The history of the development of aeronautics presentation. Presentation on the topic "history of aeronautics"

slide 1

History of aeronautics
Slide presentation of the teacher of physics of the Private School "Istok" Yuldasheva M.V.

slide 2

Legends and dreams
In the myths and legends of all the peoples of the planet, there are always stories about people flying like birds.

slide 3

Science fiction

slide 4

The first attempts to fly with wings

slide 5

First model
In 1708, Lorenzo Guzmao was inspired by the idea of ​​building an aircraft. Having shown extraordinary ability in the study of physics and mathematics, he began with what is the basis of any undertaking: from the experiment. He built several models that became the prototypes of the planned vessel. In August 1709, the models were shown to the highest royal nobility. One of the demonstrations was successful: a thin egg-shaped shell with a small brazier suspended under it to heat the air was lifted off the ground by almost four meters. In the same year, Guzmao started the Passaroli project. History does not have information about her test.

slide 6

THE INVENTION OF JOSEPH MONTGOLIER
As a result of a simple experiment, J. Montgolfier saw how a fabric shell, sewn in the form of a box from two pieces of fabric, after filling it with smoke, rushed up. The shell in the form of a ball with a diameter of 3.5 meters was demonstrated in the circle of relatives and friends. The shell stayed in the air for about 10 minutes, while rising to a height of almost 300 meters and flying through the air for about a kilometer. The demonstration of the first balloon took place on the market square of the city on June 5, 1783 in the presence of a large number of spectators. The ball filled with smoke rushed up.

Slide 7

INVENTION OF PROFESSOR CHARLES
Choosing hydrogen to fill the shell of the aircraft, Charles faced a number of technical problems. First of all, from what to make a light shell capable of holding volatile gas for a long time? The mechanics Robert brothers helped him to cope with this problem. They made a material of the required qualities, using a light silk fabric coated with a solution of rubber in turpentine. On August 27, 1783, Charles' aircraft took off from the Champ de Mars in Paris. In front of 300 thousand spectators, he rushed up and soon became invisible.

Slide 8

FIRST AIR PASSENGERS
The successful flight of Charles' balloon did not stop the Montgolfier brothers from demonstrating their own design balloon in Paris. The demonstration took place at Versailles (near Paris) on September 19, 1783. True, the balloon, which aroused the admiration of French academicians, did not live to see this day: its shell was washed away by rain, and it fell into disrepair. The Montgolfier brothers built a ball by the scheduled date, which in its beauty was not inferior to the previous one. To make an even greater effect, the brothers attached a cage to the balloon, where they put a ram, a duck and a rooster. These were the first passengers in the history of aeronautics.

Slide 9

THE FIRST HUMAN FLIGHT IN A HOT PAINLER
Each balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers brought them closer to their cherished goal - human flight. The new ball they built was larger: 22.7 meters high, 15 meters in diameter. . In the middle of the gallery was hung a hearth for burning crushed straw. Being under a hole in the shell, he radiated heat, warming the air inside the shell during the flight. This made it possible to make the flight longer and to some extent manageable. On November 21, 1783, a man was finally able to get off the ground and make an air flight. Hot air balloon stayed in the air for 25 minutes, flying about nine kilometers.

Slide 10

FIRST HUMAN FLIGHT ON CHARLIER
A special vent was made in the shell of the charlier for the release of hydrogen when the external pressure dropped. To control the flight altitude, a special valve in the shell and ballast stored in the gondola were used. An anchor was also provided to facilitate landing on the ground. On December 1, 1783, a charlier with a diameter of more than nine meters took off with Professor Charles and one of the Robber brothers. After flying 40 kilometers, they landed safely near a small village. Charles then continued on his journey alone. Charlière flew five kilometers, climbing to an unprecedented height for that time - 2750 meters. After staying in a transcendental height for about half an hour, the researcher landed safely, thus completing the first flight in the history of aeronautics in a balloon with a shell filled with hydrogen.

slide 11

A LIFE GIVEN TO AERONAVIATING
Pilatre de Rozier became the first aeronautical pilot, having made a twenty-minute flight on a hot air balloon on November 21, 1783, together with the Marquis d'Arland. designed to lift twelve people into the air.And although the Lyon hot air balloon lifted only seven people into the air and after 15 minutes touched the ground again, it was the first flight of a multi-seat balloon in the history of aeronautics. Then Rosier sets a new record. Pru, he reaches a height of 4000 meters. Having achieved this success, Rosier returns to the idea of ​​long-distance flights. Now his goal is to fly across the English Channel. He develops his own design balloon, combining a conventional spherical charlier and a cylindrical hot air balloon. The combined balloon became known as Rozier. Having risen on June 15, 1785, together with his assistant Romain, Rosier did not even have time to fly to the English Channel. The fire that arose on the rose led to the tragic death of both aeronauts.

slide 12

Use of balloons

Educational and entertainment event

"History of Aeronautics".

Target: study of the history of the development of aeronautics.

Tasks :

introduce the history of aviation;

to teach how to apply the acquired knowledge in practice;

develop children's ingenuity, technical curiosity, interest in creative activities;

to cultivate a sense of patriotism, the ability to work in a team.

Form of organization: educational - entertaining

Methods : oral journal, game (KVN)

tricks : verbal, visual, practical.

Place holding : Auditorium

Time holding : 45 minutes

Members : students of the 4th grade in the amount of 12 people.

Equipment : 2 tables, 12 chairs, video projector, laptop, screen, multimedia presentation “History of aeronautics.

Props: 2 sets of letters with the names of the teams, 2 schemes for assembling the aircraft, pictures - puzzles 2 pcs, jury protocol.

Expected results:

Arouse interest in technical creativity and employment in the studio of technical modeling and design;

Introduce the history of the development of aeronautics and aviation;

To evoke a sense of patriotism and pride in the heroes - fellow countrymen.

Preparation plan:

Prepare a slide presentation on the history of aeronautics and the development of aviation;

Make two sets of letters with the names of the teams "Knights", "Swifts".

Print two color pictures in A-4 format, airship and balloon, cut each picture into 10 parts;

Print two sets of aircraft in color in A-4 format and two schemes for assembling aircraft using the origami method;

Fold a sample plane - origami;

Collect all the props for the competition and the protocol for evaluating and summing up the results of the jury;

Invite two fourth or two fifth grades in advance;

Order 12 badges for contest participants;

Put 2 tables and 12 chairs on the stage;

Set up your computer, video projector, software, and microphone.

Before the event, it is desirable to include songs about pilots. In the lobby there will be an exhibition of aircraft by students of the "technical design and modeling" studio, as well as a review of the literature on the history of aviation and feature stories about test pilots. The children who have come are seated in the auditorium on the right and left sides. Display a splash screen on the contest name screen. After the presentation of the slides and the story, you need to choose 2 teams of 6 people from the guys who want to participate in the competition. Pay attention to the formation of children on stage and their placement at the tables, as well as in the choice of captains, it is best to appoint at will. When evaluating the 3rd competition, time and the correct name should be taken into account. In the competition of captains, it is imperative to call them to the middle of the stage and, if the answer is wrong, give the right to answer to the captain of the other team. At the end of the last competition, when launching planes, it is best to hold it in turn and give a higher score to the team whose plane will fly farthest. The jury can be formed from teachers of the coming classes and a teacher of additional education in technical creativity. The announcement of the results can be announced after they are held. Contests are best judged on the 5th system. For the successful conduct and support of the participants of the competition, give each one a badge and a sweet prize as a keepsake, not taking into account the results of the jury.

The course of the event.

Leading: Hello dear guys! We are glad to meet you, make yourself comfortable. The theme of today's event is devoted to the history of aeronautics and the development of aviation, we will take a short trip into the history of the development of air flights and their inventors. Host: And now is the time to look into the history of aeronautics, how it all began. Attention to the screen.

And it all started with the fact that the desire of a person to rise into the airspace and move in it exists as long as there is a history of civilization.(slide 2)

Even in ancient times, people realized that wings were needed to carry out the flight. This idea, which arose as a result of birdwatching, can be traced in the legends and myths of different peoples.

Materials for the invention of wings were available to the ancient man - rods, belts, feathers. And attempts to fly like a bird were made even before our era. Everyone knowsthe myth of Icarus, the son of King Daedalus.

Icarus made wings, fastened them with wax and, despite the warnings of his father, flew to the sun, but the rays of the sun melted the wax and Icarus fell into the sea.

(Slide 3) Among the Slavic peoples, the first mention of an attempt to fly dates back to the 13th century. And then the conquest of airspace refers to the French.

(Slide 4) On November 21, 1783, Frenchmen Pilatrou de Rozier et al. Arlan managed to take a 25-minute balloon flight built by the Montgolfier brothers. The shell of the ball is filled with hot smoke from the fire. Smoke, as you know, always rises up ... Why guys?

(Students answer - “lighter than the surrounding air”).

Host: But such an aircraft is not rotatable. (Slide 5)

And in 1783, the physicist Charles invented the balloon. This is a ball impregnated with a rubber solution and filled with hydrogen. The ball could rise to a height of 200-300 meters. It began to be used for aerial reconnaissance, for the transport of mail.(Slide 6)

And in 1852, the Giffard airship was a self-propelled controlled balloon, the Frenchman Henri Giffard flew 27 km on it.

(Slide 7) 14-year-old Otto Lilienthal (future inventor) jumped from the roof of his own barn, flapping homemade wings and received several bruises. Having matured, he continued his experiments, created a glider and in the summer of 1891 flew at a distance of 25 meters. His subsequent models flew 200 meters. In total, he made more than 2 thousand flights.

(Slide 8) Two brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, owned a bicycle factory. The spirit of inventors woke up in the brothers. They installed an engine (8 horsepower) and a propeller on their glider. He stayed in the air for 59 seconds. This happened in 1903, and in 1908 the brothers flew with passengers.

(Slide 9) In 1901, the Brazilian Santos-Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower. And in October 1906, on a motorized glider, he took off from a flat field and flew as much as 60 meters.

But in Russia, too, much has been done to develop aviation.

(Slide 10) In the summer of 1882, in Krasnoye Selo near St. Petersburg, an aircraft invented by the captain of the 1st rank of the Russian fleet, Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky, was tested. This is an ordinary boat with 2 rectangular wings, tail, three propellers. It was a bulky car. She couldn't fly. It was only a clumsy jump from a small springboard.

(Slide 11) In 1910, the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival was held. Competitions in St. Petersburg showed the high class of Russian pilots.

In 1911, Alekhnovich covered a distance of 100 km.

In 1912, S. Utochkin went on a trip to Europe.

(Slide 12) By the beginning of World War I, there were 244 active aircraft in Russia. Russia is the only country that had multi-engine heavy aircraft. Such as for example;

- "Ilya Muromets" could lift 2 machine guns and 500 kg of bombs (designer Sikorsky).

(Slide 13) - "Svyatogor" (designer V.A. Slesarev).

(Slide 14) - "Spide 13" French pilots Guynemer and Fonck - recognized as air combat experts.

In the early 1920s, young scientists were engaged in the modernization of foreign airplanes. Under the leadership of Tupolev, ANT-2 was created.

In 1923, the air line Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod was opened.

Today we are talking about aerobatics. And who was its founder? Guys, do any of you know? ... (children answer)

This is our countryman P.N. Nesterov.(Slide 15)

(Slide 16) Pyotr Nesterov was born in the city of Nizhny Novgorod on February 27, 1887, in the family of an officer-educator of the cadet corps. On August 26, 1897, Nesterov entered the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps, where at one time his father served as an educator. In 1904, Nesterov completed his course of study.

(Slide 17) "My passion for aviation began in 1910," Pyotr Nesterov later recalled. "only such an apparatus can enable a person to soar freely. Only then will aviation turn from fun and sport into a durable and useful acquisition of mankind"

(Slide 18) Petr Nesterov trained in improving piloting, in working out steep turns, preparing to carry out the "dead loop". There were doubts about the reliability of the aircraft design, and most importantly, whether his experiment would be clear and understood by his comrades in arms. On August 27, 1913, Nesterov's Newport took to the skies again. Having gained a height of 800-1000 meters, the pilot, according to the report of his superiors, turned off the engine and began to dive. At an altitude of about 600 meters, the engine was turned on, and the plane, obedient to the pilot, rushed vertically upwards, then went into a horizontal plane, described a loop and went into a dive. The engine turned off again, the plane straightened up and landed safely in a smooth, beautiful spiral. It was a flight evolution, which later became known as the "Nesterov's Loop". This was the beginning of the birth of the future military aviation - aerobatics.(Slide 19)

During the First World War, Pyotr Nesterov, conducting aerial reconnaissance, made the first bombing in the history of Russia, and he did it at such a high level that the Austrian command announced a huge reward for whoever shot down a Russian pilot. Nesterov made 28 sorties. The last feat cost him his life - he rammed an enemy reconnaissance aircraft.

(Slide 20) Our other countryman pilot V.P. Chkalov was born in 1904 in the village of Vasilevo in the Nizhny Novgorod province (now the city of Chkalovsk) in the family of a boilermaker of the Vasilevsky state-owned workshops. In 1919, Valery Chkalov worked as a stoker on the steamship Bayan on the Volga, and then he saw an airplane for the first time. After that, having retired from the ship, in the same year he left to serve in the Red Army. He was sent as an aircraft fitter to the 4th Kanavinsky Aviation Park in Nizhny Novgorod.

(Slide 21) In 1921, Chkalov obtained a referral to study at the Egoryevsk Military Theoretical School of the Air Force, after graduating in 1922 he was sent for further study at the Borisoglebsk Military Aviation Pilot School.

(Slide 22) In 1936-1937 he made record flights. The flight of Chkalov's crew from Moscow to the Far East started on July 20, 1936 and lasted 56 hours before landing on the sandy spit of Und Island in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The total length of the record route was 9375 kilometers.

(Slide 23) On June 20, 1937, he flew to the USA via the North Pole together with comrades Baidukov and Belyakov.

(Slide 24) Chkalov died on December 15, 1938 during the first test flight on the new I-180 fighter at the Central Airfield.

Leading: And now I invite you guys to take part in the competition program and invite 2 teams of 6 people to the stage (the guys are divided into teams, go and sit at the tables). And the jury will evaluate you in the composition - (the presenter announces the full name of the jury members who sit on the first row at the table).

First competition « Team name"

Leading: Each of the teams receives a set of 6 letters. You need to think and line up with the letters in your hands so that you can read the name of your team. The first team to correctly assemble and line up in a row receives 2 points. (The guys receive sets of letters and complete the task, the players should get the name of the teams "Knights" and "Swifts"). Well done, we have teams, now your task is to choose a captain for yourself (they choose a captain).

The second competition "Blitz-poll"

Leading: Guys, now I will ask you questions from the material that you heard today in the presentation, each team in turn, you give the correct answer and get a point, but if the team gave the wrong answer, then I transfer the right to answer to the opponent team. Ready?

1) Name what motivated a person to fly? (Bird flight)

2) In what century are the first flights among the Slavic peoples mentioned? (13th century)

3) What aircraft can you name? (Air balloon, airship, glider, paraglider).

4) What were the balloons filled with? (Campfire smoke, hydrogen)

5) What were they used for? (For aerial reconnaissance and mail transport)

6) What was the first Russian inventor of airplanes that you can name? (A.F. Mozhaisky)

7) What is the name of the test pilots of our countrymen, whose names are associated with military aviation? (P.N. Nesterov, V.P. Chkalov)

8) In what year was the Moscow-N.Novgorod air line opened? (in 1923)

The third competition "Aircraft"

Moderator: Each team receives puzzle pictures of aircraft, you need to assemble the picture and determine what kind of aircraft it is, is everything clear? We started ... (Balloon and airship).

The fourth competition "Competition of captains"

Presenter: And now we will hold a competition of captains, I ask you guys to go to the middle of the stage, take turns listening and answering questions, are you ready?

1. Who was the first to carry out a dead loop? (P.N. Nesterov)

2. Who made a direct flight Moscow - America? (V.P. Chkalov)

3. Who was the first in Russia to bombard? (Nesterov)

4. Who was the first to ram? (Nesterov)

5. In honor of which pilot are the planet, island, city, streets named? (Chkalov)

6. What is the name of the pilots who participated in the direct flight Moscow - America? (Baidukov, Belyakov).

Fifth competition "Flight of fantasy"

Host: On the slides you saw all kinds of aircraft. Now you must assemble your aircraft according to the proposed assembly scheme. When your vehicles are ready, we will make a long-range test flight. Whose team will assemble first and whose plane will fly the farthest distance. Do you guys understand? Then they started.

Host: And now, I would like to give the floor to the jury (the jury announces the results of the competitions). Guys, let's thank our contest participants with thunderous applause, give them souvenir badges, sweet prizes, and ask them to thank each other for their cooperation in a friendly handshake. And in order to capture our meeting with you as a memory for history, I propose to take a photo for memory (both teams line up on the stage for a photo). Dear guys, thank you for coming, we hope this meeting will not be our last. We wish you a good mood, apply today's information in your studies, think about your future profession. We say goodbye, see you soon!

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Balloon Lorenzo de GusmaoFirst balloon
was developed
Jesuit priest
Francesco de La Terzi in
1670, but was
carried out - Bartolomeo
Lorenzo de Gusmao
1709.
de Gusmao's balloon was made from paper
shells. Filled with heated air obtained from
combustion of combustible material contained in
clay pot, which was located in a wooden
pallet suspended from below. The ball had wings.

Charles balloon

Charles became one of
be the first to fill the air
balls of hydrogen, which
many times lighter than air and
provides more
lift than hot
air.
Hydrogen received,
by attacking sulfuric acid
iron filings. Paper
shell leaked hydrogen,
so Charles used
light silk fabric
coated with rubber solution
turpentine.
To inflate the balloon
4 m in diameter, it took
a few days and it was
spent 227 kg of sulfuric
acids and 454 kg of iron.

In 1784, on his
the first balloon
filled with hydrogen
Blanchard made several
flights in France, and then in
England. Pursuing
aeronautics, Blanchard
put a lot of effort into
invention and testing
parachute.
In 1785 while flying
hot air balloon
300 meters Blanchard was
produced the first
parachute test.

Balloons of the Montgolfier brothers

Brothers Balloons
Montgolfier received
the name "hot air balloons" and
are still applied. it
modern thermal
balloons rising
by heated air.
The shell is made from
light heat resistant
synthetic, very
durable fabric. burners,
installed in a gondola
dome and heating
air in the shell, work
on propane-butane.

Airship Giffara

The balloon is always
flew by the will of the wind, and
Giffard didn't like it.
Then he decided that if
ball put powerful
steam engine with
propeller, then
you can fly anywhere
direction.
And so the first appeared
airship, traffic
which a person could
to rule.

Airship Dupuy de Loma

In 1872 was
tested in flight
airship volume
3.8 thousand m3
French
shipbuilding engineer Dupoi
de loma with muscular
screw drive.

Airship Henlein

This airship had
supplied gas
engine. The gas was taken from
shell, and its consumption
replaced by air
supplied to the balloon.
This engine developed
power 3.6 liters. With. Screw -
four-bladed,
diameter 4.6 m. Engine
was very heavy (458 kg), and
Henlein's airship could not
develop more
speed.

Airship Renard and Krebs

In 1884 - the airship "France" by C. Renard and
Al.Krebs with a volume of approx. 2 thousand m3. Essentially these flights
were the first to govern. For supporting
elongated streamlined airship hull
balloons were used. In addition to the rudders in
the design of the plumage of the airship began to include and
stabilizers. Along with soft airships, they began
design and then build rigid and non-rigid
airships.

Zeppelin airship

Construction of the first Zeppelin airships
began in 1899 on a floating assembly plant on
Lake Constance in Manzell Bay. It was
designed to simplify the process
start, because the workshop could sail with the wind. Experienced
the airship "LZ 1" had a length of 128 m, it had
two Daimler engines with a power of 14.2 are installed
hp (10.6 kV) and balanced by moving
weight between its two gondolas.

Aircraft history

Wright brothers plane
Aircraft Kudashev
Boeing 747 aircraft
Aircraft Heinkel He 178
Aircraft Avro 683 Lancaster
Aircraft De Havilland DH
Aircraft Tu-104
Aircraft Tu-144
Airplane Concorde
Apollo spacecraft
Columbia plane
Content

Wright brothers plane

Flyer - First
airplane with engine
internal combustion,
designed and
built by brothers
Wright. December 17, 1903
Years in Kitty Valley
Hawk on that plane
was made first in
world flight,
which flying
device with a person
rose into the air
engine thrust,
flew ahead and
landed on
place with height
equal to the height of the place
takeoff.

Aircraft Kudashev

Biplane wooden structure with outriggers
farms front elevator and tail.
Aircraft length 10 m, wingspan 9 m, their total
area 34 m2. Covering the wings - made of rubberized
blades, Anzani engine with a power of 25.7 kW.
Flight weight 420 kg. Flight performed by Kudashev
May 23, 1910 at the Syrets hippodrome in Kyiv, became the first
in Russia by a flight of an aircraft of domestic construction.

Boeing 747 aircraft

American 10-seater passenger
aircraft, the first serial all-metal
cantilever wing airliner,
retractable landing gear, fuselage type
semi-monocoque and autopilot. The first flight was
held in 1931.

Aircraft Heinkel He 178

Heinkel He 178 - the world's first aircraft with
turbojet engine. The first flight was made on 27
August 1939.
The development of the He 178 aircraft was carried out
by Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in the north
Germany, led by Ernst Heinkel. His
the main idea was to develop new technologies and
production of new generation aircraft engines.

Aircraft Avro 683 Lancaster

Avro 683 Lancaster - British Heavy
four-engine bomber, which consisted of
armed with the Royal Air Force.
He made his first sortie in March 1942.
"Lancaster" became the most famous and most
productive night bomber II
world war, having committed more than 156 thousand combat
sorties and dropping more than 600,000 tons of bombs.

Aircraft De Havilland DH

De Havilland DH British multirole
bomber aircraft, night
Second time fighter
world war, which was
armed with the Royal Air Force.
The design of the aircraft was
applied thick three-layer
sheathing with outer layers of
plywood and internal made of balsa with
spruce inserts for
strength, pasted over
canvas. Its use
allowed to achieve enough
great strength at
fairly light weight
designs.

Aircraft Tu-104

Tu-104 - the first Soviet and one of the first in
world airborne jet
passenger plane.
In the period from 1956 to 1958, the Tu-104 was on that
moment the only operated
jet airliner in the world.

Aircraft Tu-144

- Soviet supersonic
passenger aircraft designed by Tupolev Design Bureau
in the 1960s.
Is the world's first supersonic
airliner that was used
airlines for commercial traffic.

Airplane Concorde

Concorde - Anglo-French supersonic
passenger aircraft, one of two types
supersonic aircraft in
commercial exploitation.

Apollo 11 spacecraft

Apollo 11 - manned
spaceship series
"Apollo", during the flight of which
July 16-24, 1969 residents
Earth for the first time in history
landed on the surface
another celestial body - the moon.
July 20, 1969, at
20:17:39 UTC crew leader
Neil Armstrong and Pilot Edwin
Aldrin landed the lunar module
ship in the southwestern region
Sea of ​​Tranquility. They are
stayed on the surface of the moon
within 21 hours 36 minutes and 21
seconds.

Columbia plane

Columbia - reusable space transport
NASA spacecraft and the first spacecraft of the Space
Shuttle, flying into space. The construction of Columbia
launched in 1975 and March 25, 1979 "Columbia" was
handed over to NASA.
During the Columbia flight, STS-9 climbed for the first time
on board a crew of 6 astronauts. Among these six astronauts
was Ulf Merbold, he was the first foreigner on
American spacecraft.

Aircraft RQ-4 Global Hawk

RQ-4 Global Hawk - American strategic
reconnaissance UAV.
The first flight was made on February 28, 1998 with
US Air Force Base in California. The first Global machine
Hawk was handed over to the US Navy in 2004
and began performing combat missions in March 2006
of the year.
The device can patrol for 30 hours at
altitude up to 18,000 meters. Developed by American
by Teledyne Ryan Aeronauytical.