4 When placing fireplaces near walls (partitions) made of combustible materials or adjoining smoke channels to them, it is necessary to replace combustible material with non-combustible one (brick, cellular concrete, etc.) in the entire area of ​​​​adjacency in height and width. If such a replacement is not possible, then for fireplaces and smoke ducts made of brick, it is necessary to provide for the installation of fire cuttings made of red brick with a size of 380 mm with the protection of structures from fire with non-combustible heat-insulating material. When using other non-combustible materials for the cutting device, their thermal resistance, taking into account the thickness of the walls of fireplaces or smoke channels, must be at least 0.5 m K / W.

3.4.5 When placing fireplaces and smoke channels near building structures made of combustible materials, provision should be made for a setback from the outer surfaces of fireplaces or channels to walls or partitions. The size of the retreat and the method of protecting structures from fire when laying fireplaces and brick smoke channels must be taken from Table. 2.2.

3.4.6 When placing prefabricated fireplaces near walls (partitions) made of combustible materials, it is necessary to provide for retreats from the surfaces of fireplaces and chimneys over the entire height of building structures with a size of at least 260 mm with protection of structures from fire with fireproof heat-insulating material.

3.4.7 In places where smoke channels (pipes) intersect floor and attic floors made of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange fire-prevention cuttings, taking into account the requirements of clause 3.4.4 of this chapter (Fig. 3.3).

3.4.8 The distance from the outer surfaces of brick and concrete channels or metal chimneys with thermal insulation with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m2 K / W to roofing parts made of combustible materials should be taken in the light of at least 130 mm, and from ceramic pipes without thermal insulation - 250 mm. The space between chimneys and roof structures made of combustible materials must be covered with non-combustible roofing materials.

Rice. 3.3. Placing a fireplace near combustible structures:

1 - wooden wall; 2 - brick (cellular concrete); 3 - heat-insulating fireproof material; 4 - overlapping of combustible materials; 5- fire fighting; 6 - chimney; 7 - connecting pipe

3.4.9 If there is a roof made of combustible materials, smoke channels (pipes) should be equipped with spark arresters made of metal mesh with a mesh size of not more than 5 × 5 and not less than 3 × 3 mm in order to avoid soot deposits.

3.4.10 The design of fireplaces and chimneys must provide free access for cleaning the firebox, smoke eaves and chimneys from ash and soot deposits.

3.4.11 C outside the furnace, a barrier grate with a height of at least 0.1 m must be installed.

3.4.12 Walls made with combustible materials adjoining at an angle to the pediment of the fireplace should be protected from fire to a height from the floor to a level of 0.25 m above the top of the furnace hole. Protection of structures from fire with thermal insulation should be carried out with non-combustible materials with a total thermal resistance of at least 0.1 m 2 K / W. The dimensions of the protective insulation should be more than the height and width of the heating surface by 0.15 m.

3.4.13 The total thermal resistance of thermal insulation from the inner surface of the smoke channels to metal and reinforced concrete beams should be taken at least 0.15 m 2 K / W.

3.4.14 When installing a fireplace on a ceiling made with combustible materials (class K 1, K 2, K3), the minimum distance from the floor level to the bottom of the ash pan should be 0.14 m. In the absence of an ash pan, the distance from the floor level to the floor of the firebox should be at least 0.21 m.

3.4.15 Ceiling made using combustible materials (class K 1, K 2, K3), under fireplaces on metal legs, it is necessary to insulate with non-combustible material with a thermal resistance of at least 0.08 m 2 K / W, followed by upholstery with roofing steel. The height of metal legs near fireplaces must be at least 0.1 m.

3.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of fireplaces

3.5.1 Before lighting the fireplaces, make sure that there is draft in the smoke channels (pipes). To do this, a strip of thin paper must be brought to the ajar door of the fireplace or to the portal opening. Its deviation towards the furnace indicates the presence of traction.

3.5.3 It is necessary to clean the ash box in a timely manner. An overfilled duct can cause back draft with the release of combustion products into the room.

3.5.4 In the premises where fireplaces are installed, it is allowed to store firewood in an amount not exceeding the daily requirement. The daily need for firewood must be indicated in the package of technical documentation for prefabricated fireplaces or determined during the test firing of fireplaces erected at the installation site (during their laying).

3.5.5 The outer surfaces of brick and ceramic pipes laid in attics must be whitewashed.

3.5.6 Cleaning of smoke channels (pipes) from soot deposits should be carried out before the start of the heating season, and also at least once every three months during the heating season.

3.5.7 Premises where fireplaces are installed must be equipped with manual powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers with a capacity of at least 2 liters.

3.5.8 Smoke ducts and fireplaces must be checked before the start of the heating season in order to identify the presence of draft, the tightness of the joints and the serviceability of the elements of fireplaces and ducts. The tightness of the knots is determined in accordance with clause 50.2 of NPB 252-98. In addition, fireplace chimneys must be checked and cleaned at least once every three months during the heating season.

3.5.9 When operating fireplaces, it is prohibited:

Use a type of fuel that is not intended for fireplaces;

Use flammable and combustible liquids for kindling:

Use firewood, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the furnaces;

Dry clothes and other materials and objects on fireplace parts;

Place combustible objects closer than 1.5 m from the radiant surface of fireplaces;

Fill a niche for storing firewood with easily combustible materials, as well as overfill it with firewood;

Kindle fireplaces with broken or cracked glass;

Overheat fireboxes by burning a large amount of firewood;

Block the smoke channels when burning firewood;

Remove dead coals and ash;

Fill fire in furnaces with water;

Make changes to the design of fireplaces and use the latter for other purposes;

Leave open fireplaces unattended and allow young children to operate them.

3.5.10. To ensure sufficient traction in the channels, it is necessary:

To carry out their timely cleaning of soot, resinous deposits, dust, fluff and foreign objects;

Seal cracks in the walls of the channels and seal leaks in the connecting pipes and installation sites of embedded parts (hatches, valves, views, etc.);

In the room in which the fireplace is installed, ensure the flow of air through the gaps between the door and the floor, window vents or transoms.

3.5.11 To prevent moisture condensation in the smoke channels, it is necessary to control the thickness and condition of the thermal insulation of the channels made in the outer walls and within the attic.

3.5.12 To prevent leaks that cause the destruction of the walls of the channels, it is necessary to control the condition of the otter and the protective visor at the places where the channels cross the roof.

3.5.13 When periodically checking the smoke channels, the following is established:

The presence of draft in the smoke channel;

Density of brickwork and junctions of pipes with smoke channels;

No clogging of the smoke channel;

Serviceability of the head;

The condition of the fire breaks.

In addition, during the check, the channels are cleaned of soot deposits.

3.5.14 Smoke channels of fireplaces are subject to periodic inspection and cleaning before and during the heating season at least once every three months.

3.5.15 Cleaning of smoke channels from soot is carried out with a chimney-cleaning troika with a hard hair brush, and changeover sleeves, branch pipes and smoke turns of furnaces - with a broom. The quality of cleaning the channels from soot is checked by lowering the pipe-cleaning troika. The free movement of the troika and the amount of soot at the base of the pipe or chimney no more than two or three pipe cleaning buckets indicate high-quality cleaning.

3.5.16 Cleaning of smoke channels from blockages or blockages is carried out by pushing or disassembling. First of all, it is a blockage or a blockage. If, when struck with a metal ball three or four times, the length of the rope on which the ball falls increases, then it can be assumed that this is a clogging of the channel. It is eliminated by pushing the objects that caused the blockage with a ball or pole. The obstruction completely covers the channel section; cannot be pushed through and is most often eliminated by opening the walls of the channel and disassembling the blockage manually through the opening. After the blockage is removed, a re-check with a ball is performed and the opening in the channel walls is closed.

3.5.17 In winter, at least once a month, and in areas with a cold climate, twice a month, homeowners or persons responsible for the operation of fireplaces must inspect the smoke channels (pipes) and, if necessary, take measures to promptly clean them from snow and ice.

3.5.18 If violations are found in the smoke channels that can lead to a fire, it is necessary to stop the operation of fireplaces connected to the channels until the violations are completely eliminated.

In houses with stove heating, it is necessary to pay attention to the implementation of fire safety requirements both during the installation of stoves and during their operation.

Fires most often occur due to overheating of stoves, when cracks appear in the brickwork as a result of the use of combustible and flammable liquids for kindling, falling out of burning coals from the furnace or ash pan.

The reason for the appearance of cracks and cracking of the walls of chimneys may be the burning of soot that accumulates in the chimneys. building codes and regulations require that any stove be constructed to comply with fire regulations.

The rules for operating furnaces are very simple. It should be emphasized that most fires occur when stoves are left unattended during firing.

In severe frosts, furnaces are often heated for a long time, as a result of which the individual parts of the furnace are overheated. If these parts are in contact with the wooden structures of the building, then a fire is inevitable. Therefore, it is recommended to heat the stove two or three times a day for no more than 1.5 hours than once for a long time.

Do not use flammable and combustible liquids when kindling the stove. Such cases are rare, but they usually result in burns and death.

Do not store hay and other combustible materials in attics.

It is impossible to throw out unextinguished coals and ashes near buildings.

Before the start of the heating season, it is necessary to check the serviceability of the stove and chimney, repair them, clean out the soot, repair cracks with clay-sand mortar, whitewash the chimney in the attic and above the roof (this is necessary for visual inspection and detection of cracks during operation).

It is necessary to recall the categorical prohibition to leave young children near heating stoves without adult supervision.

The furnace is laid out of refractory bricks.

Homeowners should at least once every two months clean the chimneys of indoor stoves from the accumulation of soot. Furniture and other combustible objects must not be located closer than 0.7 m from the heating stove, and from the furnace openings - at least 1.25 m.

It is the homeowner's responsibility to repair the oven, and a qualified person must carry out the laying of the oven.

Folding the oven is a science.

Recently, the scale of construction of private houses has increased, and the number of heating stoves, arranged where there are no local heating systems and gas pipelines. It is no secret to anyone that in practice, in newly built and reconstructed residential buildings with stove heating, there are many shortcomings that threaten a fire.

Pipes must be vertical without ledges, made only of clay bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick. The minimum section of the chimney channel is 140x140 mm. The use of asbestos-cement pipes is prohibited. Chimneys should be taken out above the roof of higher buildings attached to the house with stove heating. Cutting - thickening of the wall of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) at the point of contact with the building structure, made of combustible or slow-burning material.

The chimney provides normal draft if its height is at least 5 m, counting from the level of the grate.

In places where the pipe passes through the floors, a fire-fighting horizontal cut is made, which is a thickening of the pipe walls. Another thickening of the pipe walls is made above the roof. This device is called an otter. The otter protects the attic from rain and snow through the cracks between the pipe and the roof. The slots are closed with a collar made of sheet steel, one edge of which is tucked under the otter. The pipe ends with a head in the form of a cornice with two ledges. Pipe laying within the attic is carried out on clay mortar, above the roof - on cement or lime. When determining the height of the chimney above the roof, you must be guided by the following:

a) if the chimney is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge
roofs horizontally, it is brought out 0.5 m above the ridge;

b) if the pipe is within 1.5-3 m from the ridge, it is brought out to
ridge level, but not lower than 0.5 m from the roof surface;

Sometimes umbrellas, metal caps are arranged above the head of the chimney. But these devices in winter create favorable conditions for the condensation of water vapor and icing. It is best to cover the head with a layer cement mortar, with a slope to the outer sides.

The dimensions of the furnace cutouts and smoke channels, taking into account the thickness of the furnace wall, should be taken - 500 mm to wooden structures. It is impossible to support or rigidly connect the cutting of the furnace with the building structure. The removal of smoke into the ventilation ducts is not allowed. The distance between the top of the furnace floor, made of three rows of bricks, and wooden ceiling, protected by plaster, should be made at least 250 mm for furnaces with periodic firing and 700 mm for long-burning furnaces, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively - 350 and 1000 mm. For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances increase by 1.5 times. The distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to the rafters, battens and other details of the roof must be at least 130 mm clear.

To connect furnaces to chimneys, branch pipes with a length of not more than 0.4 m are provided, subject to a number of additional conditions. The use of various horizontal chimneys (“hogs”) is prohibited.

The stove must be installed indoors in compliance with the standard deviation, that is, the distance from the outer surface of the stove or chimney to wooden wall or partitions, which depends on the design of the furnace and the security of the walls (partitions), should be from 200 to 500 mm.

At gas heating the device of chimneys must fully comply with the above requirements, as for conventional heating stoves.

Our article today will be devoted to the topic of extinguishing fires in residential buildings. At all times, a fire in a house was a terrible and severe disaster for its residents, entire cities and villages burned out. Most people think that fires are much less now, but this is not true. Fires in residential buildings have long been a national problem, especially in rural areas. Every week over 1,000 apartments are damaged or destroyed by fires in Russia. The worst thing is the death of people, especially children.

Personnel training

Putting out a fire is a battle, they fight it day and night, in heat and cold, in basements and at heights, in order to win this battle, you must have special skills. The firefighters are carried out with the use of RPE and the firing line of psychological preparation. When extinguishing a fire, factors such as:

• discipline,
• composure,
• thinking,
• ability to calculate all variations,
• the ability to apply previous experience,
• the ability to model a competent approach and bear responsibility for it.

Fire extinguishing begins with reconnaissance, which begins from the moment a message about a fire is received, and continues until it is completely eliminated. Reconnaissance discovers the source of the fire, possible ways of spreading and the calculation of the necessary forces and means to extinguish the fire, evacuation routes and rescue of people. When extinguishing fires in residential buildings, in accordance with regulatory documents, a GDZS link is created from among the gas and smoke protectors of one guard, consisting of at least 3 people with the necessary minimum of fire extinguishing equipment.

Most of the deaths are not due to burns from fire, but from combustion. synthetic materials with which the whole apartment is furnished (for example: TV, sofa, different kind plastic products and others), followed by the release of toxic combustion products. In the course of reconnaissance, it is necessary to take measures for smoke removal. Armed with employees fire brigade there are special smoke exhausters and smoke removal vehicles. All these devices can work both on smoke extraction and on injection. fresh air into the room. Thanks to such devices, firefighters will be able to reach the fire site much faster. If during extinguishing there is a threat of smoke spreading to neighboring rooms, it is necessary to install a tarpaulin lintel.

When working at heights, special attention should be paid to the observance of labor protection rules:

• mandatory insurance with rescue ropes when working on the roof (opening the roof);
• for the penetration of the fireman into the attic, the roof is opened at the eaves;
• to release smoke, the roof is opened at the ridge.

When extinguishing a fire on the floor or attic of a house, sprayed and finely sprayed water, as well as fire extinguishing powders, are used. If the hearth is not large, it is recommended to use it with minimal consumption, but with great efficiency, especially with the use of a foaming agent solution or use fire extinguishers (carbon dioxide or powder), thereby there will be less flooded apartments and material damage.

During the operation of the link, a sentry is mandatorily posted at the security post, who maintains contact with the link and controls the operating time of the gas and smoke protectors. The head of the fire extinguishing is obliged to monitor the supporting structures of the building, to promptly insert the trunks in the path of the fire.

Peculiarities

When fighting fires, it is extremely important to have sufficient training and knowledge. In the garrisons of the fire department, there is a constant search for ways and means to improve fire extinguishing in high-rise buildings. Fire ladders, main fire trucks are equipped according to the table of position with all the necessary fire fighting equipment for rescue operations from heights. Modern fire trucks are equipped with high-pressure pumps capable of delivering water to a height of up to 100 meters. The use of a "high-altitude fireman's bag" is practiced, in which necessary minimum Fire protection equipment (fire hoses, delays, rescue ropes and other necessary fire protection equipment based on the circumstances of the fire).

All high-rise buildings are on a special record, if a message about a fire passes, then automatic dispatch of forces and means to an increased number (rank) of a fire is provided. For each such object, a fire extinguishing card is developed, which, even on the way, helps the extinguishing leader to find the right solution for conducting rescue operations and extinguishing the fire. This document reflects the features of the building and evacuation routes, layout, provision of extinguishing and smoke removal equipment, as well as the characteristics of external and internal fire water supply.

Extinguishing in residential buildings is very different from extinguishing on industrial enterprises because the moment of communication with the population is important. It is very important not to panic. The task of firefighters is to make people who are in the danger zone believe in the rescue and help of professionals.

Fire reconnaissance

Pneumatic Jump Rescue Device (PPSU)

Conducting reconnaissance in multi-storey buildings is equated to rather difficult conditions, this is due to the presence of a large fire load large quantity residential apartments, in this case, exploration is carried out by a group of 4-5 gas and smoke protectors, and, depending on the complexity of the layout, exploration is carried out in several directions. When carrying out work inside the building, a security post with a liaison is installed at the entrance, it provides control over the situation outside, records the data and commands received from the fire extinguishing manager and monitors the time spent by the GDZS link in an unbreathable environment.

Let's look at the direct actions of the RTP during reconnaissance:

• prevent panic among people inside the building by using a voice alert or loudspeaker;
• it is necessary to establish contact with the administration of the facility or a service organization (if it is a residential building) and find out the approximate number of people in the building;
• determine the safest ways to evacuate people (stairwells, emergency exits, balconies, etc.);
• determine the possibility of installing special equipment for evacuation using ladders, lifts, rescue tarpaulins and inflatable ones;
• determines the possibility of introducing forces and means of extinguishing and smoke removal methods;
• clarifies the possibility of using a stationary fire extinguishing system, if any

Fire development

In high-rise buildings, in the event of fires, the rapid smoke of the higher floors and stair-elevator units is typical, as well as the intense spread of fire within the floor, especially with corridor planning and engineering communications systems, lining of combustible materials and equipment to the upper floors. This is facilitated by the increased influence of wind, significant air pressure drops inside and outside due to the high height of buildings.

After 5-6 minutes from the moment of occurrence, the products of combustion spread throughout the stairwell, and the levels of smoke are such that they do not allow people to be without respiratory protection.

After 15-20 minutes from the start of the fire, the fire can spread up the balconies, loggias, window casings and through window and door openings go to the premises of the higher floors.

Upon arrival, the extinguishing leader:

• Conducts reconnaissance;
• Makes an appeal to the inhabitants of the house with a pre-prepared text:

Attention everyone! Attention everyone! The fire brigade has arrived, help is coming to you. Keep your composure and calm.

Depending on the situation, as well as the availability of forces and means, the first actions should be rescuing people or extinguishing a fire, but as a rule, these actions are carried out simultaneously. If it is not possible to rescue people using internal stairs, and it is also necessary to speed up the rescue work, specialized rescue equipment, such as auto-articulated lifts or ladders, comes to the rescue. Additionally, rescue ropes and other equipment may be used.

When extinguishing fires in high-rise buildings, a combined lifting method is often used. By creating a chain of assault ladders, it is practically possible to reach any floor. This method requires special attention to compliance with safety regulations! One wrong move can lead to tragic consequences. Compulsory insurance is required when climbing stairs.

All hose lines that are raised to a height from the side of the building are fixed with hose delays, the same is on the floors of buildings.

On the upper floors, use the internal fire hydrants and put the barrels in the way of the spread of fire and extinguishing the fire. In case of failure of fire hydrants and lack of high pressure pumps, in buildings above the 20th floor, intermediate elastic containers with a volume of 2-3 m 3 are used, an application option can be considered for the purpose of pumping.

When evacuating people, use rescue devices, such as a rescue sleeve, which is often supplied with articulated lifts, a pneumatic rescue device "Life Cube", individual rescue devices, and others. These activities with the use of rescue equipment must be carried out in compliance with labor protection and insurance.

Fire extinguishing actions depend to a large extent on the place where the fire occurred. If the source of fire is located on the lower floors, then rescuers can quickly send fire extinguishing agents and prevent the spread of flames. But at the same time, a significant number of people may be in danger, the rescue of which will require many fire departments and special means. If the fire occurs on the upper floors, the situation is the opposite of the previous one. The threat of fire spread is not high, but extinguishing is complicated by the height, as well as the complexity of delivery necessary equipment for work

saving people

Rescue of people in case of fire on the ladder

What is the main purpose of fire departments in a fire?

That's right, saving human lives! That is why, first of all, all forces rush to save people. Let's look at the main options:

• self-evacuation before the arrival of firefighters;
• withdrawal of people capable of movement
• removal of the victims to the safest place inside the building or outside it;
• evacuation through smoke-free staircases or stationary fire escapes that are equipped in some houses;
• rescue with the help of fire equipment (manual and assault ladders, ropes, rope-rappelling devices, pneumatic jumping rescue devices);
• attraction of special equipment (fire ladders, lifts, helicopters)

For an organized mass evacuation and to prevent panic, firefighters are posted along the routes to ensure the movement of people.

With a large number of apartments, as well as the presence of elevators, when checking the premises, firefighters put marks on the checked areas for faster advancement and inspection of the fire site.

During the evacuation, fire departments jointly carry out actions to limit the spread of fire and smoke, for this, stationary fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems are used, in the absence of such systems, additional measures are taken and special equipment is involved.

Fire extinguishing

Areas for the elimination of fires can be created from the side of each staircase, thanks to them, at the same time, extinguishing and rescuing the victims takes place. When a fire occurs in buildings with a corridor layout, sections are created on several floors, from the side of the staircase, and one of the most experienced employees is appointed to coordinate their actions.

If the number of storeys of the house is up to 15 floors inclusive, then water can be supplied to the trunks by one autopump, with the location of water sources at a distance of 60-80 m from the object. If the building has 20 floors, then pumping is carried out from one pump to another, while it is worth noting that one pump is located near the building, and the second near the source of water intake.

To carry out the lifting of the sleeves, rescue ropes 50-60 m long are used, brackets with blocks for attaching to window sills and other devices, you can also use special equipment, such as car lifts and car stairs.

When laying a hose working line in high-rise buildings, two branches are installed - one directly in front of the entrance to the building or in the vestibule, the second below the burning floor. When connecting a working line to a branch located in front of the inlet, one free fitting should be left for discharging water after the fire has been eliminated.

A building with a mass stay of people is a building in which there are 50 or more people at the same time. The height of rooms in buildings with mass stay of people fluctuates. from 3 to 9 m and more. Corridors in buildings with mass stay of people are the main horizontal communications that provide communication between rooms within the floor, as well as ways of movement from rooms to stairs.

The minimum width of corridors for mass traffic is accepted 1,5 m (clean) and secondary (with a length of 10 m) 1.25 m, In real fire conditions, the main factors causing loss of consciousness or death of people are; direct flame contact, high

temperature, lack of oxygen, the presence of carbon monoxide and other toxic substances in the smoke, mechanical effects. The most dangerous are the lack of oxygen and the presence of toxic substances, because. about 50-60% of fire deaths are due to poisoning and suffocation.

Experience shows that in closed rooms, a decrease in oxygen concentration in some cases is possible after 1-2 minutes from the onset of a fire. Of particular danger to people's lives in fires is the impact on their bodies of flue gases containing toxic products of combustion and decomposition of various substances and materials. Thus, the concentration of carbon monoxide in smoke in the amount of 0.05% is dangerous for human life.

In some cases, flue gases contain sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocyanic acid and other toxic substances, short-term exposure to which leads to death.

The potential danger to human life of the combustion product of synthetic polymeric materials is extremely high.

Hazardous concentrations can explode even with thermal oxidation and destruction of small amounts of synthetic polymer materials,

Taking into account the fact that synthetic polymeric materials make up more than 50% of all materials in modern premises, it is easy to see what danger they pose to people during a fire.

Dangerous day of people's lives is also the impact on them of high temperature:

combustion products not only in the burning room, but also in the rooms adjacent to the burning room. Exceeding the temperature of the heated gases above the temperature of the human body in such conditions leads to thermal shock. Already with an increase in the temperature of human skin to 42-46 ° C, pain (burning) appears - The temperature environment 60-70 °C is dangerous to human life, especially with significant humidity and inhalation of hot gases, and at temperatures above 100 ° C, loss of consciousness occurs and death occurs in a few minutes.

No less dangerous than heat, is the effect of thermal radiation on the open surfaces of the human body - Tax thermal irradiation

with an intensity of 1.1-1.4 kW / m2 causes in humans the same sensations as a temperature of 42-46 ° C,

The critical radiation intensity is considered to be the intensity equal to 4,2 kW / m 2. For comparison, (Table 1) provides data on the time during which a person is able to endure thermal exposure to unprotected brushes hands at different irradiation intensities.

Heat flux density, kVg / m 2	Permissible time of stay of people	Required protection of people	The degree of thermal exposure to human skin
1	2	3	4
3,0	not limited	without protection	Pain
4,2	not limited	In combat clothes and helmets	Unbearable pain after 20 seconds
7>0	5	too	Unbearable pain that occurs instantly
8,5	5	In combat clothes soaked in water and helmets With protective glass	Burns after 30 s
10,5	5	The same, but under the protection of sprayed water jets or water curtains	Instant burns
14,0	5	In a heat-reflective suit protected by water jets or curtains	too
35,0	1	The same, but with personal protective equipment	death

Table 1
People are in even greater danger when they are directly exposed to the flame, for example, when the path of salvation is cut off by fire. In some cases, the rate of spread of a fire can be so high that it is very difficult or impossible to save a person caught in a fire without special protection (sprinkling with water, protective clothing). The burning of clothing on a person also leads to serious consequences. If the flames are not removed from clothing in a timely manner, a person can get burns, which usually cause death. Finally, a great danger in a fire is panic, which is a sudden, unaccountable, uncontrollable fear that seizes a mass of people,

It arises from an unexpectedly appeared danger. People are immediately afraid in the face of a formidable calm. Consciousness and will are suppressed by the impression of the fire, the inability to immediately find a way out of the confessed position.

To save people, the shortest and safest paths are chosen first of all.

Ways to rescue people are determined depending on the situation on the fire and the condition of people who need help. The main ways to save people are; independent exit of people; the withdrawal of people accompanied by firefighters; removal of people; descent of the rescued from a height,

In most cases, noticing the danger, people leave the premises even before the arrival of fire departments.

If the escape routes are smoky or not known to the rescued, and, in addition, the condition and age of the rescued raise doubts about the possibility of an independent exit from the danger zone (people are in a state of strong nervous excitement or they are children, the sick, the elderly), then they organize the withdrawal of the rescued.

The removal of people from the danger zone is carried out when people cannot move independently (lost consciousness, young children, the disabled, etc.) -

The descent of the rescued from a height is carried out in cases where the escape routes are cut off by fire and other methods cannot be applied. For this, as mentioned above, stationary, mobile and portable ladders, articulated lifts, rescue ropes and other devices are used. In some cases, the rescue method may be used in combination. For example, an independent exit to a certain place and then a withdrawal accompanied by firefighters; bringing people to the roof or balcony and lowering them from a height With using retractable ladders, rescue ropes, helicopters, etc.