Water heaters

Country house from fixed formwork. Construction of houses from fixed formwork

Formwork is a kind of form for a cement-sand mixture, which allows you to form the correct geometry of the walls. Builders use both removable/temporary and non-removable/permanent formwork for the foundation. The second option allows you to save time and energy on dismantling work, as well as insulate and / or strengthen walls, so it is increasingly used not only in industrial, but also in private construction.

Basic requirements for fixed formwork for the foundation

Consider what properties a fixed formwork should have.

Moisture impermeability of material and tightness of seams. In the absence of this characteristic, the formwork will let concrete through, which will lead to overspending of the mixture and make it impossible to build a wall.
Structural strength. This is necessary so that the formwork can withstand the pressure of the concrete mixture from the inside and the earth outside (at the foundation level) without deformation and cracking.
The correct geometry of the elements. From blocks of different thicknesses or with irregular angles, it would be impossible to build even walls and 90-degree joints between them.
Long period of operation. The longer the formwork is potentially able to last, the higher the likelihood of a long life of the whole house. If the formwork collapses quickly, the unsupported walls may not be able to bear the structural loads. In cases where the formwork does not have load-bearing properties, its destruction will lead to deterioration appearance due to delamination decorative finishes facade.

Fixed formwork is an important element of an energy-efficient home

Table: advantages and disadvantages of fixed formwork

Advantages	Minuses
Ease of erection, the final result is less dependent on the skill of the workers (compared to self-made removable formwork).	In houses with fixed formwork, high humidity is often observed, which makes it necessary to equip a powerful ventilation system.
Good heat and sound insulation (compared to buildings made of brick and reinforced concrete slabs).	The impossibility of construction in the cold season, since a large mass of concrete hardens poorly at low temperatures.
Ease of finishing work thanks to flat surface formwork without cracks and differences in wall thickness.	The need for additional wetting of concrete during a hot period in order to prevent cracking of the walls.
Reduced construction period compared to houses made of brick, stone, gas blocks.	Buildings with a metal reinforcement cage must be grounded as quickly as possible so as not to expose people to the risk of lightning strikes.
The durability of buildings with reinforced concrete formwork is 300 years or more.	Difficulty in dismantling during alteration and reconstruction, especially if the filling was reinforced with metal rods.
The technology is suitable for the construction of buildings of any area and number of storeys, from summer houses to shopping malls.	In case of fire, the formwork material can release harmful substances.
Minimization of construction waste (compared to construction technology with removable formwork).	With insufficient or incorrect external processing of polystyrene foam blocks, water, insects, and small rodents can get into the walls.

Fixed metal formwork

To ensure uniform wall thickness, sheets of metal formwork are connected with metal studs.

Metal formwork is one of the most expensive, therefore it is used mainly in industrial construction. It is made from sheets of aluminum or steel 1–2 mm thick on a metal frame and connected with anchors, pads or locks. The type and number of clamps are calculated in such a way that when the concrete is poured and hardened, the sheets do not bend either inward or outward.

When the formwork is made to order for a specific building, the manufacturer's craftsmen themselves carry out a test assembly of the structure, and only after confirming the suitability and completeness of all parts, the order is sent to the buyer.

Metal formwork has the most precise geometry. Permissible deviation in the parallelism of the sheet faces - no more than 2 mm over 1 m of the length of the product.

To prevent premature oxidation and destruction of the metal due to contact with concrete and groundwater, in production, sheets of future formwork are carefully coated with paint and grease. Often, galvanized steel is also used, or a powder coating method is used, which forms a dense polymer film on the sheet. But if welding is used during installation (welding sheets to the frame or reinforcement to sheets), it will be necessary to reapply a protective compound (grease, mastic, paint) on the places damaged by temperature.

Powder coating of metal sheets is one of the most effective methods their protection against corrosion

Metal is well suited for buildings with complex geometry, since thin sheets are easy to bend at any desired angle, make a round or arch. Finished walls are obtained very neat and smooth, if desired, they can be left without decorative finishes. Architects recommend using metal formwork in areas with complex loose soils.

In order to prevent the flow of concrete, the joints of the metal formwork are connected especially carefully.

But experts note some disadvantages of metal formwork:

significant weight of steel sheets, which requires the use of special equipment;
the need for additional thermal insulation of walls and foundations;
sheet grease is easily wiped off and stains workers.

Installation of aluminum sheets for wall formwork under the force of a pair of workers

Aluminum sheets with the addition of silicon, which weigh much less than steel sheets and do not require protection from the external environment, will help minimize labor costs for the transportation and installation of metal formwork.

Fixed formwork made of reinforced concrete blocks

Reinforced concrete formwork blocks are recommended for large construction projects, at least a three-story private house. Since they have increased strength characteristics, in smaller buildings such a margin of safety will be redundant. Thin-walled blocks are great for arranging the foundation of a capital fence.

Reinforced concrete formwork blocks are installed with an offset

Reinforced concrete formwork blocks have the following advantages:

allow you to save cement-sand mortar, due to the significant wall thickness;
suitable for the construction of basements of any depth, as well as interfloor ceilings;
mounted with a minimum width of the seams;
provide a building service life of several hundred years.

The best formwork is obtained from reinforced concrete blocks with indicators F75 (frost resistance), W4 (water permeability), 6% (water absorption), 350 kg / cm 2 (mechanical strength).

An example of the location of the reinforcement in the formwork of reinforced concrete blocks, designed for two rods

Among the shortcomings of reinforced concrete blocks, there are:

high weight (a block of 510x400x235 mm weighs 30 kg), due to which it is transported only by trucks, and only workers with a crane mount it;
high price - about 500 rubles per unit.

Claydite-concrete blocks do not have such shortcomings. Providing high strength of the walls, these analogues of reinforced concrete blocks also do not require insulation of the house, since they already contain a heater - expanded clay.

Fixed plywood formwork

Moisture-resistant plywood is most often used for formwork, but even in this case, this material is usually used to create a temporary form. After all, the service life and weather resistance of a laminated plywood sheet is an order of magnitude lower than the same parameters of a concrete wall.

Permanent plywood formwork is acceptable in the following cases:

in the manufacture of a temporary structure (for example, a small house in which the owner lives during the construction of the main house);
during the construction of non-residential buildings (chicken coop, barn, wood storage);
when it is necessary to save on construction as much as possible;
if the walls and foundation are insulated along the outer contour and the plywood is completely protected from external influences.

In addition to dubious durability and strength, plywood formwork will require both a lot of labor and careful handling. Since the sheets do not have a tongue-and-groove system and special joints, you will have to assemble the structure with self-tapping screws, additionally seal each joint and make an external crate with supports (so that the plywood does not bend). In addition, non-waterproof plywood swells and peels from water, and laminated plywood repels the concrete mixture and never forms a monolithic wall with it, so it is very important to find a waterproof material with good adhesion.

Technoblock - an example of the successful use of plywood in formwork

Designation in the picture:

1 - decorative facing layer;
2 - a layer of insulation;
3 - plastic supports for fittings;
4 - concrete pouring(a cavity is provided for it in the block);
5 - plywood sheet.

As a result, despite the cheapness and environmental friendliness of plywood, experts recommend using it only for temporary formwork. For a permanent one, it is better to use a technoblock - a composite product with an inner plywood layer.

Fixed formwork made of wood concrete

Arbolite is a relatively new, but already time-tested material. Formwork blocks made of concrete and wood chips began to be made recently, but such a mixture was used to insulate floors in Soviet times. Arbolite blocks much cheaper and lighter than reinforced concrete, so they are actively used in individual low-rise construction.

In some models of wood concrete blocks, a layer of insulation is provided - stone wool or polyurethane foam

Compared to other types fixed formwork wood concrete blocks:

they are easily cut with tools for working with wood, which allows them to be adjusted on the spot to the desired parameters: cut corners, make arched roundings, cut out fragments for better adhesion of walls at the corners of the building, reduce height / length;
mounted quickly and without special equipment (1 m 2 of the wall is only 8 blocks);
provide high strength, sound absorption and thermal insulation with a smaller wall thickness (compared to brick and polystyrene foam);
safe for the health of others, waste can be industrially processed;
strong enough for fixing drainpipe clamps and loaded elements of facade systems (guides for hanging siding, etc.);
are not afraid of fires (can withstand up to 90 minutes of open fire);
frost-resistant, suitable for regions with a harsh climate.

The disadvantage of wood concrete is its water permeability, therefore it is recommended to use it for building walls on a ready-made waterproofed strip or slab foundation. The use of wood concrete for arranging the foundation is undesirable, since it will need to be very carefully protected from moisture.

An example of the arrangement of formwork from wood concrete and brick

Arbolite is produced in the form of hollow blocks and panels. In the second case, the panel serves only as the inner contour of the wall, and the outer one must be equipped with bricks. The cavity between the materials is filled with concrete and reinforced, as with other types of formwork. This option is more difficult to install, but finished house it turns out warm (wood concrete), beautiful (brick) and durable (merging the strength characteristics of three materials).

When buying blocks and slabs of wood concrete, pay attention to the eco-label, as some manufacturers use binders that are harmful to health (phenol, naphthalene). Be careful, plasticizer toxins can be released from the material even at room temperature.

Manufacturers of wood concrete formwork blocks offer options for both high-rise buildings and small buildings. Be sure to consult with a consultant so as not to spend extra money on concrete for pouring thin-walled blocks or not to mistakenly take blocks with too small voids.

Fixed formwork made of CSP

DSP (cement particle board) or sawdust concrete is another variation of a mixture of cement and crushed wood. It differs from wood concrete in the type of binder and the addition of sand. Therefore, DSP is a denser, stronger and heavier material, and its thermal insulation is worse than that of wood concrete.

Cement particle boards can serve as a finishing material when covered with decorative mineral chips.

Among the advantages of wood concrete formwork:

the material breathes, so the house does not need to be equipped forced ventilation and fight the greenhouse effect in other ways;
DSP is able to withstand fires, its fire resistance is confirmed by laboratory studies;
the stove consists of natural materials, therefore it does not harm nature and health;
gives the house high strength: with a thickness of 25 cm, the wall is able to withstand three times more loads than a brick wall of the same thickness;
DSP is resistant to sudden changes in temperature, therefore it is suitable for regions with a sharply continental climate;
the material has sufficient stability and geometric stability so that the distance between the floors can be 2.8–3 m;
you can build houses using cement-bonded particle boards even in winter, until the temperature drops below -20 ° C;
DSP requires minimal finishing, inside the house it can be painted or wallpapered without putty.

An example of creating a reinforced foundation formwork from cement-bonded particle boards

European builders have been using CSP fixed formwork for more than 25 years, so there are many houses that confirm the durability and reliability of this material. Cement particle boards are well suited for both individual and multi-storey buildings, even in the harsh northern climate.

Fixed formwork from profiled sheet

A profiled sheet, profiled sheet or corrugated board has also found its use as a fixed formwork, although it is much more often used for the manufacture of fences, roofs, and outbuildings. Important: the profiled sheet is only suitable for arranging composite floor slabs and for large spans (from 5 m) requires additional temporary supports. For the construction of walls, this material is not used because of its small thickness, which reduces its resistance to mechanical stress in a vertical position.

An example of a ceiling structure with a profiled sheet base

Formwork made of this material attracts builders with such features:

the metal is completely protected by galvanization and / or a polymer layer, so it does not rust;
in industrial buildings the material can be left without decorative finishes, the ceiling is visually pleasing and practical;
profiled sheet performs not only the function of a form for concrete, but also serves as sheet reinforcement;
corrugated board transfers the load to the metal frame of the building, so the internal walls do not carry heavy loads and it becomes possible to save money by building them from lightweight materials (aerated concrete, sandwich panels);
sheets of small thickness are simply cut with scissors for metal, formwork of any shape can be created from them.

To ensure good adhesion to concrete, choose special profiled sheets with teeth for formwork.

This is what it looks like interfloor overlap based on corrugated board from inside the building

Fixed formwork made of profiled sheet is used mainly in industrial construction, as it requires construction metal frame buildings and metal beams overlap. It is not suitable for an individual house, as it will be unreasonably expensive.

Fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene

Expanded polystyrene / polystyrene is the most popular material for fixed formwork. Its demand is due to factors such as:

light weight, which makes it easy to transport;
tongue-and-groove connection system for the most simple installation;
speed of laying (foam blocks of fixed formwork are larger than concrete ones, so work progresses faster);
variety of types (reinforced, with protective impregnations);
thermal insulation properties, due to which the house does not need additional insulation;
soundproofing;
biological inertness that prevents the development of mold, moss, etc.

Examples of polyurethane foam formwork blocks of different configurations

Opponents of polystyrene formwork point to its fire hazard and low degree of environmental friendliness. Even if you buy eco-labeled materials, this does not guarantee that the formwork will not harm your health or nature.

It is also important to keep in mind that foam formwork will be a good choice for buildings with a simple shape, since the range of corner and rounded blocks does not yet satisfy all consumer needs.

Fixed formwork made of glass-magnesite

Glass-magnesite sheets or LSU have been used as permanent formwork since the middle of the 20th century for the purpose of constructing heat-insulated houses. The material consists of a mixture of magnesium oxide and chloride, perlite, sawdust, fiberglass and polypropylene fabric. Not all components of glass magnesite are natural, but the finished composition is completely safe for people.

Different options of glass-magnesite sheets with decorative finishes

LSU is a great option for building or renovating a house with a weak foundation. Since the sheets themselves and the lightweight concrete mixtures used for pouring weigh much less than bricks, reinforced concrete blocks and other traditional materials, they do not load the structure of the building so much.

Among the advantages of glass magnesite:

multifunctionality: it is suitable for creating foundations, walls, ceilings, fences, etc.;
high thermal insulation, which is associated not only with the properties of the formwork itself, but also with the advantages of the filler (fiber foam concrete grade D250-D320, concrete with polystyrene foam balls M300);
fire resistance;
complete moisture resistance, which makes the material suitable for the construction of baths and saunas, use in areas with a humid climate and in wetlands;
small wall thickness with LSU formwork will save space inside the house;
the rough surface of the sheets is easy to veneer with clinker tiles, decorative plaster or any other finishing material;
the sheet can be slightly bent if necessary for the construction of a half-tower or other decoration of the house (the radius of curvature is 3 m).

If you plan to cut LSU boards on site, purchase spare jigsaw blades. This material wears out nail files several times faster than wood concrete and plywood.

Glass-magnesite sheets will come to the court at all stages of building a house

Glass-magnesite sheets, like arbolite, often form only the inner contour of the formwork, while the outer one is most often built from decorative bricks. As a result, the exterior finish is unnecessary, and a thin layer of putty will be enough inside. The technology is suitable for building houses up to 5 floors on a ready-made strip / slab foundation. In addition, it requires more time and effort than the use of expanded polystyrene or CSP formwork (excluding decorative finishes).

So far, glass-magnesite sheets are produced only in China and Korea; LSU quality control is also carried out there. There are no domestic analogues of this material.

Installation instructions for fixed formwork from prefabricated blocks

We will consider the technology of building a foundation from ready-made hollow blocks using the example of lightweight concrete products. Unlike reinforced concrete blocks for high-rise buildings, these "bricks" can be installed by hand without a crane and a manipulator.

Prepare a pillow under the block foundation by filling and tamping down layers of sand and fine gravel. A thin screed should be poured over the pillow to simplify the further laying of the blocks, as well as to avoid concrete leakage when pouring the foundation.
Before installation, a sand and gravel cushion must be shed with a thin layer of concrete
Pull the thread along the trench and lay the first layer of blocks on the pillow, trying not to deviate from this guide. It is necessary to mount so that the gap between the elements is minimal. If the gap increases significantly throughout the trench, the cause may lie in the unevenness of the pillow. In this case, the row needs to be disassembled and a more even base made.
Due to the correct geometry of the blocks, the foundation tape is smooth and clear.
Connections between walls should be provided with special blocks of slightly greater length. If there are none, a recess should be made in the universal blocks, as in the picture. This will ensure reliable adhesion of perpendicular foundation tapes.
At the junction of internal and external walls you need to put special corner blocks
Lay metal or fiberglass reinforcement in the slots of the blocks. For low-rise construction, two parallel rods are sufficient, but if necessary, three can be arranged.
The blocks have special grooves for reinforcing rods.
At the junction of the walls, the bars must overlap so that the length of the free end is at least 2 cm.
Pay attention to the location of the upper and lower rods in relation to each other, they should form a regular square
When the length of the rod is not enough, it can be increased by tying a new rod with a special thin wire. It is advisable to make 2-3 dressings in different areas of the overlap.
Bandage the reinforcement should be with an overlap of 15-20 cm
Install the second row of concrete blocks exactly on top of the first. Do not allow even small deviations, if necessary, trim the position of the block with a mallet.
Install the second row of hollow blocks on top of the first
Fill the prepared formwork with liquid cement-sand mortar so that the level of concrete does not reach the grooves for the reinforcement.
The concrete level should be slightly above the middle of the top row of blocks.
Before the concrete begins to dry, try to expel excess air by piercing the space inside the formwork with a reinforcing bar from top to bottom. After that, place the reinforcement vertically, especially carefully strengthening the outer corners and joints of the walls.
Vertical reinforcing bars can be installed one by one at a distance of 1.5 m from each other
After the concrete has dried, proceed to build the foundation. Install and bandage the reinforcement, mount two new rows of blocks and fill the formwork with concrete. Continue like this until the foundation reaches the height you want.
New reinforcement is installed on top of the concrete screed
The last row of foundation blocks is poured until a flat horizontal surface is formed. While the concrete is not dry, it can be trimmed with a small board or a long trowel for plaster.
The foundation is ready for the construction of the walls of the future house

The foundation of concrete hollow blocks for a private house according to the described technology is mounted by two workers in 2-3 days, taking into account the time for setting the concrete of the first layers.

Comparison of the costs of creating a foundation from solid and hollow reinforced concrete blocks and a monolithic one with temporary formwork

The comparison shows that a foundation made of hollow concrete blocks is 18% cheaper than a solid one and 36% cheaper than a strip monolith poured with temporary wooden formwork. This is achieved by saving on the amount of reinforcement, reducing labor costs, the amount of concrete, etc. But building walls from reinforced concrete blocks will turn out to be too expensive (compared to polyurethane foam, wood concrete), it is better to use it only for the foundation.

Do-it-yourself fixed formwork

Consider the process of creating fixed formwork from sheet materials with independent cutting using the example of EPS (extruded polystyrene foam).

Dissolve the sheets into fragments corresponding to the width and length of the compacted trench. From the remains, cut out strips for sides 20–25 cm high. The total length of the sides should correspond to the double perimeter of the trench + 20% for overlap at the corner points.
You can cut sheets of expanded polystyrene not only with power tools, but also with a hand saw
Lay the sheets in the trench so that the sides rest on the XPS layer and do not touch the ground. Secure the sheets at the corners by piercing the material with CBT system plastic ties.
When laying XPS sheets in a trench, try to minimize gaps
Install the halves of plastic ties between the vertical sheets and fasten them together. If the system does not click tight enough, seal the connections with pliers.
Plastic ties are easy to install by hand
Install reinforcing bars above and below the horizontal braces. To keep the metal in the thickness of the concrete, place pieces of polystyrene foam under the bars. Special grooves on plastic ties will help maintain the same distance between the reinforcement bars throughout the foundation.
Both metal and fiberglass reinforcing bars are suitable for reinforcement.
Tie the rods together with a thin wire folded 2-3 times. In the same way, the reinforcement can be tied to plastic ties.
Installed reinforcing rods must be tied with a thin wire, welding is unacceptable
Build up the foundation with whole sheets of XPS, after attaching narrow strips of the same material to them with plastic clips. Arrange the prepared sheets as shown in the picture. When installing, pay attention to the location of the grooves and ridges on the sheet.
We begin to increase the height of the foundation
Attach the vertical sheets to each other with ties, install and tie up the reinforcement according to the technology described above. You should get at least two plastic-reinforcing belts, approximately at a distance of 10 cm from the top and bottom edges of the sheet.
Plastic spacers between the plates are installed in the same way
Fasten the stopper plate to the sharp ends of the plastic ties and cut off the ends that are left free.
The protruding tails of the screeds are easy to cut with wire cutters
Fill the reinforced formwork with cement-sand mortar. To prepare concrete, you can use your own concrete mixer, but you will need a lot of mortar. If you doubt that you can pour the entire foundation in a day, it is better to use the services of an industrial concrete mixer tank.
Pouring concrete foundation
Remove air bubbles with a construction vibrator and level the concrete surface. In this case, it is impossible to expel air with a reinforcing bar, since the metal will damage the formwork, easily piercing the XPS sheet.
The upper plane of the concrete layer must be at the level of the outer layer of the formwork

After the concrete of the foundation has completely hardened, you can continue pouring the walls using the same technology, but such a foundation can also be used with other materials.

Video: technology for building a house with fixed formwork from chip blocks

When giving preference to one of the fixed formwork options, consider not only your financial capabilities and labor costs, but also the purpose. For example, in areas with swampy soil, you should not use blocks based on wood chips, and in cold regions, you should pay attention to a material with a minimum coefficient of thermal conductivity. In this case, you can quickly build a warm house without extra financial costs.

Nikolai himself is building a private house in Samara. He told us how to save space on a land plot with a width of only 12 meters, using universal ties for TECHNONICOL fixed formwork.

Background and technical data

Construction objects on the site: bath - 35 m2, house - 110m2.

Problem: the land plot is very small in area, you need to save every meter.

Solution: foundation, plinth, bath walls and two-story house by the method of insulated fixed formwork using universal screeds to reduce the thickness of the foundation and walls.

Contractor: there is no contractor, hiring specialists for construction under their own management.

My name is Nikolay, I am a private developer from Samara. My building plot is quite small - only 12 meters wide. I know no more about construction than you do, but I decided to do everything with my own hands with the help of hired workers.

When choosing materials for building the foundation of a house and a bath, I relied on knowledge gained from various sources. And, interestingly, the arrangement of fixed formwork using universal screeds was not initially discussed at all. just for warmth external surfaces I purchased XPS TECHNONICOL CARBON ECO extruded polystyrene foam, and ties came in addition to it. After reading about the properties of screeds and the method of their installation, I decided that it would be the best choice in my case.

Why did you choose fixed formwork?

Just imagine that without fixed insulated formwork and universal ties, I would have to build walls about 1.2-1.5 m thick and lay a very strong and more expensive foundation. Our winters are frosty and a smaller wall thickness would lead to greater heat loss and energy consumption. Or, in an attempt to save on energy spent on heating, my family would live in a cold, damp house. And with such a small width of the site, the wall thickness of 1.2-1.5 m is a lot!

It was necessary to find a solution to this problem. I chose monolithic construction with the use of insulated fixed formwork, in which TECHNONICOL universal screeds are used. This method made it possible to make the wall thickness half as much, and I left the saved space for arranging the terrace.

In addition, the method of installing fixed formwork with universal ties is very simple and significantly reduces the time spent on work. After all, what are universal screeds? These are fasteners that quickly and reliably connect the walls of the formwork sheets to each other. With their help, I reduced the time for arranging the bath and the foundation of the house by more than 2 times. This was facilitated by the fact that a combination of formwork and insulation was used - we did not waste time on thermal insulation of the foundation and walls.

True, at first it was unusual for my hired specialists. They, too, were not familiar with this method of laying and. We thought it would be very difficult and expensive. They held it in their hands like some kind of jewel. They could not figure out how to arrange it more conveniently, how to connect it correctly. It took almost two weeks for the first level of the foundation of the house - they worked out the laying technology. But, when we figured out the system for installing screeds, the work went very quickly. The bath, where the height of the monolith was 3.5 meters, took only 12 days!

Construction technology from fixed formwork

As it turned out, the laying scheme is quite simple:

formwork sheets installed;
fixed with ties for fixed formwork;
fittings installed; The material was prepared for the site www.site
poured concrete in a circle about 50 cm high, then vibrated the cement mortar;
waited for the layer to dry;
began installing screeds for the next layer, and so on in a circle.

For construction strip foundation and the walls of the bath took us 3.5 weeks. I didn’t have to install any bulky wooden structures, spacers, etc., and then reinstall everything. And there are absolutely no complaints about the screeds. They perfectly hold the load, and, in addition, it was convenient for workers to install fittings. The main difficulty was that during the construction of the walls it was necessary to evenly set them in level. Also, with the help of fixed formwork and universal screeds, the strip foundation for the construction of the house was already poured and the basement was driven out, and I plan to build the walls using a different technology and insulate.

Another benefit that I appreciated is the savings on materials. Not only is it a formwork for construction, it is also an excellent insulation for the basement. No need to separately purchase and install insulation. With this fixed formwork, the manufacturer guarantees the absence of cold bridges in the finished structure, which is exactly what I needed. Especially for the foundation of the house.

My conclusion

Fixed formwork and universal ties are a reasonable and economical solution for private construction. Especially if you want to have time to build up over the summer. Do not just violate the terms of the instructions. It is necessary to make a fixed formwork for each layer according to the height of the simultaneous pouring, depending on the width of the tape, not higher. Before pouring another layer of concrete, let the previous layer dry so that it has time to gain the required strength.

The only difficulty was only at the beginning - the process of installing screeds was not easy due to lack of practice. But everything comes with experience. This technology will save you both budget and time. After all, the solution combines formwork and insulation. It turns out that you are simultaneously closing two construction processes.

The next stage in the construction of my house is the insulation of the facade with XPS boards. Then I will also buy roofing materials for the construction of the roof of the house and the bath.

Modern construction is developing and improving daily. Advanced technologies are used in any technological stage erection of the object. A special area in which new materials and methods are used is the construction of the foundation from which the construction of each building begins. Not so long ago, builders used formwork structures assembled from panels and boards, but new methods have allowed the introduction of advanced techniques, which include the most promising option - fixed formwork for walls, which is an integral part of the reinforced concrete structure. An indisputable advantage such formwork is considered the speed of installation. In addition, the house from the fixed formwork immediately turns out to be insulated, additional work on this issue will not have to be carried out.

Appropriateness for building a house

Fixed formwork, used in the construction of a house, gives its elements additional reliability and strength. In addition, this element contributes to the following factors:

work on laying materials and erecting the necessary structures is accelerated;
by reducing the thickness of the walls total weight constructions;
formwork structures of a fixed type are used in almost every design solution for the construction of facilities;
modern materials for arranging formwork are used in various climatic conditions without changing their characteristics;
the formwork system can differ in a molded or structured surface, which makes it possible not to carry out additional finishing of facades.

Varieties of fixed formwork for walls

Fixed formwork used to build a house is classified according to the materials used in the manufacture.

In most cases, builders use the following design options:

Styrofoam

The most common type of formwork system, for the manufacture of which a strong and lightweight material is used, characterized by high anti-corrosion capabilities. Expanded polystyrene formwork creates excellent thermal insulation properties, supports gas exchange in the concrete mass, ensuring uniformity of hardening and a set of required strength indicators.

Mortar with wood chips

Block material is prepared from a mortar mass, to which wood chips are added, pre-treated with fire-fighting and water-repellent agents. This type of formwork has good sound insulation. Due to the air bubbles formed near the chips, a good heat-insulating layer is obtained.

Fiberboard

For the manufacture of the same boards, wood shavings are used, for the connection of which cement material or magnesite is used. This option of fixed formwork for concrete walls Great for building foundations. The design has sufficient strength, is not affected by moisture and temperature changes, does not allow vapor to pass through, and creates an excellent heat-insulating layer.

Advantages and disadvantages of houses with fixed formwork

Construction works on the object with the use of such a formwork system, it is possible to carry out at a negative air temperature of at least ten degrees.

If you analyze the reviews of the owners of houses built using this technology, you can understand how many positive and negative points it has. So let's take a look at the pros and cons of this advanced technology.

Let's start with the advantages:

construction time is reduced, while saving money for additional insulation;
the pressure on the foundation is reduced;
when building houses from fixed formwork, there is no need to use serious lifting equipment;
concrete mixture is poured with a concrete pump under low pressure. In addition, such work is allowed to be performed manually;
walls are distinguished by a high coefficient of heat preservation;
it is possible to erect objects of various configurations, the frame is mounted easily;
a building erected using this technology is operated for a long period;
with a small wall thickness, their strength indicator is comparable to brickwork;
increases the usable space in the premises;
additional protection against extraneous sounds and heat loss is not required. The exception is objects built in areas with a cold climate;
the cost of heating the facility is reduced;

formwork elements are produced in a large assortment according to their shape differences;
the finishing process is simplified, since the walls do not need additional alignment. In addition, many developers use fixed decorative formwork for walls;
the walls of the house are not subject to the processes of decay, mold, rodents;
in the walls there is a possibility for laying communication pipes, for which special technological holes are provided in the formwork blocks;
the corner sections of the object are distinguished by precise geometric shapes;
from fixed formwork, you can build a strip foundation for the house, for which you don’t have to arrange a waterproofing layer - just lay the drainage system.

Unfortunately, in addition to the advantages, developers highlight certain negative points:

when heated, the foam releases dangerous toxins, which creates harm to health;

the vapor permeability of the walls is poor. It is necessary to provide a ventilation system for the premises;

grounding is mandatory in the house;

unprotected polystyrene foam can be destroyed by exposure to aggressive environments.

Some developers dismantle the foam layer inside the premises, which leads to a decrease in heat capacity.

Installation of various types of formwork for the walls of the house

To build a house from fixed formwork, you should know that the subtleties of installation work are determined by the material chosen for this. For example, a reinforced concrete block stone must be installed with a crane, which will increase the cost of installation work. If you decide to install fixed formwork for walls with your own hands, you should consider using foam blocks. In this case, the work is carried out easily, but you will have to know certain features. The fact is that erroneous actions made during the assembly of the formwork structure cause dew points to appear in the walls, which leads to the formation of dampness.

Technological features of the construction of a formwork structure made of foam plastic are as follows:

a site for construction work is marked out, a foundation pit is dug, at the bottom of which a sand cushion up to fifteen centimeters high is arranged;
after that, rolled waterproofing is overlapped;
steel reinforcement is installed vertically, the lower row of horizontal rods is mounted;
formwork blocks are set, connected to each other by light pressing;
after installing the first row, the second is mounted, only reinforcement is inserted into the free grooves of the next block;
as soon as installation work completed, concrete mortar is poured. Filling is carried out along the entire contour, in small layers.

Fixed formwork for walls is mounted in almost the same way. They begin to install it when all the work on pouring the foundation is completed. The layout of wall block elements begins with corner sections.

To build a fixed formwork for pouring the ceiling, telescopic support elements are used. For the manufacture of molds, sheet material is used - profiled sheets, wood concrete plates, foam plastic.

Finishing work

Consider how the interior decoration of a house is carried out, the walls of which are built from fixed formwork.

Facing work is necessary to increase the decorative effect and protect the material from external influences, and this feature applies to both block and frame structures. Given the fact that there is no need to level the walls, many developers do without applying a thick layer of plaster. A fiberglass or metal mesh for reinforcement is simply applied to the adhesive composition, after which the surface is treated with putty or decorative plaster.

Note that the margin of safety of such walls is very solid, and it is quite enough to finish surfaces with tile or stone materials, sheathe them with siding, mounting it on a frame subsystem. Today, the building materials market offers a decorative formwork structure with a facing layer that imitates facade stone. Indeed, this option special demand does not use, because its cost is quite high.

The evenness of the walls simplifies not only the external, but also interior decoration. In most cases, the surface is sheathed with drywall sheets attached to special profiles or to an adhesive composition.

There are no restrictions on finishing materials, but if the fixed formwork consists of polystyrene foam elements that do not allow air flow through themselves, it is recommended to use natural finishing materials.

Popular Designs

The most popular among fixed formwork are:

radomir. The elements are made of a unique, safe for health material with a cellular structure. Block elements have high rate density, reaching 33 - 37 kg per cubic meter. The structure of the blocks consists of two percent polystyrene foam, the rest is air bubbles. Expanded polystyrene does not emit dust, toxic substances and unpleasant odors, it is considered an inert material, it perfectly passes air flows and steam, providing the necessary circulation in the living room. The thermal conductivity of the blocks is 0.037 - 0.043 W, which is several times lower than expanded clay stone, wood and brickwork. Cold bridges are not formed in the heat-insulating layer, which is considered another important advantage of the design. Radomir formwork reliably protects against impact noise, does not cause allergenic manifestations, and does not support combustion processes for two and a half hours. A wide range of formwork structures is produced, from which it is possible to build not only walls and ceilings, but also columns;
"warm house". With the help of such a building system, the process of laying and installing sewerage, plumbing and electrical wiring is simplified. Construction work is carried out simply - individual formwork elements are laid in a row, connected with locks, poured with concrete mortar. Special knowledge for such work is not required; a building box by a team of four people can be erected in a few weeks. In order for the walls to turn out to be of high quality, when using the Warm House system, the base is carefully prepared - it is checked by a level so that the corners correspond to the design assignment, and it is smoothed out to prevent punctures and ruptures of the horizontal waterproofing layer. The formwork blocks are installed in rows, the end sections are closed with special plugs. After that, reinforcement is laid inside the formed tray and concrete mortar is poured;

technoblock. This version of fixed formwork is distinguished by the presence of a decorative facing layer on the outside. Structurally, formwork elements consist of a pair of plates made in the form of a concrete lining. All separate parts are connected by locking elements, the thickness of the wall is twenty-three centimeters. The cladding is made of reinforced concrete slabs weighing up to thirty kilograms and measuring 1000 by 400 mm. Insulation material - dense polystyrene foam, the thickness of which varies from five to ten centimeters. Bolts, reinforcing bars, ties and brackets are used as auxiliary elements. For pouring concrete mortar there is a gap equal to fifteen centimeters. The formwork wall, which is dismantled after the concrete has hardened, is made of laminated plywood sheet, which has the ability to withstand moisture. This formwork design is distinguished by an acceptable cost, affordable for any developer. The building is well insulated. Due to the ease of installation, the construction process of the entire facility is accelerated. It is possible to combine different color shades and texture solutions, giving facade walls originality.

Formwork cost

A monolithic object erected using a fixed formwork system will cost much less than an analogue made of brick material or wood. Prices on Construction Materials differ by region, but the average cost square meter formwork from a polystyrene foam block varies between 800 - 1000 rubles. The total need for formwork elements can be calculated independently using special calculators, or you can ask for help from sellers who provide such a service for free.

Today, the main requirement in the construction of a house is profitability. But how to make the house economical not only in construction, but also in operation? One of the best options is the use of permanent formwork technology

Features of material and technology

The construction technology using fixed formwork cannot be considered new. The first houses according to this system in Europe and America were built more than 25 years ago. Who is the ancestor of this technology, it is unambiguously difficult to answer. IN some degree it can be considered the company DOW CHEMICAL, which in 1940 invented extruded polystyrene foam. In the early 50s. in West Germany, a technology for producing expanded polystyrene by hot molding was developed, which found application in the United States in construction for the manufacture of simple concrete forms. As for Russia, the technology of fixed formwork is still not widely used in our country. The reason is the tendency of private developers to more traditional types of housing construction (wooden and brick), as well as the manifestation of distrust of everything new and little tested. Nevertheless, there are a lot of Russian companies building houses using expanded polystyrene formwork.

Features of expanded polystyrene

A house built using fixed formwork technology combines the advantages of monolithic concrete walls with the properties inherent in polystyrene foam. Expanded polystyrene is obtained by foaming polystyrene during heat treatment. One of its main advantages is high thermal insulation properties due to the cellular structure of the material. Expanded polystyrene consists of foamed granules, the cells between which are completely closed and sealed. With a low density, it is characterized by high compressive strength, low dynamic stiffness, which provides high-quality insulation from impact noise; low water vapor diffusion and water absorption; fire resistance (self-extinguishing material that does not support combustion). Expanded polystyrene is highly resistant to alkaline and salt solutions, weak acids, etc. According to research conducted at the Research Institute of Building Physics (Moscow) using a special technique with temperature fluctuations from -40 to +40 ° C and aging in water , expanded polystyrene can be used without losing the original physical properties at least 80 years old.

Styrofoam block wall construction

The word "formwork" in private housing construction is usually used when it comes to building a foundation. This is the name of the construction of boards (and plywood), which allows you to form a foundation tape when pouring concrete. As soon as it gains the necessary strength, the formwork is removed. In the technology we are talking about, the foundation is built in the traditional way, and the fixed formwork is used only for the construction of walls. Its elements are lightweight polystyrene blocks of various sizes and shapes, interconnected by jumpers made of the same polystyrene foam, polypropylene or metal. It is not by chance that the blocks are called “Lego constructor for adults”: they have protrusions on top, and on the bottom they are similar in size and location of the cavity. The blocks are connected by light pressure on their edges. At the same time, the locks that are located at the top and lower parts edges, close tightly, without gaps. In one row, the blocks are joined using locks provided at the ends of the elements.

Expanded polystyrene modules fit so tightly to each other that during concreting, the leakage of cement laitance is absolutely excluded, as well as the ingress of air or atmospheric moisture into the technological cavities. In addition to blocks, reinforcement and concrete are obligatory "participants" in the construction process according to this technology. Reinforcement is laid horizontally and vertically in polystyrene foam blocks, and then the module cavities are concreted. As a result, a solid building structure is formed with a thickness of reinforced concrete walls of 15 cm (this is the distance between the inner surfaces of the ribs of the blocks), surrounded on both sides by a shell of expanded polystyrene. The thickness of the inner part of the block is 5 cm, the outer one is 5 or 10 and 15 cm (for the northern regions).

On building a box at home with total area 200-300 m² of fixed formwork elements is spent by a professional team of builders from two and a half to three weeks

Advantages of fixed formwork technology

The fixed formwork technology has a number of advantages over traditional ones. First of all, thanks to its application, there is a significant saving of financial, time and labor costs. As practice shows, a turnkey house can be built in 4.5-5 months. The light weight of the blocks makes it possible not to use heavy construction equipment in the work. The thickness of the walls is half that of brick walls, which increases the usable area of the house by 7-10%. Lightweight wall structures allow the use of more economical types of foundations, for example, shallow ones. The construction process takes place simultaneously with thermal insulation (hence, during the operation of the facility, heating costs are significantly reduced) and soundproofing of the building. The thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.036-0.039 W / m K, acoustic insulation - 49 dB. It is important that the fixed formwork technology can be used in winter as well. Thanks to the thermal protection created by the formwork, the water in the concrete does not freeze even in severe frosts and all goes to a chemical reaction with cement, forming a solid monolithic wall.

Main stages of work

We offer to get acquainted with the features of construction technology using fixed polystyrene formwork on the example of the construction of one of the cottages near Moscow.

The owner of the future building came to a construction company with a project designed for a brick building. Finished projects, created for the technology we are talking about, today there are few. And customers often do not want to use standard projects, which is why, as a rule, it is necessary to adapt house designs from other materials to the “concrete-polystyrene” combination.

When the project was ready and the estimate was drawn up, the builders began to create a strip foundation. They dug trenches to the depth of soil freezing (1.7 m), put together a plank formwork, lined it with roofing material. Then tied the reinforcing cage. Above the upper plane of the foundation, under the future perimeter of the walls, vertical outlets of reinforcement 60-70 cm high were made, so that in the future it would be possible to lay two rows of blocks (with a total height of 50 cm) and there would still be a segment for tying the next reinforcing bars. The solution was supplied to the formwork by a concrete pump. Due to the difference in relief, the basement has a different height above ground level.

It is also possible to erect buildings using polystyrene foam modules in regions with severe winters. In this case, blocks with an outer wall of 10 or 15 cm are used.

The next stage - laying cut-off waterproofing, without which traditional construction is indispensable, was absent in this case. The specialists who erected the house explain this by the fact that both the foundation and the walls are made of the same material - monolithic reinforced concrete, so there is no need to cut off the foundation from the walls. Horizontal waterproofing is required if, for example, the foundation is cast from concrete, and the walls are made of wood, brick, foam blocks, etc.

After dismantling the formwork around the entire perimeter of the future building, the first row of polystyrene foam blocks was installed. Three types of elements were used: corner, ordinary (wall) and end. They have a standard length of 120 cm and a height of 25 cm. The builders placed horizontal reinforcement in the grooves of the modules. The second row of blocks was laid with an offset (according to the principle of brickwork), a multiple of 250 mm. In this row, horizontal reinforcement was inserted in a checkerboard pattern into a groove different from the center, in the third - above the reinforcement of the first row. Then vertical reinforcement was installed in the center of the blocks. As a result, it turns out that the horizontal reinforcement covers the vertical one.

Three rows of blocks are laid at a time, but two and a half are poured. If all three blocks are filled with concrete mix, then the connecting protrusions of the upper module will be soiled with mortar. And when it hardens, it will be impossible to ensure a reliable docking of the elements. To protect the mounting protrusions, special overlays are put on the upper parts of the modules. They are removed after the concrete has been poured.

According to the project, having laid three rows of blocks, the builders began to erect the ceiling of the first floor. To do this, they hammered into the ground wooden racks, connected them with intermediate beams, on which laminated plywood was laid. A double reinforcing cage 16 cm high was tied on top of it, beacons were set up and the entire area of the future floor was filled with a concrete pump, leaving a technological hatch for laying engineering communications. Once the concrete has set, it can be walked on and further construction can continue. A concrete pump is used only for casting floors. As for the walls, concrete grade 300-350, prepared directly at the construction site, is used for their construction. This requires washed quarry sand, gravel gravel fraction 5-20, cement grade 500 and a concrete mixer. The solution is poured into the grooves of the modules with buckets, the main condition is to do this work carefully. No more than three rows of blocks are laid per day, otherwise the lower modules may break from the weight of the poured concrete.

Simultaneously with the erection of walls, door and window openings are formed. To comply with their size and geometry, wooden spacers are used.

The construction of houses using fixed formwork technology takes place in three stages: installation of polystyrene foam blocks, laying reinforcement, concreting

The overlap between the first and second floors was made similarly to the previous one. Then the walls of the second floor and pediments were erected. The latter were built in this way. They put three rows of blocks and drew a line along which the gable cut would pass. Then the elements were numbered, removed, cut along the intended line and installed in place. Then reinforced and filled with mortar. No more than three rows of modules were also laid at a time. Then the construction of the pediment continued. To prevent the concrete from flowing out of the angled modules, the workers made a temporary wooden formwork, which was fixed to the scaffolding.

If you want to quickly, cheaply build a house in the suburbs, our builders will come to your aid. At modest prices, in accordance with the calculation, the monoliths will erect on your land plot any house (or other structure). Services are provided only by specialists who have undergone special training.

The cost of building a house using fixed turnkey formwork for 1 m2 is 22,000 rubles. with materials.

Fixed formwork installation technology

Construction technologies by the method of fixed formwork became widespread abroad 15 years ago. In Russia, it began to be mastered much later. The idea of the work is that there is no need additional work bricklayers to remove the formwork after solidification of monolithic walls.

The formwork serves not only as a frame, but also as thermal insulation, and sometimes as an external wall cladding. The installation of fixed formwork does not require additional reinforcement: the reinforcement is placed in blocks at the factory.

The installation technology of fixed formwork is simple. Separate blocks are joined together by means of the simplest interlocks along pre-verified perimeters. Next, the fixed formwork is poured with concrete.

In the presence of a quality mortar, the construction of the walls of the house by a team of four workers will take no more than two weeks. For the successful erection of walls and the installation of partitions from fixed formwork, the most important thing is to carefully prepare the bed (the surface of the foundation or the floor from the monolith), accurately align the horizontal position along the line of pouring the walls. The surface must be perfectly smooth to avoid tearing the waterproofing.

How to build a house in such a way that it does not waste much on materials, and maintain high quality performance characteristics? The construction of the walls of the house from fixed formwork is perfect solution for those who are not afraid of experiments and follow the latest in the world of building technologies.

Here are just a few of the key benefits of this type of design:

Ease of operation and time saving. The installation of walls resembles a children's designer: the main guide blocks are set, on which the next level of blocks is installed in the grooves, and so on until the required height is reached.
High mechanical strength, resistance to possible adverse natural phenomena (earthquakes, landslides, etc.). Reinforcement is knitted inside the block structure and in the corners, the structure is poured cement mortar high strength, due to which an integral monolithic wall with a high threshold of resistance and stability is created.
Does not require additional insulation and soundproofing. Due to the fact that expanded polystyrene itself is a thermal and sound insulating material, the walls of the house perfectly retain heat, "breathe" and do not muffle noise.
Savings on heating appliances and heating bills. It has been proven that a house made of a fixed structure has better energy-saving properties than a house with two-brick masonry walls (by an average of 30%).
The material is not susceptible to fungus and mold attacks.
Ideal for any processing, due to which it is possible to use almost any Decoration Materials both for building facades and for interior decoration.
Qualitative operational characteristics are retained for years, and the service life of the facility is unlimited.

If you are interested in an offer that is valid throughout the Moscow region, contact our specialists and find out how much fixed formwork costs and the total cost of work.