Characteristic features of the traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country. National types of housing of the peoples of the world Housing of different peoples of the world for children
When our prehistoric ancestors sought the shelter they would later call home, they used the natural resources around them as a means of hiding.
Ancient people lived in caves. But man is the most ingenious creation of nature. And over time he learned to build his own cloisters.
For centuries, people have had to live underground, in trees and under rocks. Over time, a person began to develop skills, he began to use auxiliary means in the construction of his house: wood, metal, brick, stone, ice and animal skins.
Nowadays, in most cases, houses are built of brick and concrete, with a few exceptions, such as change houses, prefabricated buildings and wooden sheds.
However, there are some civilizations in the world that still live in dwellings used by their ancestors hundreds of years ago.
This article talks about some of the most unusual types of dwellings that a person calls home, just like hundreds of years ago (since they were first built).
bamboo houses
Bamboo is a fast growing, evergreen grass that grows in many places around the world.
Bamboo has been used to build homes for thousands of years. This is a particularly durable material, which makes it ideal for construction.
Constructions modern houses made of bamboo, based on ancient technologies, designed for the rapid construction of housing, especially in the disaster areas of Southeast Asia.
Earth houses, as their name suggests, are dwellings built underground and, along with caves, are probably the oldest building method on the planet.
The centuries-old idea of such a design has found acceptance all over the world, and today there are many buildings that are called eco-earth dwellings.
Timber house
Log cabins are well known and are generally used in the construction of holiday homes. The construction of log houses goes back many years, to the time when man was first able to cut off large branches of trees. But even today such houses are very popular.
The log house has found its application in the mountains and forests. Such houses were especially common in areas inhabited by settlers in the new lands, such as America and Australia. Today they are a landmark of the European Alps and Scandinavia, here these buildings are called "chalets".
For centuries, adobe houses have been used as fast way building dwellings.
These types of dwellings are commonly found in dry and hot countries around the world, but most of all on the African continent.
To build them, soil or clay is mixed with water, sometimes grass is added. Then the fashioned squares are dried in the sun to the required rigidity. After that, they are ready to use just like any other building brick.
tree houses
Did you think that such houses are built only for children?
In fact, the treehouse is quite common in jungle regions around the world, where the area is infested with snakes, dangerous wild animals, and crawling insects.
They are also used as temporary shelter in areas where floods and heavy monsoon rains occur.
tent house
Tents are a popular means of refuge for outdoor enthusiasts. fresh air, and are also regularly used for quick erection.
Large tents were usually made from animal skins and were used as common dwellings by many civilizations over the centuries. The most widespread among nomadic peoples.
Today, tent-like dwellings are used mainly by nomadic peoples, such as the Bedouin tribes of Arabia and the Mongolian pastoralists, whose shelter - yurts have existed for several generations.
Cabana (beach house)
The illustration of a wild boar is located on the territory of a hotel in Ecuador. This small house, which currently serves as a hotel room, is a bamboo frame topped with a grass roof and is a typical representative of the local Indian architecture of South America.
Huts of Toda
These bamboo and rattan houses come from a village located in South India, where locals have lived in such houses for over a thousand years.
Half a dozen of these buildings will be installed in one of the villages, where each of the buildings is used for some specific purpose, such as living people, keeping animals, cooking, and so on.
Houses of the Toba Batak tribe
These impressive structures, built in the likeness of a boat, are the huts of the indigenous people on the island of Sumatra.
The dwellings are called jabu and have been used by fishing communities for centuries.
Tatyana Zaseeva
Synopsis of direct educational activities"Dwellings different peoples»
Dwellings of different peoples.
Abstract compiled by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 684 "Bereginya" Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg Zaseeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Acquaintance with the environment:
Purpose of the lesson: to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of other nationalities.
Tasks:
to acquaint children with the fact that people live on our planet of different nationalities, and with the fact that these people live in differently;
introduce children to certain types dwellings of different peoples;
introduce children to some of the facts of the history of their people;
introduce children to some of the materials from which you can build dwellings;
show the differences and similarities of people living on different territories;
to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people living in other conditions.
Class equipment:
illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, an igloo, a wigwam;
illustrations of a city and country dweller, an Indian, an inhabitant of the Far North and a desert;
illustrations of bricks, logs, snow bars;
sticks, scarf;
5 tables with different tablecloths: one tablecloth with depicting streets and intersections, two green tablecloths, one white and one yellow.
Lesson progress:
1. Discuss with children where they are live: live in the city of St. Petersburg, there is a house in the city, there is an apartment in the house in which their family lives. Each apartment has rooms, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, etc.
2. Show an illustration of an apartment building.
Does this house look like the one you live in? What is similar? What is the difference?
What is in this house?
3. Show an illustration of a wooden house. - Where did you see such houses?
What are their names?
In the huts the people of our country lived when they still did not know how to build large houses with many apartments. Now there are such huts only in villages and dachas, but before, almost all people lived in them.
What is in the hut?
In wooden houses there is always a stove and a chimney.
What are they needed for?
Previously, people did not know how to make batteries. Each hut was heated by a stove. People prepared a lot of firewood so that they could heat the stove all winter.
How is the hut different from the house in which you live now? (among other things, bring the children to the fact that one family lives in a village hut, and many in a city house). - In which house is it more convenient to live now? Why?
4. On our big planet there is different countries. In some you went on vacation to the sea.
What countries do you know?
AT different countries live different people and these people live in a completely different houses. In the south, in Africa, it is very hot, there is a lot of sand, which is called the desert. It rains very rarely in the desert, only a few times a year, and there is no snow at all. And in the wilderness people live in a house called a tent. (Show tent illustration).
What does a tent look like?
The tent is made from a large piece of cloth. It does not protect against cold or rain.
And what can a tent protect people from?
It is very difficult to live in the desert. People have to constantly move from place to place to look for food and water. The tent is convenient because, since it is made of a piece of fabric, when folded, it takes up very little space and is easy to transport. It is also convenient that it can be very quickly collect and"build" again.
5. (show illustration of igloo).
What is this house made of?
Where are such houses built, in the south or in the north? Why?
This house is called an igloo. It is really built by people who live in the north, where almost all year round there is snow. There are no windows in the igloo to keep warm water out, and a hearth is always lit inside to keep warm. And, oddly enough, but in a house made of snow it is really warm enough.
6. In the country of America there are people who are called Indians.
What do you know about Indians?
Indians live in wigwams. (Show an illustration of the wigwam).
What does a wigwam look like?
In the country where people live in such houses, is it warm or cold? Why?
7. Let's put the houses in their places.
Consider tables. Where should the apartment building be located?
How did you guess?
Where are they building wooden houses?
How did you guess?
Where are the tents set up? What does the yellow tablecloth on this table look like?
Where is the igloo built? What does the white tablecloth look like?
Where are wigwams built? What kind of tablecloth is on this table? Why?
8. We have houses, and people live in every house. Let's see what kind of people live in each of these houses.
Consider this woman. What house does she live in?
How did you guess? What is she wearing? What is in her hands?
People living in the village work hard. They grow their own vegetables and fruits, which they eat, put things in order in their gardens.
Consider this man. What house does he live in?
How did you guess? What is he wearing?
What is the Indian wearing?
Now I will tell you why he is wearing feathers. The Indians fought a lot. Those Indians who performed feats were given a feather of the most noble and strong bird - an eagle. We give medals for feats (show an illustration, and feathers for the Indians.
This Indian accomplished many feats? How did you guess?
(Show illustration of inhabitants of the Far North).
Where do these people live?
How did you guess? What are these people wearing?
What do they have in their hands?
There is a lot of snow and people in the North, but very little food. People in the North catch a lot of fish because sometimes it's the only thing they can eat.
(Show picture of African).
Where does this person live?
How did you guess? What is he wearing?
If it's hot in there, why did he cover his face and body almost completely?
9. What can houses be built from?
(Show brick illustration).
What is it?
What kind of house is built of brick? What is it called? (brick).
(Show illustration of logs).
What is it? What kind of house is built from logs? What is it called (log, wooden).
(Show an illustration of snow bars).
What is it? What kind of house is built from this material? Why from him?
(show sticks).
What kind of house is built from such sticks?
(Show cloth handkerchief).
What kind of house is made of cloth?
What does the fabric protect against?
What is used to strengthen the tent?
10. We have examined many houses today.
What are the names of the houses we saw today?
There are a lot of people on our planet. They all live in different and even in different houses. For some, life is easier, for others it is much more difficult. And we need to help each other so that everyone can live well.
Artistic and applied creation:
Purpose of the lesson: teach children to cut paper with scissors in a straight line.
Tasks:
introduce children to scissors and safety rules when working with them;
teach children to hold scissors correctly and cut paper with them in a straight line;
develop spatial thinking of children;
learn to be careful when working with glue;
consolidate knowledge of names and materials dwellings of various peoples of the world;
cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of different nationalities.
Class equipment:
illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, a wigwam, an igloo;
sample of finished work;
paper details for application at home for each child;
scissors and glue for each child.
Lesson progress:
1. We learned that on our planet they live completely different people who build their own houses.
What are these houses called? (Show illustrations).
What are they made of?
Whose houses are these?
What do you know about the inhabitants of the south, the north, about the Indians?
2. Consider this picture (show application sample) .
What do you think, what kind of house will we make today?
How did you guess?
Who lives in this house?
What are these houses made of?
What will we make this house from?
What details does this house have?
What parts of the house are not visible here?
3. Today we need scissors.
What do scissors have?
Scissors are a dangerous item.
Why are scissors dangerous?
The scissors are very sharp, so do not touch them with your fingers on the blades. Scissors are taken only by the rings. Do not wave scissors, as you can injure yourself or your neighbor. Scissors should be kept on the table when not in use. directly to work.
Scissors are taken by inserting fingers into the rings. The thumb is inserted into one ring, the index and middle fingers into the other. The thumb ring should be on top. The sheet of paper to be cut is held on weight with the left hand, while making sure that the fingers of the left hand do not fall under the scissors in any case. The scissors are opened as much as possible with the fingers of the right hand and, in the open state, are placed on the line, observing the direction given by the line. When the line and the blades of the scissors match, you need to check that the fingers of the left hand do not fall on the line. When everything is prepared, the fingers of the right hand should bring the scissors together. If the line is not cut to the end, you need to spread the scissors again, move them all the way along the line and bring them together again.
4. When all the details are ready, assemble the house on a piece of paper.
What details should your house have? Start gluing the details.
Which side of the paper should be glued?
Where is the part placed to smear it?
What needs to be glued?
How should the pieces be glued?
5. When your house is ready, you need to wash your hands with soap and water after glue. Then you can paint to make the inhabitants of your house more comfortable, the sun, grass, or anything else you want.
Show me your houses. Tell who lives in your house. Which house do you like the most?
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A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the old traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.
Dwellings of the peoples of the north
The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.
This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.
Chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles covered in summer time sacking, and in winter - skins. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Thanks to high temperature hearth, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.
The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.
Yakuts lived in it winter period time. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand, even in severe frosts its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.
The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.
To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.
This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.
The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.
When building an igloo, a prerequisite was the location of the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.
The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloo did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped to maintain comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.
Nomad dwellings
The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.
Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.
This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.
Dwellings of the peoples of Russia
This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.
The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.
The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:
Security. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.
The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.
The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served a good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.
Dwellings of the European part of our continent
The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.
It is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the features of its structure were explained by the small area of forests.
The hut was built on wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.
This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.
This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.
The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.
This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was a stone. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.
Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.
Indian dwellings
This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.
The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.
Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.
The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.
Ancient dwellings of other nations
This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.
Minka
The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, covered with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in a Japanese house.
The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, keeps history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.
Like all living creatures with the ability to move, a person needs a temporary or permanent shelter or dwelling for sleep, rest, protection from the weather and attack by animals or other people. Therefore, worries about housing, along with worries about food and clothing, should, first of all, excite the mind. primitive man. In the essays on primitive culture, we said that already in the Stone Age, man used not only caves, hollows of trees, clefts of rocks, etc. natural shelters, but also developed various types of buildings that we can see among modern peoples at all levels of culture. From the time when man acquired the ability to extract metals, his building activity quickly advanced, facilitating and providing other cultural achievements.
“When one thinks of the nests of birds, the dams of beavers, and the scaffolding of trees made by monkeys, it is hardly possible to suppose that man was ever incapable of making shelter of one kind or another” (E. B. Taylor, “Anthropology "). If he did not always suit him, it was because, moving from place to place, he could find a cave, hollow or other natural shelter. South African Bushmen also live in mountain caves and make temporary huts for themselves. Unlike animals, capable of only one type of building, man creates, depending on local conditions, buildings of various types and gradually improves them.
Since the ancestral home of man was in the tropical region, the first human building appeared there. It was not even a hut, but a canopy or screen of two stakes stuck into the ground with a transverse crossbar, against which tree branches and huge leaves of tropical palm trees leaned on the windward side. On the leeward side of the shed, a fire burns, on which food is cooked, and near which the family warms itself in cold weather. Such dwellings are made by natives of central Brazil and Australians walking completely naked, and sometimes by modern hunters in the northern forests. The next step in the arrangement of the dwelling is a round hut made of branches with dense foliage stuck into the ground, connected or intertwined with tops, forming a kind of roof over the head. Our round garden arbors, covered with branches, bear a great resemblance to such a hut of savages.
Some of the Brazilian Indians put more art into the work, as they make a frame from the tops of young trees tied with the tops or poles stuck in the ground, which is then covered with large palm leaves. The same huts are arranged by the Australians in the event of a long stay, covering the skeleton of branches with bark, leaves, grass, sometimes they even lay sod or cover the hut with clay from the outside.
Thus, the invention and construction of a round hut is a simple matter and accessible to the most backward peoples. If wandering hunters carry with them poles and a cover of a hut, then it turns into a tent, which more cultured peoples cover with skins, felt or canvas.
The round hut is so cramped that you only have to lie or squat in it. An important improvement was the setting of a hut on pillars or walls of intertwined branches and earth, that is, the construction of round huts, which in ancient times were in Europe, are now found in Africa and other parts of the world. To increase the capacity of the round hut, a hole was dug inside it. This digging of the inner pit gave the idea to build the walls of the hut from the earth, and it turned into a dugout with a conical flat roof made of tree trunks, brushwood, turf and even stones that were superimposed on top to protect against gusts of wind.
A major step in the art of building was the replacement of round huts with square ones. wooden houses, whose walls were much stronger than earthen walls, easily washed away by rains. But solid wooden walls from horizontally laid logs did not appear immediately and not everywhere; their construction became possible only with the availability of metal axes and saws. For a long time their walls were made of vertical pillars, the gaps between which were filled with turf or intertwined rods, sometimes smeared with clay. In order to protect against people, animals and river floods, buildings already familiar to readers on pillars or on piles, which are now found on the islands of the Malay Archipelago and in many other places, began to appear.
Further, the improvement of human habitation were doors and windows. The door remains for a long time the only opening of the primitive dwelling; later, light openings or windows appear, in which even now in many places bull bladder, mica, even ice, etc., are used instead of glass, and sometimes they are only shut up at night or in bad weather. A very important improvement was the introduction of a hearth or stove inside the house, since the hearth not only allows you to maintain the desired temperature in the home, but also dries and ventilates, making the home more hygienic.
Types of dwellings of cultural peoples: 1) the house of an ancient German; 2) housing of the Franks; 3) Japanese house; 4) Egyptian house; 5) Etruscan house; 6) an ancient Greek house; 7) ancient Roman house; 8) vintage french house; 9) arab house; 10) English mansion.
Types wooden buildings different times and peoples are extremely diverse. Buildings made of clay and stone are no less diverse and even more widespread. A wooden hut or hut is easier to build than a stone one, and probably stone architecture arose from a simpler wooden one. The rafters, beams and columns of stone buildings are undoubtedly copied from the corresponding wooden forms, but, of course, on this basis one cannot deny the independent development of stone architecture and explain everything in it by imitation.
Primitive man used natural caves for habitation, and then began to arrange artificial caves for himself where soft rocks lay. In southern Palestine, entire ancient cave cities carved into the rocks.
Artificial cave dwellings still serve as a shelter for people in China, North Africa and other places. But such dwellings have a limited area of distribution and appear where a person already possessed rather high technology.
Probably the first stone dwelling was the same as found among the Australians and in some other places. Australians build the walls of their huts from stones picked up on the ground, not connected in any way. Because you can't find it everywhere suitable material from uncut stones in the form of layered slabs rocks, then the man began to fasten the stones with clay. Round huts made of unhewn stones, fastened with clay, are still found in northern Syria. Such huts made of unworked stones, as well as molded from clay, river silt and mud, along with reeds, were the beginning of all subsequent stone buildings.
Over time, the stones began to be hewn so that they could be fitted one to the other. A very important and major step in the construction business was the trimming of stones in the form of rectangular stone slabs, which were laid in regular rows. Such trimming of stone blocks reached its highest perfection in ancient Egypt. Cement for fastening stone slabs was not used for a long time, and was not needed, these slabs adhered to each other so well. Cement, however, has long been known and ancient world. The Romans used not only ordinary cement made from lime and sand, but also water-resistant cement, to which volcanic ash was added.
In countries where there was little stone and a dry climate, buildings made of clay or mud mixed with straw are very common, as they are cheaper and even better than wooden ones. Sun-dried bricks made of greasy clay mixed with straw have been known in the East since ancient times. Buildings made of such bricks are now widespread in the dry regions of the Old World and in Mexico. Fired bricks and tiles, necessary for countries with rainy climates, were a later invention, perfected by the ancient Romans.
Stone buildings were originally covered with reeds, straw, wood, the skeleton of the roof and is now made of wood, wooden beams only in our time began to replace the metal. But for a long time people thought of constructing first false, and then true vaults, In a false vault stone slabs or bricks are laid in the form of two stairs until the tops of these stairs converge so that they can be covered with one brick; such false vaults are made by children from wooden cubes. The similarity of false arches can be seen in the Egyptian pyramids in the ruins of the buildings of Central America and in the temples of India. The time and place of the invention of the true code is unknown; the ancient Greeks did not use it. It was put into use and brought to perfection by the Romans: from Roman bridges, domes and halls with vaults, all the later buildings of this kind originated. A person's dwelling serves as an addition to clothing and, like clothing, depends on the climate and geographical environment. Therefore, in various areas the globe we find dominance various types dwellings.
In areas with a hot and damp climate, inhabited by naked, half-naked or lightly dressed people, the dwelling is intended not so much for warmth, it plays the role of protection from tropical rains. Therefore, light huts or huts covered with straw, bamboo, reeds and palm leaves serve as dwellings here. In hot and dry areas of deserts and semi-deserts, the settled population lives in earthen houses with a flat earthen roof, well protected from the heat of the sun, while nomads in Africa and Arabia live in tents or tents.
In more or less humid areas with an average annual temperature of 10° to + 20°C. in Europe and America, thin walled stone houses, covered with straw, reeds, tiles and iron, prevail, in Korea, China and Japan - thin-walled wooden houses, covered mostly with bamboo. An interesting variety of the latter area are japanese houses with movable internal partitions and external walls of mats and frames that can be moved away, allowing access to air and light and allowing residents to jump out into the street in the event of an earthquake. In the thin-walled houses of the European-American type, the frames are single, the stoves are absent or are replaced by fireplaces, and in the Sino-Japanese east - heating pads and braziers. In the dry areas of this region, the settled population lives in the same stone houses with flat roofs as in dry tropical countries. Huts are used here in spring, summer and autumn. Nomads live here in winter in dugouts, and in summer in felt wagons or yurts, the frame of which is made of wood.
In areas with an average annual temperature of 0° to +10° C, keeping the home warm plays a decisive role; therefore, brick and wooden houses here are thick-walled, on a foundation, with stoves and double frames, with a ceiling backfilled with a layer of sand or clay on top and with a double floor. Roofs are covered with straw, boards and shingles (shingles), roofing felt, tiles and iron. The area of thick-walled houses with iron roofs is also the area of urban high-rise buildings, the extreme expression of which is the American "skyscrapers" with dozens of floors. Nomads of semi-deserts and deserts live here in dugouts and felt yurts, and wandering hunters of the northern forests live in huts covered with deer skins or birch bark.
A strip with a lower annual temperature is characterized in the south by warm winter wooden houses covered with boards, and to the north, in the tundra region, among polar nomads and fishermen - portable tents or tents covered with deer, fish and seal skins. Some polar peoples, for example, the Koryaks, live in winter in pits dug in the ground and lined with logs inside, over which a roof is erected with an opening that serves to escape smoke and to enter and exit the dwelling by a permanent or attached ladder.
In addition to housing, a person erects a variety of buildings for storing supplies, for housing pets, for his labor activity, for various meetings, etc. The types of these structures are extremely diverse, depending on geographical, economic and living conditions.
The dwellings of nomads and wandering hunters are not fenced in anything, but with the transition to settled life, barriers appear near the estate, near plots occupied by cultivated plants or intended for driving or grazing livestock.
The types of these barriers depend on the availability of a particular material. They are earthen (shafts, ditches and ditches), wicker, pole, board, stone, from thorny bushes and, finally, from barbed wire. In mountainous areas, for example, in the Crimea and the Caucasus, stone walls predominate, in the forest-steppe zone - wattle fences; in wooded areas with small plowed spaces, fences are arranged from poles and stakes, and in some places from boulders. Barriers include not only estate or rural fences, but also wooden and stone walls of ancient cities, as well as long fortifications, which old days erected to protect entire states. These were the Russian "guard lines" (total length 3600 km), which were built in the XVI-XVII centuries to protect against Tatar raids, and the famous Chinese Wall(completed in the 5th century AD), 3300 km long, protecting China from Mongolia.
The choice of a place for human habitation is determined, on the one hand, by natural conditions, i.e., topography, soil properties and proximity to a sufficient amount of fresh water, and on the other hand, by the ability to obtain livelihood in a chosen place.
Settlements (individual houses and groups of houses) are usually located not in lowlands or hollows, but on elevations with a horizontal surface. So, for example, in mountain villages and cities, individual streets are located as far as possible in the same plane in order to avoid unnecessary ascents and descents; therefore, the lines of houses have an arcuate shape and correspond to isohypses, i.e., lines of equal height. In the same mountain valley, there are many more settlements on the slope that is better illuminated by the sun than on the opposite. On very steep slopes (over 45°) human dwellings, with the exception of cave dwellings, are not found at all. For human habitation, sandy or light loamy soil is best. When arranging housing, swampy, clayey or too loose soil (loose sand, black soil) is avoided. In crowded settlements, soil imperfections that impede movement are eliminated by means of footbridges, sidewalks and various device bridges.
The main reason for the emergence and distribution of human settlements is fresh water. River valleys and lake shores are the most populated, and in interfluve spaces dwellings appear where ground water have a shallow occurrence, and the construction of wells and reservoirs does not present insurmountable difficulties. Waterless spaces are deserted, but are quickly populated with an artificial irrigation device. Of the other reasons that attract human settlements, mineral deposits and roads, especially railways, play an important role. Any accumulation of human dwellings, a village or a city, arises only where a knot of human relations is tied, where roads converge, or goods are transshipped or transplanted.
In human settlements, houses are either scattered without any order, as in Ukrainian villages, or protrude in rows, forming streets, as we see in Great Russian villages and villages. With an increase in the number of inhabitants, a village or city grows either in breadth, increasing the number of houses, or in height, i.e. one-story houses in multi-storey buildings; but more often this growth occurs simultaneously in both directions.
