A refrigerator is a unit in the form of a cabinet designed for cooling and storing food. Devices are built into furniture, equipped with additional hanging shelves and containers.

Available from full-size to mobile devices - mobile models of refrigerators are produced in the form of bags without a compressor, instead of it a cold condenser is built in, it keeps cold for 24 hours.

Types and types of refrigerators

french door

French Door devices are two-chamber at the top, and at the bottom there is a freezer compartment. The upper compartment opens with two doors, at the bottom freezer - doors or a drawer. Models are available with 3, 4 or 5 doors.

Advantages:

• compact dimensions;
• spacious shelves to accommodate bulky items.

side by side

In these refrigerators, the freezer compartment is located next to the refrigerator compartment. In such models, the volume is distributed according to the following scheme: 1/3 - for the freezer, and the rest - for the cooling compartment.

Models of this class have a zero compartment, divided into wet and dry zones. Such compartments provide for the cooling of drinks, which are stored at a temperature less than 3 degrees than in the main compartment.

built-in refrigerator

The main parameters of built-in refrigerators:

• type - fully built-in or partially built-in. The first type is precisely hidden in a niche; a cabinet door or a sliding wall is provided. Partially built-in models are suitable for saving space or complementing kitchen design;
• characteristics - refrigerators vary in height from 40-220 cm, width 30-160 cm, depth 40-70 cm. The volume of the refrigerator compartment is 78-550 liters, the freezer is 12-515 liters;
• number of cameras (1, 2 or more);
• feature of the installation for arranging ventilation, purchase an additional ventilation grill.

The cost of a built-in refrigerator is affected by additional parameters: ice maker, safe shutdown in case of problems with electricity, color, antibacterial coating, zero chamber, etc.

Freezer compartment

A freezer is a chamber for quick freezing of products in a freezer or refrigerator with their further storage at a temperature of no more than -18 degrees. In multi-chamber refrigerators, freezers are located on the top, bottom or side of the refrigerator compartment.

Capacity and type of wine cabinet

For optimal storage of wine, special devices are designed where bottles are placed in a horizontal position. For home use, a medium-sized wine refrigerator from Gorenje, Liebherr, Electrolux is appropriate. Or choose products from specialized companies (Transtherm), which have additional functions for the preservation of wine.

There are both home models of medium dimensions and professional volumetric cabinets.

The capacity of the wine compartment is characterized by the number of compartments for 0.75 liter bottles placed in the compartment. Models of small sizes - 6 bottles, or floor-standing for storing a whole collection of 30 bottles.

On sale there are large chambers for storing more than 100 bottles, which are used in restaurants or for private collections.

There are models with doors made of glass or opaque material. Some cabinets have charcoal filters to keep out odors. For proper storage bottles are provided with temperature settings.

Based on the options for temperature regimes, there are mono-, two-, three- or multi-temperature wine cabinets. Devices of the single-temperature type operate in one mode, while a constant temperature of 10-14ºC is maintained in the chamber.

Other types are regulated temperature conditions for suitable storage of different drinks. So, 2- and 3-temperature devices have 2 or 3 temperature modes at which sparkling, white and red wine are stored.

Multi-temperature units have more than 3 modes with different temperature areas, which allows you to select the appropriate conditions for storing each type of drink.

Freshness zone and its types

The freshness zone is also called the zero chamber. Some manufacturers refer to this option as Fresh Box, Flex Cool, or Fresh Zone when the chamber temperature is around 0°C.

Models with two compartments of the zero chamber, in one of them an increased level of humidity is 90-100% (to store vegetables and fruits), and in the other - up to 50% (to place meat and fish products).

Favorable solution three-chamber refrigerators, with a separate chamber of the freshness zone. But because of this, the cost of the device increases.

Mini bar

A mini-bar is a special compartment on the inside or outside of the door, designed to keep food chilled - drinks, cheeses, snacks.

Or it is a free-standing cabinet with a door, when opened, a special shelf with snacks and drinks is pulled out.

The bar makes the operation of the refrigerator convenient, saves electrical energy, since access to it does not require opening the main doors - only the mini-bar door opens.

Fridge/freezer type

The market offers a wide range of models of refrigerators, from one-door to five-chamber.

There are several types:

• without freezer- device sizes up to 1 meter, such refrigerators are intended for storing fruits and vegetables at temperatures from +2 to +14 degrees. Such models are rarely used at home, they are mainly purchased for summer cottages, where it is necessary to maintain the freshness of products for 1-2 days;
• with freezer- are intended for storing food during deep freezing, and structures where there is a refrigerator compartment and a freezer in one compartment. Models where the freezer has a separate door are also popular. Freezer located on the side, at the bottom or at the top of the refrigerator compartment;
• household- designed for long-term storage and freezing of many products, they are made vertically and in the form of a chest (lari);
• freezer cabinets- their height is up to 2 m, they are equipped with horizontal shelves and boxes for placing products, some modifications may have trays for freezing vegetables, fruits and berries;
• freezers in the form of a chest (lari)– suitable for freezing large amounts of fish and meat. They are more economical than freezers, but it is difficult to get food that is located below. Another drawback is the footprint;
• wine cabinets- designed to store wines and other drinks.

Characteristics of refrigerators

Height, depth and width

The height of the model is 50-250 cm (depending on the layout of the chambers), width 40-190 cm, weight from 22 to 157 kg, volume 3-800 liters.

The standard depth for built-in models is 55 cm, for stand-alone models - 60 cm. But if conditions allow, then choose a unit with a depth of 80 cm. When purchasing a device with non-standard parameters, pay attention to the characteristics kitchen set. The area is taken into account in order to calmly open the door and not touch other objects standing nearby.

In accordance with the territorial location, refrigeration devices are divided into 3 groups: European, American and Asian. European models are considered more elongated. American models have large dimensions in terms of width and height, while Asian models have medium dimensions.

Side-by-Side modifications are considered capacious devices, where the freezer is located on the left and the refrigerator compartment is on the right. Their width is 100 cm and the depth is 80 cm, so they are suitable for storing large amounts of food. The smallest parameters are characterized by refrigerator-bars with a width of 50 cm, a height of 50-120 cm.

inverter compressor

Compared to standard linear compressors, the operation of inverter mechanisms is smoother. When the refrigerator is turned on, the required temperature for food storage is reached in a short period.

After that, the inverter maintains this mode for optimal level with a gradual change in compressor power. As a result, the temperature regime does not change and less electricity is consumed.

The advantages of refrigerators with an inverter compressor include:

• low power consumption;
• minimal noise;
• no intermittent on/off.

This provides long-term operation refrigeration equipment.

Energy class

This indicator reflects the level of efficiency, indicated in capital Latin letters from A to G. Economy class equipment is marked A, B and C. Recently there were only 7 classes, but other, economical types have appeared (classes A +, A ++, A +++ ).

Intermediate class equipment is marked with the letter D, and devices with high and increased energy consumption - E, F, G.

All refrigerators are class A/B/C/D. For convenience, manufacturers of refrigerators mark each class with their own color (highly economical - green, and D - red).

Electricity consumption levels are divided into classes according to the energy efficiency index. Classes A, A ++, A +++ are considered economical - they save 50% of electricity.

The economy classes include A and B, and C and D - to the average energy consumption, since only 15% is saved. Now equipment with classes D, E, F, G is not popular due to energy inefficiency.

The power consumption of a refrigerator depends on the frequency of opening the doors, its workload, the volume of each compartment, the external temperature, this indicator is reduced by increasing the efficiency of the compressor and modernizing the thermal insulation of the case.

The energy class is assigned to the equipment according to the volume, defrost system and other parameters. The indicator varies between 88-803 kWh / year.

Climate classes

The climate class reflects the climate conditions (humidity and temperature) allowed for the use of the equipment. This is an important indicator to consider when purchasing.

If it was known that the equipment was used at inappropriate temperature and humidity, then the consumer receives a refusal to carry out warranty repairs. The climate class is indicated on the form with the series number, which is pasted inside the refrigerator compartment.

There are several classes:

1. Normal class N (normal). Operation of refrigerators of this group at temperatures from +16 to +32 degrees. Class N is considered the most common in the CIS countries, suitable for houses and apartments with air conditioning, since if the normative indicators are exceeded, the refrigerator overheats with a possible breakdown of the motor-compressor.
2. Class SN- subnormal (moderately normal), reflects the adaptation of refrigerators to work at temperatures from +10 to +32 degrees. In addition to residential buildings and apartments, equipment of this class can be used in basements and poorly heated rooms.
3. Climate class ST- subtropical. The equipment is adapted to work in temperature conditions from +18 to +38 degrees.
4. Climate class T- tropical. Operation at temperatures from +18 to +43 degrees, adapted for a dry climate.

If the device operates in wider temperature ranges, then two classes are assigned to it. For example, refrigerators of the SN-T class, but their cost is higher due to the design features and the presence of parts that are resistant to temperature changes.

Dual-class devices consume more electricity, which makes it better to choose the unit according to certain conditions of use. For Russia, it is better to choose cooling equipment from the category N, SN.

Number of doors and chambers

Usually the number of doors corresponds to the number of chambers. But in some models, one door is designed for 2 compartments, while in others one chamber is closed with a pair of doors. With an increase in the number of refrigerator doors, its dimensions and price increase. In units where each chamber is closed separately, the thermal insulation performance is higher, therefore, the set temperature is constantly maintained in each compartment.

Modern models can have 1-5 cameras. The simplest design of single-chamber equipment combines affordable cost and high reliability, but it requires periodic defrosting.

Two-chamber devices with separate access to freezers and refrigerators are considered more popular.

Refrigerators with 3 chambers, where, in addition to freezing and refrigeration, there is a zero (freshness zone), where perishable products must be stored. Modifications are also made, where the zero zone is located in the refrigeration compartment.

From the Side-by-Side units, there are models with 4 and 5 compartments, where the wet, dry freshness zone, bar, wine compartments, etc. are located. With an increase in the number of compartments for storing different products, the cost of the unit increases.

Number of compressors

According to the number of available compressors, refrigeration equipment is divided into one and two-compressor. If the model has one compressor, then its work is carried out simultaneously on the freezer and refrigeration compartment - the cost of such units is lower than two-compressor ones.

Two compressors are distinguished by accuracy and independent regulation of the temperature regime of different chambers - the chambers are switched on and off separately. Such refrigerators have a long service life, since each compressor is turned on only when necessary.

Capacitor

This element is responsible for heat exchange by cooling and condensing the refrigerant vapor. Often the capacitor is made in the form of a coil. In large installations, it is represented by a radiator, which is placed near the compressor.

Coating material

The body of the refrigerator is made of stainless steel or plastic. Plastic models have paintwork, are considered more in demand due to the low cost and various shades.

Models made of aluminum or stainless steel are more durable and more expensive (except for unpainted silver-colored equipment).

Shelf material and their varieties

Shelves are made of metal, glass or plastic. From the range, refrigerators with blind or lattice shelves are available to the user.

Plastic grills are easy to maintain, have different shape. Despite the low cost, plastic is an unreliable material that cannot withstand the heavy mass of products - it cracks and breaks.

Glass shelves are popular, despite their beauty and strength, they need to be looked after and constantly cleaned of dirt.

Shelves made of metal are in the form of lattices with a plastic sheath. This option is the most reliable and budget.

There may be bottle shelves (wave type), pull-out trays with telescopic rails and double designs in the doors. Tube holders may be provided for fixing objects.

Minimum freezer temperature, freezing power

Freezers are differentiated by freezing levels, indicated by asterisks *. Single star designs have a minimum temperature of -6ºC and are not suitable for long-term storage of frozen products.

In freezers with two stars ** (at -12 ºС) food is stored longer. On sale there are freezers with 3 and four stars, respectively, for placing products in temperature conditions up to -18 and -24 degrees.

The higher the value, the longer the food can be stored when the power is turned off.

Freezing capacity refers to the freezing capacity of 1-40 kg/day. The indicator reflects the volume of fresh food that can be frozen to -18ºC in 24 hours.

Often this criterion is called freezing mass or freezing capacity. For domestic use this figure is 10 kg / day, more powerful models can be used in catering establishments.

The total volume of the refrigerator

The total volume of all refrigerating chambers is in the range of 4.5-1163 liters, the total volume is indicated by the manufacturer in liters, while pallets and internal shelves are not taken into account.

The chambers must not be packed closely, otherwise the air does not circulate, the thermal regime and the properties of the products are violated.

Freezer volume

The total volume of the freezer (freezer) varies from 4 to 708 liters. When choosing the volume of this compartment, you should take into account the weight of frozen food that is planned to be stored for a long time. If you plan to harvest fruits and vegetables in the winter, then choose a spacious freezer.

Zero chamber volume

The total volume of the freshness zone (zero chamber) is 9-193 liters.

The volume of the chamber should be selected according to the number of people living. The more users, the higher the consumption of electrical energy, as the refrigerator maintains the optimum temperature for longer.

Refrigerator volume

The total volume of the refrigerating chamber where freezing is not needed is 25-767 liters. Based on the volume, a temperature regime is created in the refrigerator compartment in the range from +2 to +10 degrees. Placement in the cold chamber of the cold and warm areas is associated with design features.

Its parameters are selected in accordance with the number of people living:

• for a family of 3-4 people. models with one chamber up to 200 l are suitable;
• when harvesting significant stocks, you should choose two-chamber models, where the refrigerator and freezer compartments are located separately.

Such refrigerators are considered to be in demand, they are compact in width, their height does not exceed 2 m. The volume of the refrigerator compartment is enough for 3-4 people (up to 380 liters).

For spacious rooms, models with large “Side-by-Side” chambers are suitable, where large volumes of products are placed.

reversible doors

The presence of reversible doors allows you to change their direction of opening for comfortable use of refrigeration equipment.

For small kitchens convenience is distinguished by devices in which the doors can open in different directions without rehanging.

Handle with pusher

The handle of the refrigerator is equipped with a pusher and allows you to reduce the effort applied by the user to open the door of the refrigerator. The pusher forms a crack through which air enters the chamber, which contributes to the easy opening of the door and increases the comfort of using the refrigerator.

Control type

Refrigeration equipment differs in the type of control:

• electromechanical- such control is performed by turning the thermostat knob, but the exact temperature indicator cannot be set - only reduce or add the cooling level;
• electronic- with its help, the exact temperature mode is set - the operation of the fan and compressor is changed, creating the optimal humidity for storing food and saving energy. The digital screen reflects all the information about the current state of the equipment, which makes control over its work more accurate.

carbon filter

Models with No Frost and automatic defrost, with fan, use a photocatalytic charcoal filter to reduce the chance of bacteria.

The filter eliminates unpleasant odors from the refrigerator. To restore its functionality, the filter must be periodically pulled out and dried.

door seal

Designed to prevent the ingress of air from the environment into the housing. The seal is made of high-density elastic material, equipped with a magnetic insert for a tighter fit of the door.

Noise level

The noise level reflects the noise level of the operating equipment. Measured in decibels. The lower this value, the quieter the device.

The noise level of an average refrigerator does not exceed 38 dB. Now many cooling devices are very quiet and their work is imperceptible.

refrigerant

The refrigerant is the composition in the cooling system, which, when expanding or boiling, takes heat from the cooling object, after compression, giving it to the external environment. In refrigeration equipment, SF6, freon, ammonia, etc. are often used as a refrigerant.

As a result of damage to the cooling system or long operation, the refrigerant must be replaced. These works must be entrusted to professionals who are familiar with all the details of filling, the required volume of the substance, its pressure and temperature. All criteria are essential for effective and correct operation devices.

Electric valve

The valve is an electromechanical device designed to control the flow of refrigerant in a refrigeration system. The valve is controlled electric shock, which is passed through the coil.

Independent regulation of the temperature regime in the refrigeration device is carried out in the presence of a pair of independent compressors with individual evaporators. With the help of a valve blocking the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator, an independent system with two circuits was created.

During the shutdown, the refrigerant begins to flow through an additional pipe to the evaporative system. In such a system, the volume of the refrigerant is reduced, the evaporator does not freeze over. The temperature setting in the freezer and refrigerator compartment is adjusted according to the thermostat settings.

Functions of refrigerators

Autonomous cold storage

This function allows you to keep the temperature of frozen food below -9 degrees for a certain time. It is used for preservation of products in low-temperature conditions.

For each manufacturer and model, the time interval for autonomous cold storage varies, where 30 hours is the maximum.

Cold accumulator

This is a specialized gel, hermetically sealed in a special bag. It accumulates (absorbs) cold, freezing at lower temperatures (compared to water) within 18-24 hours.

The cold accumulator is used in thermal bags and containers, designed to cool products and maintain a low temperature for 10-18 hours.

The battery is used in the following cases:

• when unloading frozen foods from the freezer;
• when cooling drinks;
• to maintain the temperature in the chambers and increase the level of freezing.

Antibacterial coating

This is a special coating with inorganic silver compounds, which is used to process the internal walls of the refrigerator.

Compared to simple surfaces, an antibacterial coating has many advantages:

• creation of an optimal biological microclimate that prevents the development and reproduction of microorganisms, the absence of an unpleasant odor;
• security throughout the entire period of use;
• extension of the shelf life of products without loss of useful and taste properties;
• ease of use, no restoration or replacement.

Built-in TV, LCD display, electronic control panel

For comfort, a refrigerator with a built-in TV was invented. The first manufacturer of such products was LG, where the monitor size was 13 inches. Siemens has released cooling equipment with a 17-inch LCD display.

Subsequently, the manufacturer Samsung introduced cooling equipment with a built-in display, adding Internet access via Wi-fi. Owners of such equipment can find out world news, recipes, order groceries and leave reminders.

On the doors of some devices, an electronic panel is built in that reflects the temperature - the user sets the desired temperature. Retention calendar options are available in the control panel - registers the time and area for bookmarking products and reflects the end of their shelf life.

water dispenser

A dispenser is a special device for obtaining cool water and ice, sometimes combined with a filter. Dispensers are connected to the water supply or have a self-contained tank design.

Child protection

This function is designed to lock the control buttons so that the child cannot change the operating mode. Models are sold equipped with a built-in lock in the door.

When choosing such options, it should be borne in mind that on many models the control buttons are high and children cannot reach them.

Power off indication

This is a special indication in the absence of power, notifying the user with a sound or light signal. With the help of this function, it is possible to respond in a timely manner to a power outage and take the necessary measures.

Door open indication

The function notifies open door, if the freezer/refrigerator door is not tightly closed or ajar, the user will receive an alert with a light or sound signal.

Each manufacturer chooses the type of signal for the refrigerator model.

Temperature display and thermometer

The function signals an increase temperature conditions. The temperature in the refrigerator compartment and freezer rises above the norm due to a loose door or a power outage.

The indication will notify the user in time with a light or sound signal, which will prevent products from spoiling.

A thermometer is provided in the freezer, with the help of which the temperature control of the freezer is carried out - to adjust the conditions in accordance with the needs.

Ionizer

The device is located in the refrigerator and is responsible for the formation of negative ions that prevent the formation and reproduction of microorganisms dangerous to human health.

Their principle of operation is based on the passage of air flows through a grid with a high electric field strength. In this case, oxygen molecules become active ions. They are safe for humans and have an antibacterial effect.

ice maker

An ice maker is a built-in ice making device, for which the refrigerator is connected to the water supply, and the option of filling a special reservoir with water. When full, the ice maker turns off. At the same time, ice does not come into contact with other products, does not absorb odors.

In expensive refrigerators, the ice maker is equipped with a knife for cutting ice, it makes cubes or crumbs.

A model with an ice maker connected to the water supply is more expensive, so equipment with manual filling is considered a more economical option. After filling a special container with water, it will enter the ice maker through the channel, and after a while ice is obtained.

Defrost Freezer/Refrigerator

There are two types of defrosting in the freezer and refrigerator compartment: manual and “no frost” (No Frost). Manual defrost is used in budget models. Such refrigerators turn off on their own and wait until the frost and ice melt.

Depending on the quality of the thermal insulation on the freezer door, the procedure is carried out at intervals of several weeks or once a year.

The No Frost system is based on the circulation of cold air flows through a fan located at the rear of the unit. In special compartments, outside the freezer, frost accumulates. The fan turns on after a certain time and the frost turns into water. The resulting water accumulates in a special pan and evaporates.

Such units have one drawback: dehydration of products occurs faster. Because of this, it is required to adhere to special requirements for their packaging.

In addition to units with manual defrosting and No Frost, there are modern devices with drip defrost system. The principle of operation is based on the formation of ice on the evaporator (cooling part of the refrigeration compartment) during compressor operation.

At automatic shutdown compressor, at certain intervals, the ice begins to melt. The water that appears flows into the tank and evaporates from the heat of the compressor. Compared to No Frost, the drip system is fanless, so the system is less noisy. In the drip system, the humidity of the refrigerator compartment is higher, which is why food dehydrates more slowly.

Vacation mode

Before activating the economy mode, remove all food that is not allowed to be stored for a long time at a temperature of more than 15 degrees. The maximum economy mode involves the operation of the refrigerator at this temperature for storing canned food, medicines and other products.

Energy consumption is reduced by more than 30%, which allows you to save when no one is at home for a long time.

Maximum Cooling Mode (Super Cooling)

Supercooling is a special mode of operation of the freezer and refrigerator compartment, when the maximum cooling of food is carried out. This is ensured by the non-stop operation of the compressors, when the control system is stopped only to eliminate equipment breakdowns.

Supercool mode is required for a hot period when the air temperature rises to maximum values. The option is also necessary for quick cooling or freezing of products.

Shabbat mode

This is a specialized mode, when turned on, the interior lighting of the open door, ice maker, temperature indicator, sound and light signals etc.

Cold water system

In accordance with the type of equipment, water comes from a water pipe or a special container that needs to be filled periodically. cold water obtained without opening the door thanks to a special design similar to a soda machine.

The option eliminates the excess flow of warm air into the refrigerator compartment and the premature loss of food quality. In some models, the ice maker is combined with a cold water supply.

Super Freeze

Super freezing is a short-term freezing function that is used to quickly cool fresh food. During the activation of the mode, the temperature of the freezer drops to -24 degrees.

But the equipment should not work in this mode for a long time, because due to high loads on the compressor, performance may decrease.

thermostat

A mechanical thermostat is a device with a built-in bellows and electromechanical regulation, it regulates the temperatures of the chambers based on the temperature of the evaporator.

A temperature sensitive bellows tube is attached to the coldest part of the evaporator. The electromechanical thermostat has an increased inertia and temperature control range.

The electronic thermostat is equipped with an electronic temperature sensor and electromechanical control. The sensor has no mechanical connection with the regulator, so it reacts to temperature changes in the chambers.

How to choose

Comfortable for a family of 2-3 two-chamber refrigerator with compressor cooling and moderate power consumption.

Large models are suitable for large rooms and, conversely, in small kitchens, purchase compact models. For those wishing to purchase quality equipment with more space, you should opt for Side-by-Side, that is, wide cabinets with vertical division of chambers and a pair of side doors. Models are suitable for use by large families.

Cost is the limiting factor for acquiring better quality products. Therefore, you should know that the price depends on the volume, number of chambers, department parameters, availability of additional functions and technological characteristics. Additional criteria that affect pricing include: number of compressors, manufacturer and energy class.

Be sure to check the quality of plastic in interior decoration, the material is in contact with food, the unpleasant smell of plastic will spoil the food.

When choosing a refrigerator, pay attention to the presence of sound and light alarms. The alarm is triggered when the door is left open and the power is turned off.

Exploitation

To extend the service life, experts recommend adhering to the basic rules:

• Close the door tightly after each opening. According to repair companies, common cause breakdowns become careless handling and open doors of the refrigerator, which intensifies the work of the compressor, which seeks to normalize the temperature;
• it is necessary to identify malfunctions or malfunctions in a timely manner, do not wait for the final breakdown to contact the service department;
• try not to load the cooling and freezing compartment, since with an excess content of products it is difficult for the equipment to cope with freezing and cooling, which will lead to rapid wear of the cooling mechanisms;
• a device without an automatic defrost system must be manually defrost every few months of operation.

Classification of household refrigerators

Modern household refrigerators and freezers are complex household appliances that operate in specific conditions - in residential (kitchen) premises, therefore they are subject to high requirements: automatic operation; minimum noise level; high level of reliability; complete safety of operation; possibly small dimensions with a certain useful capacity, low cost and low operating costs.

According to the type of refrigeration machine, household refrigerators are compressor (cooled by a compressor refrigeration machine), absorption (cooled by an absorption refrigeration machine) and semiconductor (cooled by semiconductor batteries), and freezers - compressor and absorption.

Compressor refrigerators make up a significant share in the range of household refrigeration equipment - over 90%.

According to the installation method, refrigerators are divided into floor, wall and built-in.

Floor-standing refrigerators installed on the floor of a room are the most popular type of refrigerators both in our country and abroad. Among them are models made in the form of a table; their height is the same as kitchen tables- 850 mm, and on top there is a serving surface made of a special type of plastic for placing kitchen utensils and products. Wall-mounted refrigerators suspended from the wall of the room do not take up floor space, which is important for small apartments

Built-in refrigerators - devices included in the design of the furniture unit and enclosed in a common shell with it. The block can be a kitchen or living room, such as a sideboard and a bar.

According to the climatic design, refrigerators are divided into U and T products. The first refrigerators are designed for operation in areas with a temperate climate, i. in the territory where the average of the annual absolute maxima of air temperature does not exceed 40 ° C, and the average of the minimums is below - 45 ° C. U products operated in residential premises must provide the required parameters at an ambient temperature of 10 to 35 ° C GOST 16317-70 "Household electric refrigerators" provides for a narrower range of climatic factors: 16-32 ° C. Usually, for products of execution U, the upper limit value is assumed to be 40 ° C.

Refrigerators of execution T are operated in regions with a tropical climate, which include the Near and Middle East, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, a significant part of Africa and Latin America, Cuba, the southeast and far west of the United States and a number of other regions. In Russia, tropical refrigerators are manufactured for export to these countries. For products of version T, operated in residential premises, the limiting and operating values ​​of ambient temperatures are the same: from 10 to 45 ° С; The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the CMEA set the temperature range from 18 to 43°C. Tropical refrigerators are subject to increased requirements in terms of materials used, protective coatings, grounding, cabinet sealing and automation fittings.

On a functional basis, refrigerators are distinguished for storing fresh food and fresh and frozen food. Fresh food storage units do not have a freezer compartment. They are produced in small quantities in some countries. The possibility of storing frozen products is provided only if the temperature in the low-temperature compartment is maintained at a temperature not higher than -6°C; the lower the temperature in the compartment, the longer the shelf life.

In accordance with international and domestic standards, refrigerators are divided into three categories: for short-term (several days) storage of frozen foods - the temperature is not higher than - 6 ° C; for medium-term storage (up to two weeks) - the temperature is not higher than - 12 ° C; for long-term storage(up to three months) - the temperature is not higher than - 18 ° C. Accordingly, refrigerators are marked with one, two or three stars. Models with two and three stars are called two-temperature. In the US, Canada and Australia, asterisk markings are not used. According to the standards of these countries, two-temperature refrigerators must ensure that the temperature in the low-temperature compartment does not exceed -15 ° C.

By design, two-temperature refrigerators are single-chamber, two-chamber and multi-chamber. In two-chamber there is a heat-insulating partition between the low-temperature and positive compartments; each compartment has a separate door. Multi-chamber refrigerators have several (at least three) chambers with separate doors for storing various products.

Air circulation in the chambers can be carried out naturally or with the help of a fan, or combined: in the low-temperature chamber by force, and in the positive chamber - naturally.

Refrigerators with natural air circulation in the chamber can have one (conventional design) or two evaporators (weeping evaporator design).

In models with natural air circulation, the low-temperature chamber is located at the top; in refrigerators with forced circulation, it can also be placed below or next to the positive one.

Refrigerators also differ in the way the evaporator is defrosted: they use manual defrosting, semi-automatic and automatic (partially or completely). In the first method, the consumer himself determines the start and end of the process, and also manually removes the melt water. With semi-automatic - the consumer determines only the beginning of defrosting, the end of the process is automatic; melt water is removed manually or automatically through drainage system. Defrosting is automatic if the process is controlled and the defrost water is removed without the participation of the consumer.

Partially automatic defrosting is the automatic defrosting of one of the two cooling surfaces. For example, the positive compartment evaporator is defrosted automatically every cycle, while the low temperature compartment evaporator is manually defrosted every few months. Fully automatic defrosting is the automatic defrosting of all cooling surfaces.

It is possible to fully automate the defrosting process only in refrigerators with forced air circulation; in other designs, the use automatic system defrosting (due to its frequent operation) would spoil the frozen food.

There are three ways to heat the evaporator during defrosting: by ambient air; hot steam of freon supplied by the compressor to the evaporator, bypassing the condenser; electric heater. Manual defrosting uses natural ambient air heating, while semi-automatic and semi-automatic defrosting uses all three types of heating. Natural heating of the evaporator in case of partially automatic defrosting takes place during the non-operating part of each cycle. With fully automatic defrosting, intensive heating of the evaporator with hot freon steam or an electric heater is used.

Adopted cooling system, i.e. the presence of one or two evaporators, natural or forced air circulation, largely determines the operational and design features refrigerators. Therefore, later in this chapter we will consider (as main types) refrigerators with one evaporator, including two-temperature refrigerators, refrigerators with two evaporators, as well as refrigerators with forced air circulation.

According to GOST 16317-87, household refrigerators are divided according to the method of obtaining cold into:

compression (K); absorption (A);

by way of installation on:

floor type cabinet (W); apole table type (C);

by the number of cameras on:

single-chamber; two-chamber (D); three-chamber (T).

In two chamber refrigerators there is a heat-insulating partition between the NTO and the positive compartment.

According to the ability to work at maximum ambient temperatures, refrigerators are divided into classes:

UHL - not higher than 32 0 С;

T - not higher than 43 0 C.

The chambers of refrigeration appliances are divided by purpose into:

chamber for storing fresh vegetables and fruits;

refrigerating chamber for cooling and storing chilled products;

low-temperature chamber for the storage of frozen foods (NTC);

freezer for freezing and storing frozen foods (MK);

a universal storage compartment for keeping food fresh, chilled or frozen.

Single-chamber refrigerators are divided into:

by the presence of NTO on:

single-chamber with NTO;

single-chamber without NTO;

by temperature in NTO on:

with a temperature not higher than -6 0 С;

with a temperature not higher than -12 0 С;

with a temperature not higher than -18 0 С.

The temperature in the NTO is not higher than - 6 0 С for short-term storage for several days, not higher than - 12 0 С for two weeks and not higher than - 18 0 С for three months.

The classification of devices of this group and the definition of types characterizing the functions performed by the product are given in GOST 30204-95, GOST 16317-87. The standard name of the group is "Household electrical refrigeration appliances".

Refrigeration appliances are divided according to their purpose into:

• - fridge. This is a thermally insulated cabinet of the appropriate volume with equipment, cooled by one or more refrigeration units and having one or more food storage compartments, at least one of which can store fresh food;
• - freezer. Thermally insulated cabinet with one or more freezer compartments designed for freezing (from 32…25°С to -18°С depending on the climatic version of the device) and food storage; refrigerator household consumer trade
• - household refrigerator with freezer compartment. An electrical appliance that has one or more compartments for storing fresh food and one compartment for freezing and storing frozen food at a temperature of -18 ° C and below;
• - a chamber for storing frozen foods. An electrical appliance in which one or more compartments are provided, and the temperature of the products placed in them is equal to or lower than -18 ° C.

According to the method of obtaining cold on:

• - compression;
• - absorption-diffusion;
• - thermoelectric.

By installation method:

• - floor vertical type "cabinet". Access to the compartments of the refrigeration appliance is carried out from the front side;
• - horizontal type "chest". Access to the refrigerator is from above.

The main advantages of horizontal freezers are a large usable volume and the invariance of the temperature regime during extraction. another portion products. With a horizontal design of the refrigeration appliance, as a result of natural temperature stratification, the coldest air is at the bottom.

By the number of cameras on:

• - single-chamber;
• - two-chamber;
• - three-chamber;
• - multi-chamber.

The refrigeration appliance chamber is an isolated interior space of the appliance with a separate outer door and cooling elements.

According to the ability to work at maximum ambient temperatures:

• - SN, N (at a temperature not exceeding 32 °C);
• - ST (temperature must not exceed 38 °C);
• - T (at a maximum temperature not exceeding 43 ° C).

Refrigerators vary:

By the presence of a low-temperature compartment (LTO) with LTO and without LTO.

By temperature in NTO:

• - with a temperature not higher than -6 C (marked with one asterisk *);
• - temperature not higher than -12 C (marked with two asterisks**);
• - temperature not higher than -18 C (marked with three asterisks***).

The chambers of refrigeration appliances are divided by purpose into:

• - chamber for storing fresh vegetables and fruits Fresh Food Storage Compartment;
• - a refrigerator for cooling and storing refrigerated products Refrigerator;
• - low-temperature chamber for storage of frozen products Frozen Food Storage Cabinet;
• - a freezer for freezing and storing frozen food Freezer, on the door of which the symbol **** is applied;
• - a universal chamber for storing food in fresh, chilled or frozen states.

Depending on the functions performed, refrigeration appliances are divided into complexity groups (0 ... 5). Complexity groups are determined by the functions performed by the refrigeration appliance and their design features:

• - temperature in the NTO;
• - defrosting products with a special device;
• - automatic or semi-automatic evaporator defrosting;
• - the presence of alarms, etc.

According to the features of equipping with comfort elements, refrigerators with ordinary and superior comfort are produced. The set of comfort elements in the models of the modern assortment is very diverse, so it is quite difficult to determine which model is more comfortable.

The nomenclature of the minimum necessary comfort elements includes automatic temperature control; device for making and issuing ice cubes; automatic defrosting of the refrigerator compartment evaporator; oil heating device; device for dispensing chilled drinks; the possibility of re-hanging the door for left-hand and right-hand opening; movement of the device on the floor with the help of roller supports; the possibility of rearranging the shelves in the refrigerator chamber or in its individual sections with an interval of no more than 50 mm; extension of the loaded shelf to a distance of at least 50% of its depth with fixation with a special element; light and sound signaling of operating modes; the presence of an opening angle limiter or a shock absorber that prevents the refrigerator from hitting the wall; door open alarm for more than 30s; the presence of a serving or installation plane, etc.

Non-standard features of the classification of refrigeration appliances that are relevant in the formation of the range include:

The location of the cameras with more than two:

• - upper and lower;
• - side;
• - mixed.

Number of compressors:

• - one;
• - two.

The number of "degrees of freedom" or the number of products combined in a single unit with a refrigerator:

• - fridge;
• - freezer;
• - microwave sublimator;
• - thermostat for storing vegetables;
• - cabinet for drying fruit;
• - defroster (the set may be different).

Evaporator defrosting method:

• - automatic (thawing of the snow cover on the surface of the evaporator of the chamber with a positive temperature during the shutdown of the refrigeration unit);
• - semi-automatic active defrosting (turning on the heating element for defrosting the HTO);
• - natural;
• - without snow cover freezing - No Frost based on forced air circulation system;
• - combined.

In refrigerators with semi-automatic defrosting, there is a corresponding marking on the HTO door.

Installation and operation method:

• - free-standing stationary;
• - built-in;
• - block-embedded;
• - portable.

Source of power:

• - from an alternating current source;
• - from an independent power source.

Gross volume.

When classifying refrigerators, the material of the shelves is taken into account; color graphic solution for the exterior design and internal elements of the refrigeration appliance; trademark; energy efficiency classes of devices; environmental properties of the refrigerant and other features.

By design and principle of operation, refrigerators of compression and absorption-diffusion types have much in common and are based on heat removal from inner space cabinet where the temperature is low, environment with a higher temperature.

Structurally, the refrigerator includes a cabinet and a refrigeration unit.

On the commodity market, the range of refrigerator models is conditionally divided into “Asian” (low wide (more than 600 mm) models with rounded shapes and the location of the freezer at the top), typically “American” (a large-volume side by side refrigerator with freezer and refrigerator doors located side by side and interlocking sides) and "European".

"European" is recognized as a tall and narrow refrigerator with a freezer at the bottom. This layout is more rational - the device occupies a smaller area, the consumer uses the freezer compartment less often; warm, moist air is less likely to enter the freezer. The "American" models are characterized by the presence of a device for dispensing chilled drinks.

A useful element in the equipment of refrigeration appliances is the presence of a cold accumulator, which allows maintaining a steady temperature during a power outage for 9-24 hours. Cold accumulators can be used independently of the refrigerator.

The design of modern refrigeration appliances is determined both by the changing fashion ideas of consumers, and by new technical solutions that make changes in appearance appliances. In refrigerators with a wide frontal surface, in order not to completely open the inner chamber, doors with vertical and horizontal division into two parts are used.

At present, as well as a few years ago, the trends in the displacement of clear rectangular shapes continue in the design. They produce models with smooth rounded shapes, with in-depth original hand grips on the front surface of the door in the form of tulip petals with shiny edging.

Italian manufacturers present the most unexpected solutions. This is the design of the Marine series (traditional shelves are replaced by shelves stylized as fishing nets); multi-color panels on the front panels with stars or the sun glowing in the dark. The Nostalgie or Old Timer style (60s style) is in fashion: a rounded top, a “pot-bellied” door, an old-fashioned metal handle similar to a car; product color - any, except white. At color solution models, the theory is taken into account, according to which, through the subconscious of a person, yellow, red, beige colors increase appetite, and black, green, gray, on the contrary, reduce it. There are models whose color is focused on the temperament of a person. The design in Hi-tech style, or modern, offers a front surface finish or the execution of the entire outer cabinet in stainless steel or 21st century material.

The work of refrigerators is based on the artificial removal of heat from the internal space to the environment.

I. According to the method of heat transfer from the refrigerator to the environment. Household refrigerators are divided into:

Compression (K);

Absorption-diffusion (A);

Thermoelectric (TE);

Magnetic (M).

In compression and absorption-diffusion refrigerators, heat from the refrigerator is removed to the environment using a special working substance - a refrigerant (in compression - freon gas , in absorption-diffusion - a solution of ammonia with hydrogen), which, as it circulates through the closed system of the refrigeration unit, changes its state of aggregation, passing from a liquid state to a gaseous state and back to a liquid state.

The process of transition from liquid to gaseous state (the process of evaporation or boiling) is carried out inside the refrigerator and is accompanied by heat absorption.

In compression refrigerators, the movement of the refrigerant (freon - 12, less often freon - 22, another name for freon - 12, 22) is caused by the operation of the electric motor and compressor (a complex assembly designed to compress and increase the temperature of the refrigerant vapor).

The refrigerant under pressure caused by the operation of the electric motor enters the compressor, where it is compressed and heated. The heated vapors enter the condenser, the temperature of which is lower than the temperature of the refrigerant. Condensation occurs in the condenser due to the temperature difference (vapor to liquid). The refrigerant then enters the evaporator through a narrow capillary tube. Since the evaporator channels are much larger than the diameter of the capillary tube, a pressure drop occurs in it and the refrigerant boils. Turning into vapor, the refrigerant absorbs heat in the refrigerator compartment and the temperature decreases. Then the vaporous freon is sucked in from the evaporator by the compressor and the whole cycle is repeated. The condenser is cooled by ambient air.

The design of the refrigerating chamber of compression refrigerators allows you to create different temperature conditions in separate places. In a conventional refrigerator, the temperature is maintained from +2 to + 10 ° C, in some types -0 ° C, in the freezer compartment from -6 to -24 ° C (quick freezing), in the low-temperature compartment - pre-frozen products are stored.

[ In foreign-made compression refrigerators, there may be additional temperature compartments (“wine cellar”, ice maker, etc.). ]

The defrosting of refrigerators can be carried out in the usual way or by means of special systems(No-Frost, Frost-Free, etc.).

Devices with no-frost system defrosted automatically due to the fact that the air is distributed throughout the refrigerator with the help of special fans. However, this system creates:

1) increased noise level and constant air circulation;

2) dries the products.

In refrigerators with a “weeping” evaporator, the latter is located in the refrigerator compartment. When the compressor is running, freezing occurs, and when it stops, thawing occurs due to the heat generated by the products. Moisture is removed through special channels.

In refrigerators with the Frost-Free system, a “weeping” evaporator and a No-Frost system are used simultaneously.

Range of compression refrigerators:

1) domestic - Stinol-205 (107; 110) - Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works; Atlant - 355-0 (151-01); Nord - 233 (226; 234) - Belarus and Ukraine.

2) foreign - Bosch KGS 3202; Siemens KGE 3501; Indesit GC 2322W; Ariston - 216; Sharp RFSJ-55; Samsung SR-V-43.

In absorption-diffusion refrigerators, unlike compression refrigerators, there is no electric motor with a compressor, so the device operates silently. The movement of the refrigerant (a solution of ammonia with hydrogen) is carried out by heating (electric, gas, etc.).

Cooling of the chamber is achieved, as in compression refrigerators, by absorbing heat from it by boiling liquid ammonia in the evaporator.

In the freezer compartment of such refrigerators, a temperature of about -5 ° C is maintained.

Absorption refrigerators are small in size, operate silently, consume a small amount of electricity, and are relatively cheap.

The range is represented by devices of domestic production (Hoarfrost, Morozko), as well as foreign firms - Whirpool, Electrolux, etc.

Getting cold in thermoelectric refrigerators is based on the Peltier effect, and refrigerators do not have a refrigerant. The Peltier effect is that when direct current through dissimilar semiconductors (i.e. materials with different conductivity - exp: selenium with bismuth, tellurium with antimony) in the places of their junctions (connections) a temperature difference is created; one semiconductor is heated (it is placed outside the refrigerator), and the other is cooled by the same amount (it is placed inside the refrigerator).

The temperature inside the refrigerator is up to +5 ° C.

Thermoelectric refrigerators consume a lot of electricity and are expensive. They are mainly used as car refrigerators.

Assortment: Seagull, Voronezh, Krokha, etc.

II. For climate change:

1) (up to 40 ° C) refrigerators for a temperate climate (U);

2) (up to 45 ° C) for tropical (T).

III. According to the number of refrigerators:

Single chamber;

Two-chamber;

Three-chamber;

Multichamber.

IV. By temperature regime in the low temperature department:

1) up to -6 o C;

2) from -6 to -12 about C;

3) from -12 to -18 about C;

4) from -18 to -24 o C.

V. According to the place of installation:

1) floor in the form of a cabinet (W);

2) floor in the form of a table (C);

3) built-in desktop (H);

4) block-built-in (B);

5) portable.

VI. According to the difficulty group - from 0 to 5.

VII. Comfort level:

1) refrigerators with ordinary comfort;

2) with increased comfort (automatic defrosting; automatic closing of the door (if not closed at an angle of up to 10 °), light indication of the operating mode, device for cooling and dispensing drinks, computer control and monitoring system, clock-timer, audible alarm for open door and etc.).

VIII. According to the internal volume of the chamber:

In the labeling of refrigerators, the total volume in liters is indicated by numbers through a fraction, the numerator is the total volume, the denominator is the volume of the low-temperature regime.

IX. Production materials: metal, plastic, etc.

X. By the nature of the coating and finish.

XI. By models: model number - two digits, modification number - a digit separated by a hyphen).

Refrigerator labeling contains:

1) brand - Stinol;

2) difficulty group (0-5);

3) serial number of the model (two digits);

4) the serial number of the modification (digit separated by a hyphen);

5) type of refrigeration appliance (compression);

6) number of cameras;

7) total volume;

8) the nature of the installation (floor in the form of a cabinet);

9) number of the standard;

10) temperature in the lower temperature compartment.

In foreign models of refrigerators, the level of energy consumption is indicated, which is reflected in the letters: A, B and C - very economical, D - economical, E, F and G - with high flow electricity.

The set of refrigeration units that provide conditions for continuous refrigeration and on the way from the places of their preparation to the places of consumption is called the cold chain. The cold chain is made up of links, the combination of which may be different depending on the type of raw material. The individual links in the chain are as follows: for processing the product and storing it at the manufacturing plant or plantation; for local and long-distance transport; refrigerators for various purposes, including commercial refrigeration equipment and .

Usually refrigerator- This industrial enterprise(or its shop), in the premises of which, with the help of a refrigeration unit, certain modes are maintained that are necessary for the processing and storage of perishable products. The refrigerator consists of a technological building and a compressor shop with a hardware department attached to it.

Refrigerators are classified depending on the purpose, type of stored products, capacity and number of storeys. Depending on the purpose, refrigerators are divided into the following main ones: procurement, production, forwarding, distribution, transshipment, trade and domestic. In addition, refrigerators are divided into stationary and transport. Refrigeration is divided into railway, sea, river and automobile.

Procurement refrigerators are intended for harvesting products in rural areas or directly on plantations. They have refrigeration units high power; the capacity of the storage chambers in such refrigerators is less than the capacity of the chambers. Pre-cooling stations, mostly mobile, are also referred to as harvesting stations.

Industrial refrigerators are part of food enterprises: meat and poultry plants, dairy and canning plants. Almost all manufactured products are subjected to refrigeration, therefore industrial refrigerators equipped with powerful devices for cooling and freezing.

Forwarding refrigerators provide cargo operations on railway, water and air lines.

Distribution (multi-purpose, basic) refrigerators designed to evenly provide cities and industrial centers with seasonal food throughout the year, as well as to create a reserve stock of products. These refrigerators are characterized by a large capacity of storage chambers and a low capacity of devices for cooling and freezing. In the event that there are production workshops on distribution refrigerators (packaging of oil, solid carbon dioxide, semi-finished products, culinary), such enterprises are called cold storage facilities.

Transshipment refrigerators are intended for temporary storage of products during their transfer from one link of the cold chain to another. These refrigerators are characterized by a large front of cargo work. To carry out external cargo operations, special cargo platforms for road and rail transport are arranged from two longitudinal sides of the refrigerator.

Trade is used for short-term storage of products in the distribution network, restaurants, canteens (). These refrigerators are small. The water chamber is allowed to store products of several different types.

household refrigerators serve for short-term storage of products at home and for the production of small amounts of ice. They are the last link in a continuous cold chain. The above classification of refrigerators is conditional. Depending on the range of stored goods, universal and specialized refrigerators are distinguished.

In universal refrigerators they store mixed goods (meat, fish, fruits, canned food, etc.), in specialized ones they are of the same type. Depending on the capacity, refrigerators are conventionally classified into large, medium and small. Large refrigerators have a capacity of over 3000 tons (they include universal, distribution, specialized refrigerators). The capacity of medium refrigerators is from 1000 to 3000 tons (they can be universal or specialized). Capacity small refrigerators does not exceed 1000 tons. Depending on the number of storeys, they distinguish single-storey and multi-storey refrigerators.

By design, refrigerators are classified as industrial buildings. characteristic feature their is that the chambers maintain low temperatures at high temperatures. The change in temperature and relative causes a gradual weakening of the structure of building and insulating materials. Materials for the construction of refrigerators are selected taking into account the solidity of the building. The capitalization of the building of refrigerators is divided into four classes: buildings with a service life of more than 100 years belong to class I, from 50 to 100 years to class II, from 25 to 50 years to class III, from 5 to 25 years to class IV.

The capital class is taken depending on the capacity of the refrigerator. Refrigerators with a capacity of 701 tons or more belong to class II, from 250 to 700 tons - to class III, up to 250 tons - to class IV. With the solidity of buildings of refrigerators corresponding to classes II and III, frame structures are made of reinforced concrete.