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What water to dilute putty for walls. Learning to breed dry putty

Putty is used to level the walls for subsequent painting, wallpapering. Puttying is the most important process, because the aesthetic characteristics of the room, reliability and durability depend on the quality of performance. The very first skill for working with putty mixtures is the correct dilution of these compounds. Indeed, even if the material is applied to the wall with very high quality, despite the fact that it is prepared in violation of technology, the result will be far from ideal. Let's find out how to breed putty for walls of different types.

There are two types of these on the construction market. finishing materials: dry mix and ready to use. Putty, ready to use, is sold in plastic buckets. She doesn't need to be bred. A significant drawback is the short shelf life.

Dry mixtures must be diluted before use. This product is packaged in bags and construction work is the most applicable. Among the advantages are relatively low cost, convenient packaging for transportation, the ability to prepare a mixture of any viscosity, long term storage.

Among the disadvantages of the dry mixture is the need to use the prepared mass in the shortest time after preparation, otherwise the mass will harden.

Putties on an oil-adhesive basis are resistant to moisture, which means that the surface structure will not be affected by evaporation. For this reason, it is used for wet rooms such as kitchens, basements, bathrooms. These materials prevent putrefactive processes on wooden surfaces, and metal coatings protect against corrosion.


Gypsum-cement-based materials are considered universal and are suitable for most finishing works. Often, this particular product is ideal for wall decoration before wallpapering. These compositions are produced in the form of a dry powder, which for use must be mixed with water to the desired consistency. For work in areas of high humidity, you should choose a gypsum-based plaster with a VH mark.

Also on the market are water-dispersed ready-made mixtures. They already have the desired viscosity, and the wall after finishing will be smooth. The resulting coating has a high strength.

Acrylic putties are multifunctional. They pair well with different surfaces, creating a structure of high strength on them, and also provide protection from moisture. These materials are sold dry or ready-made. When purchasing a dry mix, the proportions should be strictly observed.

On the market, you can also find special polymer-based compositions with fiberglass - they can be used to obtain the highest quality coating, but due to the high cost, you can easily buy a fake.

What should be the solution

The mixture must be both elastic and plastic. It should hold well on the wall and smooth out well, but not fall off in pieces or drain. In this case, the material should be easily removed from the spatula, and the consistency should be as homogeneous as possible - there should be no lumps or any solid inclusions in the putty. Also, the characteristics of the solution depend on the purpose of the material.

If the wall needs to be thoroughly and seriously leveled and the material must fill in significant cracks and potholes, then it is faster and easier to do this if the mortar is thick. Thick mixtures make it easier to clean the joints between the plates, the seams of the brickwork.

Composition for finishing make it more liquid - the layer should be very thin. Finishing materials are designed to give the wall smoothness.

Preparation of the starting putty mixture

This operation can be performed in two ways - using a power tool, a drill with a nozzle, and also manually. We will consider how to properly dilute putty with both the first method and the second.

Kneading by hand

First of all, prepare a bucket. It must be dry - this is important. Dry putty is poured into this bucket in the right amount. The standard ratio from the manufacturer is 25 kg of dry polymer mixture per 10 liters of water. Before mixing, carefully read the instructions on the package.

Pour water into the prepared bucket. The standard proportion is 1/3 of a bucket. Then dry powder is poured into the center in a jet until it raises the water level by another 1/3. Then they wait about 25 seconds - during this time the material should settle into the water. Now it remains to stir the water with the powder - if the consistency is not thick enough / liquid, then add the powder or add water and mix thoroughly again. After that, the mass is left for some time to swell, then the kneaded mass is mixed again.

First of all, it is water that is poured into the bucket, and only then the mixture. If you do the opposite, then dense lumps will remain at the bottom of the bucket, which practically cannot be diluted when creating a mass.

To check the density of the mixed putty, a spatula is inserted into the solution. If the consistency is similar to thick sour cream, and the tool sinks, then the correct batch is obtained, with which you can perform rough work. When working with this putty, it will lay down perfectly and smooth without liquid traces.

On the video: the correct preparation of putty.

Using a mixer

Can be used as a mixer hand drill, screwdriver and other power tools with special nozzle. A puncher is also well suited for these purposes.

But there is no need to think about speed - speed is useless in this work. The speed of the power tool should be no higher than 800 - this will be enough for high-quality and thorough mixing.

Water is first poured into the container, and then the powder is added. It remains only to mix the ingredients with a mixer to the desired consistency. In the process of work, lumps may form - the process should be periodically monitored. Further, it is recommended to leave the mass to swell, and then stir again - this will help to give the material elasticity and prevent the formation of lumps.

Using a power tool greatly speeds up the cooking process, while the quality of the material will be much better than if kneaded by hand.

Features of working with finishing putties

Now let's see how to breed the finishing putty. Before you dilute the gypsum putty mass, you need to know a few nuances.

Take a clean and dry bucket. Powder is poured into it in the required proportion. Do not pour water, otherwise the mixture will take dry lumps. To prepare the correct mixture, gypsum putty is poured into a bucket - about 7 trowels. Then add a small amount of water and mix thoroughly.

After preparing one part, the remaining powder and water are added to the mass. Knead very carefully - until smooth. After obtaining a homogeneous mass, the solution is left for about three minutes to swell, and then thoroughly mixed.

It is important to remember that gypsum-based materials can crack if the proportions of powder or water are violated, if the wrong technology is used, if the mixture is applied to a dirty wall, and also if the layer is too thin.

Before diluting the powder with water, it is very important to study the manufacturer's recommendations. Also, you do not need to immediately knead a lot - you can not have time to use the material and it will dry out. It is not recommended to add water to a mixture that has already begun to set and interfere with it.

After preparing each serving, the bucket is thoroughly cleaned. On the walls of the container, dry pieces from the last batch are sure to remain. They can easily get into the finished mass in the form of insoluble lumps, and the solution will no longer be suitable for use.

It is allowed to combine materials from different manufacturers. If it is difficult to buy expensive products, then a cheap powder is purchased and a little expensive is added to it. For example, isogypsum materials have polymer additives that increase adhesion. If you mix this product in a ratio of 1 to 3 with a more affordable product, you can get an improved base for finishing. interior decoration, which means that a material that is unique in its characteristics can turn out.

How to dilute the putty yourself (2 videos)


This construction material used when various types finishing works. Unfortunately, many often do not understand its true purpose and believe that it is possible to get by with a banal leveling of surfaces either according to beacons, or “by eye”. However, without putty (it is also called “putty”), it is impossible to ensure that the wall and ceiling are smooth.

If only because the solution for the leveling layer contains sand granules, which, when applied, for example, paint, in some places will still be noticeable on the surface. From this it becomes clear that putty is intended for “finishing” leveling (eliminates the slightest roughness and makes the surface completely smooth). In addition, it makes no sense to plaster the entire wall (or ceiling) if it has only individual, “local” defects.

Before proceeding to consider the question of how to breed putty, it is worthwhile to understand that it is processed various surfaces And not just inside buildings. Some products are also used in facade work. Therefore, the composition of putties can differ both in components and in their proportion, and this depends on the specifics of the application.

This product goes on sale in the form of a paste or dry mix (powder). In the first case, it is already ready for use, but in the second case, the putty will have to be diluted. It is clear that since there is a difference in the compositions, it is necessary to be guided by the attached manufacturer's instructions, which are placed on the package. But we will not “discover America” if we remind that any work will only be done with high quality when it is done consciously.

Features of putty mixtures

1. All putties are divided into starting and finishing. It depends on the specifics of the work and implies some nuances in the preparation of a mixture of powder.

  • Home

Designed for "rough" finishing, which is performed with significant surface defects. Therefore, the composition must be thick enough not to "spread". Sometimes it is applied in several layers, one on top of the other, with a break for drying. So, you need to make sure that during this time it does not begin to harden. To do this, when diluting putty for walls, sand is added to the mixture at a rate of 1: 1. Best of all - river (naturally, washed and sifted), as it contains a minimum of salts and other impurities.

  • Finishing

Sold in plastic container(buckets) already ready for use, so it does not need to be diluted. An exception is gypsum compositions, which are diluted with water twice.

2. The rule for all compositions is the same - first powder, then water.

Mixing must be thorough. As a result, the solution should not contain any fractions (lumps). You need to understand that the larger the capacity for "kneading", the lower its quality. That is why it is necessary to select containers that correspond to the required volume of the solution.

The remaining fractions during the subsequent smoothing of the layer will cling to the “rule” and leave furrows on the surface. Therefore, the masters are advised to mechanize the process of preparing the solution. “Kneading” is good to do with an electric drill switched to low speed (the principle of a household mixer). A thick wire is inserted into the cartridge, the end of which is given a certain configuration (loop, "butterfly").

Video - Proper preparation of putty for walls and ceilings

When diluting putty for walls, do not immediately pour the entire recommended volume of water into the container. This is done in batches, and mixing should not stop. This technique is a guarantee of a minimum of lumps in finished product, since it is more difficult to get rid of solid fractions in a liquid substance. A little water should be left and added when the mass acquires a uniform shade. After that - another stage of high-quality mixing.

3. Within 5 - 15 minutes (depending on the components), the mixture should "stand".

4. After that - another (control) batch.

Only after that you can start finishing work.

Helpful Hints

  • Finishing putty is interior (for interior work) and facade (contains toxic substances). When buying at this point, you need to pay attention.
  • Adding water to dilute putty, which has thickened, significantly degrades its quality. This is not recommended. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare so much solution that it is enough for a single use.
  • If there is a desire to give the putty additional qualities or strengthen the existing ones (moisture resistance, frost resistance, etc.), then one should not forget about such a factor as the compatibility of substances.
  • Artificial acceleration of the drying of the laid layer by means of thermal action (for example, a hair dryer) is not allowed, as it leads to the appearance of cracks.
  • Excess putty collected from the surface during leveling should no longer be used. The composition has already dried up, and if it is sent back to the container, in total mass, then subsequently the presence of lumps in it cannot be avoided. As a last resort - put separately, mix again and use to seal potholes and eliminate other significant surface defects.
  • It is necessary to wash the container and tools before the next “kneading”. Otherwise, the dried fractions of the "old" solution will fall into the new mixture.

And finally, the importance of the quality of mixing. If the surface is painted, for example, with latex, glossy paint, then under certain lighting and a suitable angle, even the slightest scratch on the wall will simply catch your eye.

Aligning the walls and preparing them for decorative finishing is one of the most important works, the quality of which determines not only the aesthetics of the room, but also the reliability and durability of the repair. If you make it yourself, it is important for you to know how to dilute the putty - the proportions of the dry mixture and water, mixing methods, the optimal consistency depending on the purpose and purpose of use.

The mixture for puttying should be plastic, elastic, well smoothed and stick to the surface, not drain from it and not fall off in pieces. At the same time, it should easily lag behind the spatula and have a uniform consistency without lumps and solid inclusions.

Buying ready-made putty in a hermetically sealed container, you free yourself from the need to think about how to achieve required quality solution - the manufacturer has already taken care of this, you just have to mix it well before applying.

But the price of ready-made mixtures is much higher than dry ones, which require dilution with water directly on construction site, so the choice most often falls on the latter.

It would seem that there should be no problems with their preparation, since the packaging always has detailed instructions from the manufacturer, which describes the entire process in detail. But, firstly, putty mixtures are sometimes prepared independently from gypsum or cement, and secondly, the consistency of the solution obtained by strictly following the instructions is not always convenient for performing one or another type of work.

So:

  • If the surface needs serious leveling with filling large potholes and cracks with putty mixture, it will be easier and faster to do this by giving the mortar a thicker consistency. Also, with a thick mortar, it is easier to seal the joints between the plates, the seams of the masonry;

  • For finishing putty, the mixture should be more liquid, since it is applied in a very thin layer and is intended to make the base smooth;

  • For the ceiling (see Ceiling plastering in different versions) and for walls, the proportions of dry mix and water may also need to be changed in order to achieve better adhesion to the surface.

Experienced finishers are able to determine suitability for a particular purpose by the type of finished mortar and its behavior when set on a spatula. Those who undertake such work for the first time will have to act empirically, taking the proportions from the instructions as a basis and preparing the mixture in small portions.

Each owner after repair wants to enjoy the results of his work. Without ideal walls, there will be no effect from the work done. To give a smooth and smooth surface, use a universal remedy - putty.

Putty - a true friend in leveling walls

This finishing composition differs in type of binder component and happens:

  • cement;
  • plaster;
  • polymer (acrylic).

Each of the compositions is designed for starting or finishing types of work. The starting layer masks defects, chips, removes imperfections. The thickness of the finishing layer is much thinner, it creates an absolutely smooth surface. There are also universal powders, the use of which is permissible in both cases.

In stores, you can find both dry powders that require dilution with water, and ready-made pastes. The process of puttying is simple, even a beginner can handle it. The price of the product is affordable.

When you need to dilute putty

The composition is applied during preparatory work front decorative trim- painting or wallpapering. Putty not only levels the surface and eliminates cracks, but also improves adhesion between the wall and the facing material.

How to dilute with a mixer: proportions


A small amount is gradually poured into the dry powder pure water room temperature. The mass should be mixed with a special construction mixer, first in the low speed mode, then their number is increased by changing the mode to a more powerful one.

The power tool must be clean so that the remains of the old tool do not get on the surface to be treated. Then you should take a short break, about 15 minutes, and then continue kneading. In total, you need to mix until a homogeneous mass is obtained.

The speed of the mixer during mixing should be kept relatively low, in order to avoid getting into the composition of excess air and thus the formation of bubbles on the wall at the time of applying the putty.

The proportions for mixing the solution are taken from the attached manufacturer's instructions.

How to properly dilute the finishing putty for walls at home without a mixer

For kneading by hand, you will need a dry, clean container. Pour the required amount of powder into it. After that, add water in accordance with the required proportions.

It is imperative to knead in this sequence, otherwise lumps may appear, which will then be extremely difficult to get rid of.

The resulting solution is mixed properly, after which a three-minute pause is made. The solution swells. Then mix again until smooth. The resulting mass in its consistency should be more liquid than the starting one.

What is important to observe the proportions for different mixtures

Putty is bred depending on the following factors:

  • on the basis of what component it is made: gypsum, cement or polymers;
  • what type of work is to be performed: starting or finishing;
  • what surface should be treated: wall or ceiling;
  • type of room where repairs are carried out: wet or dry, inside the building or outside.

Standard proportions look like this:

  • 1 kg of gypsum powder is mixed with 0.8 l of water;
  • 1 kg of cement dry mix with 0.4 l of water;
  • 25 kg of the polymer composition is poured into 10 liters of water.

An excessively liquid consistency is excluded, which will lead to smudges on the wall. It is also unacceptable to use too dry powder. As a result of kneading, the resulting homogeneous slurry should not contain lumps.

Before preparing the composition, you need to familiarize yourself with its instructions, since the proportions of some manufacturers may differ from the standard norms.

How long does the finished mixture dry


The drying time of putty depends on:

  • type of putty mixture;
  • the thickness of the applied layer;
  • air temperature/humidity;
  • base on which the composition is applied.

The average drying rates are as follows:

  • starting gypsum mixture with a layer thickness of up to 30 mm - one week;
  • finishing composition of gypsum - 4-6 hours;
  • starting cement mortar- 5 o'clock;
  • finishing layer up to 3 mm - 1 hour.

Regarding polymer putty solutions:

  • epoxy - 8 hours;
  • latex - from 12 hours;
  • acrylic starting layer up to 1 mm thick - 3 hours, finishing at 3 mm - a day.

The leveling compound can harden fairly quickly, so it's best to mix it in small amounts to save money.

During repair work the process of filling the walls cannot be ignored, since only after passing through this stage can the desired result be achieved. Knowing the rules of kneading and the technology of applying a leveling agent, the implementation will not require much effort and will be subject even to a novice master.

Useful video

It would seem that it is difficult here - to dissolve the putty. But these nasty lumps, (where do they come from?), And strive to spoil everything. You can ignore them, but they will definitely remind you of themselves - uneven rough painting, ugly swollen wallpaper and other troubles, the root of evil of which lies in an improperly diluted putty mixture. But without it today it is impossible to imagine any kind of repair work.

Smoothing walls and ceilings before painting, leveling slopes after installing euro-windows, bringing them to a divine appearance drywall partitions- all this cannot be done without properly prepared putty.

I advise you to get down to business thoroughly and prepare everything you need. first step technological process is preparation necessary materials, that is, water (from the tap) and putty mass (from the store). The second step is, of course, the right tool - I mean . Many users ask if it is possible to interfere with something at hand - a stick (wooden or metal), a spatula, a spatula? You can, of course, if putty needs a small bowl for half a liter - a liter. But in larger volumes, the worst enemies of the mixture - lumps - are provided to you.

It is impossible to properly dilute putty without convenient, high-quality materials and knowledge of proportions.

What is putty, and what types of it are on sale


The putty mass is sold in a bag and has the form of a powder. By adding water to it and stirring with a mixer, you can get a homogeneous viscous mass for leveling the working surface at the construction site. This is a universal material, on the correct mixing of which the entire result of the repair, small or global, depends. That is why you should not neglect the study of the basic rules and methods for the formation of putty material, types of powder and types of mixers that are used to mix the solution.

In fact, diluting putty with your own hands is quite simple. Sometimes it is produced in the form of a paste - this one does not need to be diluted, it is already ready for use. But the one that looks like the smallest abrasive powder - be sure to dilute it. And, by the way, before buying and cooking it is worth studying its types. Today, there are two main types of putty that are often found on construction sites.

1. Starting putty


It is one of the most important and necessary supplies for every repairman. It is often used in the implementation of cosmetic and overhaul, creating a better and even finish finish facing materials. It is used for the primary alignment of walls that were made of concrete, brick or drywall. The starting putty is applied in several layers to improve the visible result. Despite the increased consumption of the mixture, it still helps to achieve evenness and smoothness of the surface.

The main types of starting putty

  • Based on cement. A characteristic external sign - grey colour. This type of putty is indispensable for finishing various kinds of rooms in which there is an increased level of humidity. There are similar places in the house - a bathroom, a toilet, a basement. This putty has a large grain size. Its disadvantage is that it is rather difficult to hide with a finishing layer.
  • On a plaster basis. white color. Its composition is a mixture of lime and gypsum. Therefore, it is very sensitive to moisture and temperature changes. It can only be used in dry rooms heated in winter period- rooms, kitchen.
  • Polymer putty. This material is used at the final stage of renovation of premises. Relatively new on the market. The basis is either acrylic or latex. Acrylic is used not only for interior work, but also for external - for processing the facade. It is ideal for sealing joints, seams and other cracks that have arisen under the influence of water. Latex - only for work inside. This material is extremely elastic, its shrinkage is minimal. Therefore, it is applied in a thin layer, and the result of careful application is the reliability and durability of the coating.

2. Finishing putty


The name itself explains to the user that this material is used at the very end of the repair, for the final alignment of the walls or ceiling. It is one of the main components of a clean finish. With its help, you can easily eliminate defects in the starting putty, improve sound insulation, increase surface strength, resistance to mechanical shock and adhesion of materials. Such a mixture also prevents excessive absorption of moisture. Finishing putty should be chosen very carefully and carefully read the instructions before buying.

Finishing putty is also divided into several types:

  • Cement-based putty. It has increased moisture resistance, so it is often used for repairs in the bathroom, kitchen, saunas and gyms. Also, this type is often used when finishing external walls. I will only note that it is not without flaws - it has a tendency to shrink and crack.
  • Gypsum-based putty. White, finely dispersed. To prepare the putty, a sensitive material was used - gypsum, which does not like high humidity. Although, I recommend using it in the final stage of coverage, even where it is a little damp. It lays down and sands very well, thanks to its soft and smooth texture, which does not shrink much. I also want to remind you that gypsum putty tends to dry quickly - almost under a spatula. Therefore, working with it requires caution and speed of work.
  • Polymer finishing putty. This is an excellent option for rooms with a normal level of humidity with a number of its advantages: it dries slowly, it is easy to apply on any surface, the minimum layer thickness, it creates an even coating. In general, modern high-tech material is good everywhere. For external walls it is better to take acrylic, for internal - latex.

Methods for preparing the mixture


To figure out how to breed putty, sometimes just reading the instructions is enough. But it is worth remembering that each type of putty has its own characteristics. And the results of all work depend on the correct preparation of the mixture. First you need to prepare the dishes and working materials. The liquid container must be chosen as large as the putty needs to be prepared. The water should be at room temperature, the mix in the bag should be dry and the mixer attachment should be clean. The proportions of putty and water must correspond to those indicated on the package.

There are two ways to prepare a mixture:

  1. The first one is quite popular, but is more suitable for kneading with a spatula than with a construction mixer. The dry mass of putty is poured into the container, and then water is gradually added to it and they begin to stir. This option is usually used when stirring the mixture by hand. Reminds home kneading dough for dumplings - housewives also pour water into a hill of flour.
  2. The second way is the opposite. Water is poured into the container, and then dry powder is gradually poured into it. With the help of a construction mixer, the mixture is brought to a homogeneous state and given the necessary viscosity. It is quite simple to breed putty with a mixer, you only need to follow the safety rules and start your work at low speeds. As for me, this method is more acceptable for kneading with a mixer., Therefore, I often recommend kneading putty in this way. The fact is that the whisk first interferes with the liquid solution, and then it gets thicker, because you gradually add the powder. This way you can control the viscosity. This kneading also resembles cooking homemade dough, but different, liquid, for pancakes. And every housewife will say that the initial lumps dissolve better in liquid slurry.

All this applies to the basic putty. The main rule for the preparation of starting putty is its uniformity and compliance with the working need - it must have viscosity and density.

To prepare the finishing putty, you simply choose one of the methods and preparation of the base plaster. All the same - either water, and then powder, or vice versa. But still there are some differences. The final plaster should not have the slightest lumps, otherwise they will be visible during application. Therefore, kneading, where water is first poured, is more preferable. Finishing putty must be mixed several times, all the time using a construction mixer. It is also worth remembering that all tools and containers must be perfectly clean.

The main stages of kneading

To prepare putty for walls with your own hands, you need to study all the stages with all their features. Let's now try to consider in detail the entire process of preparing putty.

  1. Cleanliness is first and foremost. Before starting work, clean the surface from which you work from dirt and dust, and other foreign particles.
  2. Treat the walls with a special primer - so the putty will lie better and will hold on and not crack.
  3. It is also worth making sure that the container and nozzle of the construction mixer are clean. The smallest particles of dirt can prevent the creation of a homogeneous solution.
  4. It is necessary to correctly calculate the time that will be spent on mixing the components. First, the powder is poured into water, then stirred and left for a while to swell the elements.
  5. After about 8 minutes, start re-mixing, which prevents lumps from forming.
  6. Mixing goes clockwise, but from time to time turn on the reverse if your mixer has it.
  7. Let the mixture cool down a bit. Quite a bit, about 5 minutes. For a plaster mass - 3 minutes, since it dries much faster.
  8. Do not neglect the correct proportions. Experienced builders can handle the creation of mortar without instructions based on their experience. Beginners should pay attention to the instructions and tips of professionals.
  9. The application layer must be at least 5 millimeters


Observing simple rules, sometimes, nevertheless, it is not possible to create a uniform mixture. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the many years of experience of builders. I always have a couple of secrets in reserve that many professionals have been successfully using for a long time:

  • The preparation of materials must comply with existing rules, the main of which is the purity of materials. Experienced workers advise thoroughly rinsing the container before preparing the mixture.
  • If the water is not from the water supply, but from the pond, then carefully filter it, at least through a layer of paper.
  • Putty should be prepared in small portions to prevent it from drying out. Calculate so that 20 minutes of work is enough. After this time, the mass begins to thicken.
  • If the solution starts to harden, it can be softened - a small portion cold water can delay this process for a few minutes. But this can only be done once, because the next time there will be no desired effect.
  • If you see that the mixture freezes and thickens disastrously quickly, and you have already added water, do not waste your energy. Better stop, throw away the solution, and give the bucket a good scrub and rinse. Then start again. It is better to lose a little powder than to contemplate a sloppy putty wall that no amount of sanding will pull out later.
  • For the preparation of putty, a nozzle with spiral blades is ideal. If there is only one spiral, then it should be left, twisted clockwise. Such a nozzle does not allow light particles of cement and gypsum to rise up, it seems to press them, so the solution is homogeneous.
  • A whisk is especially good for puttying, in which two spirals are oppositely directed. Then the reverse function is not needed.

conclusions


Not a single stage of the repair process can be imagined without a well-prepared putty. A homogeneous mixture is important both in the basic leveling of the surface and in the final application of the putty mass. Therefore, if you want to quality repair, it is worth observing the basic rules and proportions of the batch. Prepare everything you need before the process, keep it clean, check the water and the powder itself for foreign matter. They shouldn't be. Use not a stick and a spatula, but a mixer with a spiral whisk - after all, it is specially designed for mixing putty materials.

Compliance with the rules and stages of kneading will help to achieve a good result not only for a professional, but also for a beginner.