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Types of lighting and types of lamps. Fixtures

One of the determining factors for comfortable living in an apartment or house is normal, correct organized lighting premises. Starting repairs, many homeowners decide in parallel to replace the old lighting to modern ones. It is clear that this requires at least a little understanding of their diversity.

There is a second important point that consumers are sure to worry about - and how much light should the purchased lighting devices provide in the room? These questions are absolutely fair and are closely interconnected. We must not forget that not only the comfort in the house, but also the health of its inhabitants depends on the amount of light entering the premises. To understand these issues, you need to know what types of lamps are, according to what criteria they are divided, how they are optimally placed, and, most importantly, how many and what kind of lamps will be needed to fully illuminate the rooms.

Therefore, we will combine these problems in one article - types of lamps and

Criteria for choosing luminaires for residential premises

First you need to decide on the criteria by which lighting devices are divided, and then consider them in more detail. These may include the following questions:

Luminaire installation area.
The design and method of installation, the number and type of lamps used.
Design solution - material, shape and style.

Luminaire installation area

According to this criterion, devices are divided into ceiling and wall, floor and desktop, suspended, mounted and built-in. Let's take a closer look at what they are.

Ceiling lights . This type of device is placed on the ceiling surface or built into it. They can, in turn, be subdivided into suspended, built-in and stacked in special niches, as well as fixed on the ceiling with the entire plane of the back of the device.

Pendant lighting accessories include chandeliers that can be designed for a different number of lamps. Chandeliers are usually used to illuminate rooms with high ceilings, and they can have very diverse, sometimes very unexpected designs.

This type of lamp will always be appropriate in, the only thing that needs to be considered when buying it is the style of the interior in which the chandelier must be entered. Here you need to take into account the color, shape and number of lamps of the lamp, as well as its massiveness. In a small room, a large chandelier will create an oppressive mood and look clearly out of place. If the ceiling is low, then it is best to choose a ceiling lamp that is not hung on a hook, but is fixed directly to the ceiling.

Embedded devices are used for and - they are usually called point in a different way.

Ribbon and tubular lighting fixtures are placed in specially mounted niches of a multi-level ceiling. They are most often used for decorative lighting and as additional lighting to the main one.

Wall lighting fixtures . This type of product includes sconces familiar to everyone, as well as the above-mentioned recessed spot, strip and tubular lamps, which are also used for additional lighting and are fixed in niches or directly on the walls.

Sconces can be used for both indoor and outdoor lighting when they are installed on the walls of a house or adjoining buildings.

You can’t do without sconces in the bedrooms - it is customary to fix them at the head of the beds. Subdued light that extends to a certain area of the room does not interfere with the rest of the other inhabitants of the room.

Floor lamps. The most popular of this type of lighting can be called floor lamps, which are usually installed near an armchair or sofa, that is, places where it is customary to spend time with a book or needlework.

In addition to floor lamps, there are other options for floor fixtures, but they are more often used as decorative or as additional to general lighting.

Table appliances most often used to illuminate the table or bedside area - in the latter case, they are installed on the nightstand in the bedroom. Can't do without a table lamp desk, especially if there is a student in the house, so this type of lighting is in almost every home.

In the same section, it is necessary to include the division of lamps into groups according to their purpose:

Devices for general lighting are designed to supply the main light into the room. These mainly include ceiling lights.
Local lighting devices are used to supply light to a specific area of the room, for example, on a work surface, bedside area, kitchen sink, etc. These lamps include sconces, table and floor fixtures.
Lamps for combined use. Their function can be performed by ceiling and Wall lights installed along the walls and having a brightness control - a dimmer.

Thanks to this installation and regulation, the light can be bright and illuminate the entire room, or serve as a backlight for other lighting fixtures.

Prices for fixtures

lamps

Decorative lamps. This group of lighting fixtures is designed to create a special mood in the room or maintain the style of the interior.

In addition to the "piece" application, whole panels are created from some lamps. When they are turned on, certain geometric or chaotic patterns are created on the wall or ceiling. To create a decorative effect, ceiling, wall and some floor lamps are used.

Exposure lamps. The purpose of these devices is to highlight objects that need to highlight some objects or areas of the interior. This group can include height-adjustable ceiling pendant lights, as well as rail-mounted fixtures. In addition, wall-mounted options are also suitable for a similar purpose.

Design and installation method

Stationary lamps are fixed in one place and connected to the general lighting system of the house. These include all ceiling lights and most wall lights.
Mobile lamps plugged into a power outlet and can be moved to any area of the room or to another room. Almost all floor, table and some wall lamps belong to this category of devices.

Since the fixtures differ in their design, their installation also occurs in different ways. The easiest way, of course, is to install and connect floor or desktop appliances.

Chandeliers. To hang these luminaires, a special hook is mounted on the ceiling, and then commutation is carried out with the power supply. True, the hook is not the only way to attach chandeliers, since many fixtures of this type have their own suspension system.

Is it difficult to hang and connect the chandelier yourself?

It all depends on the degree of "technical savvy" of the owner of the apartment, the availability necessary tool and from the design of the chandelier itself. You can get acquainted with the order of work in order to assess your strengths in a special article of our portal.

Ceiling lights, fixed directly to the ceiling surface, fixed on it with the help of special fasteners, usually included with the product.

spotlights, embedded in a plasterboard ceiling surface or in stretch ceiling, may have a different mounting structure, but the most common can be called spacer, when the lamp is held by the ceiling surface with the help of special spring-loaded "lugs". When a luminaire connected to electric cables is installed in the hole prepared for it, these “ears” are bent and then released - they firmly press the device from the inside to the ceiling surface. Only the front part of the lamp remains visible, while the rest of its structure is hidden inside, into the space formed between the ceiling and the suspended (tension) structure.
Tire lights. This type of lighting fixture is installed in special profiles or mounted on metal rods.

The lamps themselves are mobile - they can move along the profile or rod, as well as turn in the right direction, which allows you to create the desired intensity in a particular area of the room.

Sconce can be hung on brackets fixed to the wall surface or screwed directly to it. This version of the fixtures can be connected through a socket or be built into the electrical system of the house and controlled through a switch.
Tapes and tubes with LEDs connected to a switch or an outlet. Such lamps are used for illumination in addition to the main lighting, and fit into niches made of plasterboard and fixed under the ceiling or on the walls. In rare cases, this lighting option is fixed directly to the walls using special clamps. Often, such devices require a separate step-down transformer and a special control unit.

Design decision - material, form and style.

This important criterion is considered by many consumers in the first place, since the lamp is initially selected according to its appearance. This item includes such characteristics as the material of manufacture, the shape of the ceiling lamps and the frame of the lamp, their color, as well as the style in which the device is made.

Speaking about the material for the manufacture of lighting fixtures, it is necessary to mention both its frame and shades.

The frame of the lamps is most often made of metal, on which a certain coating is applied, in harmony with other elements of the device - it can be gilding, nickel, silver, bronze or some color shade. Recently, more and more manufacturers are replacing metal with plastic, and then applying the above-mentioned decorative coatings to it.

In addition, the frame can be made of wood, and for this purpose, both processed wood and beautifully curved branches are taken.

Quite often, the frame base is made of several materials. So, for this purpose, wood and metal, plastic and metal, and other combinations can be used in combination.

Prices for spotlights

Spotlights

Plafonds for lamps for various purposes and installation sites are mainly made of glass or heat-resistant plastic, but floor lamps and table lamps are quite often covered with a light-diffusing lampshade made of fabric stretched over a metal frame. In addition, the plafond can also be metal, but such lamps are intended only for local or exposure illumination, for example, to illuminate a desktop.

It is almost impossible to describe all the existing forms of plafonds and lampshades of lamps, they are so diverse - they can vary from regular geometric to completely asymmetric.

In addition, plafonds can be decorated with different reliefs or made in the form of flower buds. Moreover, the shape is often chosen depending on which style the lamp is selected for.

A few words need to be said about the styles of lighting fixtures. In recent years, several styles have been the most popular in interior design, so to speak, close in spirit to Russian residents of different age categories.

High tech. Young couples often decorate their homes in one of the areas of minimalism - high-tech style. And for lighting rooms decorated in this way, ceiling lights on tires, strip and tubular LEDs for lighting, metal floor lamps with small lampshades made of glass or nickel-plated are excellent.

Speaking about this style in general, it must be said that the correct forms of accessories, metal coatings and a minimum number of pieces of furniture are inherent in it.

Romanticism . This style is dominated by light delicate shades, fuzzy drawings with the inclusion of plant elements, as well as birds. The frame of lamps for the interior in a romantic style can be made of light metal for gilding or silver or plastic imitating metal), as well as wood.

Lampshades for lamps are most often made of impregnated fabric or plastic with a woven pattern, but can be made of glass. The most characteristic form of lampshades for a romantic style is a cut cone or hemisphere. Romanticism uses different types fixtures at the location - these are ceiling (chandeliers), wall (sconces), floor (floor lamps) and table fixtures. Romantic style is well suited for decoration, as its shades are filled with freshness and pastel calm, which will contribute to a good rest.

Country - This is a "rustic" style with all the elements inherent in this area of \u200b\u200bresidence, mainly made from natural materials. Appropriate for an interior decorated in this style, a large chandelier and a floor lamp with a fabric lampshade on metal frame, wooden lamps with lamps stylized as candles, as well as sconces with a round milky white shade, etc.

However, this style is usually used to decorate private houses, since in order to fulfill all its requirements, high ceilings and spacious rooms are needed, which is difficult to comply with in a typical city apartment.

Neoclassic suitable for decorating both a house and an apartment with high ceilings, as this style is characterized by a large massive chandelier with numerous lamps and pendants. However, this style can be mixed with modern fixtures and fixtures that have "antique motifs". So, to illuminate the ceiling, tape or tubular LED lamps, as well as spotlights, are used, and all of them will be in perfect harmony with the crystal chandelier.

Since neoclassicism involves a large amount of light, it would be useful to install lights in it in open pieces of furniture, such as bookcases or shelves for decorative elements.

If you decide to decorate the interior of the room in other styles, then before buying lighting fixtures, you should find out more detailed information about them - it is in abundance on the Internet.

Chandelier prices

Choosing a lamp for a lamp

When choosing lighting fixtures, you need to pay attention to which lamps can be used in them. If until relatively recently there was only one non-alternative option - these are ordinary incandescent lamps with different powers, today the industry offers more economical and durable products.

One of the options already mentioned above is LED lamps, which are produced in different forms. But besides them, on sale you can find halogen and fluorescent. In Russia, the usual incandescent lamps are still very popular, but in Europe they were practically abandoned due to the high energy consumption and fragility. Certain steps in this direction, reception at the highest level, are being taken in our country as well.

Each type of lamp has a base, which must match the lamp socket. Therefore, when choosing lighting fixtures in which the sockets are designed, say, for halogen lamps, you should remember that the bases of ordinary incandescent lamps may not fit them. But at the same time, there are also interchangeable types - the base, for example, LED, fluorescent and conventional lamps can completely match.

To choose correct option, you need to figure out what you should pay special attention to.

General parameters of lamps for fixtures

So, when purchasing lighting devices, it is necessary to study the characteristics located by the manufacturer on the packaging, the following parameters should be indicated there:

Plinth type. As mentioned above, different types of lamps can have different bases. Their main types are shown in the figure below:

If there are only three of them on ordinary incandescent lamps - these are E14, E27 and E40, and the E27 base is the most common and used in everyday life, then LED, halogen and fluorescent varieties have much more. Therefore, when purchasing a lamp, you should immediately pick up a lamp for it. The selection of lamps, by the way, is not a very simple matter, depending on many parameters - this will be discussed in more detail below.

The power of the device. This value indicates the consumption of electricity by the lamp in a certain unit of time (usually an hour is taken as it). This comparison table presents the approximate power of different lamps to obtain the same luminous flux:

Incandescent lamps, W	Fluorescent lamps, W	LED lamps, W	Luminous flux, Lm
20	5÷7	2÷3	250
40	10÷13	4÷5	400
60	15÷16	6÷10	700
75	18:20	10÷12	900
100	25÷30	12÷15	1200
150	40÷50	18:20	1800
200	60÷80	25÷30	2500

From these data it is immediately clear that fluorescent and LED lamps, with much lower energy consumption, give the same luminous flux as incandescent lamps.

Light flow- this value, which is mentioned in the above table, is measured in Lumens ("lm" and "lm") and characterizes the light output of the device.
Operating temperatures of devices. The temperature range specified by the manufacturer on the package guarantees trouble-free operation of the purchased device. It is especially important to pay attention to this parameter when buying LED lamps, since some of them are not designed for use outside heated buildings.
Colorful temperature - this characteristic determines what color the radiation has a lamp. This parameter is called color temperature due to the fact that at different heating intensities the lamp can emit light that differs in hue. For example, a lamp with a tungsten filament, when heated to 900 degrees, emits a reddish tint of light, and when the temperature rises, it will change.

Incandescent lamps when heated have a color temperature of 1900÷2500 degrees, depending on their power. When choosing the color temperature of the LED lamp, you need to provide for its installation location. So, if the package indicates a temperature of 1600 ÷ 2200 degrees Celsius or 2700 ÷ 3300 Kelvin, then the light from the lamp will have a warm, even shade, and it is perfect for living quarters.

With parameters of 3900 ÷ 5000 degrees Celsius or 4200 ÷ 5400 Kelvin, the light from the lamp will be cold, close to daylight. Such lamps are suitable for rooms in which there are no windows to the street, that is, there is no daylight.

Since manufacturers typically list lamp color temperatures in Kelvin, this table will help you easily select the right shade.

Degree of protection- a characteristic that shows the degree of protective sealing of the device from the ingress of moisture and dust into it.
Working voltage- this characteristic shows the required voltage in the network for the operation of the device. The mains voltage standard adopted in Russia is 220V. But many lamps require a different voltage, that is, connection through special transformers or power supplies. So it is impossible to lose sight of such a parameter when choosing a lamp.
Life time. This parameter indicates the approximate operating time (so to speak, "motor resource") of the product before failure. This period is determined by the manufacturer, but should not be confused with the warranty period.
Dimensions - these are length, width and height (L×W×H). It is necessary to pay attention to this characteristic due to the fact that the closed shades of lamps can have different heights, and an unsuccessfully selected lamp may not fit in it.

Now it’s worth a little more understanding of what modern lamps are.

LED lamp

LED type lamps can be safely called an environmentally friendly light source, since safe components are used in their production and operation. Unlike some other varieties, such devices do not contain mercury, therefore, even if the case is damaged, they do not pose a danger to environment and a person.

LED lamps at the dawn of their appearance consisted of a base and a housing in which a board was installed with the necessary electronic elements and LEDs soldered in. At first, they were most often used for local or exposition lighting fixtures, since, due to their design feature, LEDs shine in one direction.

Prices for fluorescent lamps

fluorescent lamps

Recently, however, LED lamps have also been produced for general lighting. They are given the most different forms- spherical flasks, by analogy with conventional incandescent lamps, flat, cylindrical and others, and with the right installation location, they are already able to illuminate the room completely.

The advantages of this type, in contrast to the usual incandescent lamps, include their following characteristics:

Small power consumption.
Long service life, as manufacturers claim their resource is 30,000÷50,000 hours of continuous operation.
Low body heating temperature with high efficiency luminous flux.
Mechanical strength of the protective housing.
The ability to manufacture lamps of any shape, including very compact ones.
Environmental safety of products, as they do not contain not only mercury, but also other toxic substances.

The disadvantages of high-quality LED lamps are insignificant. Basically, all the identified “minuses” can be attributed to their manufacture, since unscrupulous manufacturers do not comply with the norms established by the standards. These include the following points:

The use of unstable plastics for the manufacture of the case and board, containing formaldehyde resins and phenols that are hazardous to human health.
Lamps with a simple driver installed in them sometimes give a flickering effect.
Poor quality of components and their assembly in general design, that is, "overwhelming" savings on the details provided for by the standards - this leads to flickering of the LEDs, excessive power consumption, overheating and melting of the case, failure of the LEDs.
High price for high-quality products, in accordance with the standards. On the other hand, the cost of LED lamps has recently fallen sharply and this trend continues. So they are gradually moving into the category of public.

It should be noted that in the Russian market it is not so easy to find lamps made in accordance with all requirements, so there is a rather high probability of purchasing low-quality products that come in bulk from the eastern borders.

If you decide to use LED lamps in fixtures, then you should not save on them by choosing the cheapest models. Properly manufactured devices should be equipped with a driver with a power factor corrector and a frequency corrector, as well as a ceramic capacitor. The lamp should be made of environmentally friendly plastics and without the use of lead for soldering LEDs. All these factors require considerable production costs, which makes quality products more expensive.

And it is completely unacceptable to buy LED lamps sold without packaging and without indicating all the necessary data about their characteristics.

Halogen lamps

Halogen incandescent lamps consist of a body and a glass bulb various forms filled with gas. Usually these are vapors of a mixture of iodine and bromine - such a composition increases the resource of the coil, which heats up to 3000 °K up to 2000 ÷ 4000 hours.

Halogen lamps are often used for local lighting, that is, they are installed in spotlights or table lamps with the appropriate connectors and powered by AC or direct current, but when using the smooth start of the device. In this case, the service life of the lamps is increased to 8000÷12000 hours.

Powerful halogen lamps are also produced up to 150 and 230 W by the standards of incandescent lamps. They are used in spotlights and ramps, for drying materials in industrial environments.

Halogen lamps can be equipped with different types of socles and have the appropriate marking:

MR lamps are designed primarily for use in automobiles, but they are also used for installation in Appliances lighting, and in this case, they work through a transformer.
GU lamps are used in conventional lighting and work without a transformer.
Lamps with an E14 or E27 base are used in the same way as conventional incandescent lamps. They are additionally closed with an external flask, which protects the main quartz flask with a tungsten spiral from contamination and contact, as well as from contact with fusible materials.

IRC-marked halogen lamps are distinguished by the presence of a special coating on the bulbs that transmits the light produced, but delays infrared radiation, reflecting it towards the spiral. This lamp has high efficiency. So, a device with an equivalent power of only 65 W produces a luminous flux of 1700 Lm.

The advantages of halogen lamps include the following characteristics:

The expressed compactness of products.
Fairly long service life.
High product efficiency.
A good light temperature, most often located in the range of 2800 ÷ 3000 °K, is warm shades light that is most comfortable for the human eye.

Disadvantages of halogen devices:

The presence of a non-harmful gas inside the shell of the lamps, which, if the devices are damaged, can adversely affect the state of human health.
Damaged or worn-out lamps cannot be stored in the house for a long time - they require special disposal.
Low resistance to humidity, so they can not be installed in bathrooms.
The cost of halogen lamps is higher than the price of conventional incandescent lamps.

Fluorescent lamps

This type of lighting elements in everyday life is called fluorescent lamps. They consist of a glass flask with a layer of phosphor applied to its inner surface - a special mixture that contributes to the brightness of the glow. The flask, under a pressure of 400 Pa, is filled with argon and mercury vapor or amalgam - they contribute to the creation of ultraviolet radiation when an electric discharge occurs inside the container.

The luminous efficacy of this type of lamp is much higher than that of conventional incandescent lamps. Service life, at quality workmanship, is about five years.

Fluorescent lamps are divided into low and high pressure lamps. The latter are used for street lighting, as they have a higher power. Low-pressure lamps are used for installation in luminaires used in industrial and residential premises.

Fluorescent lamps, due to their brightness and economy, have long been widely used for lighting public office buildings, hospitals, schools and kindergartens. But if earlier lamps of this type were produced in only one configuration, and for them it was necessary to purchase a special lamp, today numerous models with an E27 and E14 base are on sale, so they can easily replace conventional incandescent lamps.

Prices for halogen lamps

halogen lamps

The advantages of fluorescent lamps can be called:

High efficiency and light output. So, a fluorescent lamp with a consumption of 20 W gives a luminous flux equivalent to that of a conventional incandescent lamp of 100 W.
These lamps are produced with different color temperatures, that is, they can have different shades, while giving a diffused soft light.
A very considerable resource, sometimes reaching 20,000 hours. However, it is possible for well-made and correctly connected lamps, and usually practical indicators are more modest.

The disadvantages of fluorescent lamps include the following points:

The increased fragility of the lamps - they must be handled with extreme care.
The presence of mercury inside the flask, the total amount of which can be from 2.3 mg to 1 g. Therefore, when the flask is depressurized, the lamp becomes an object of chemical hazard.
Sometimes there is an uneven luminous flux, sharp for the eyes or causing distortion of the natural color of objects.
At long-term operation lamps, their internal coating is gradually destroyed, which leads to a change in color temperature, a decrease in light output, and as a result, a decrease in efficiency.
The appearance of a flickering effect due to aging or due to poor-quality workmanship.
In addition to the above, there are additional minor shortcomings.

The letter marking of fluorescent lamps for domestic use according to GOST 6825-91 for color temperature is as follows:

LB - white light
LD - daylight
LE - natural light
LHB - cold white light
LTB - warm white light

If the letter “C” is added at the end of the letter marking, this means that the lamp has an internal coating of a phosphor with improved color rendering - “de-lux”. The addition of two letters "CC" means that the coating will provide high quality color reproduction - "super deluxe".

How to choose lamps in terms of power to ensure normal illumination?

The choice of lamp power for fixtures depends on several factors, therefore, in each case, this parameter may be different, but the main ones include the following:

Availability of natural light.
The height of the ceilings in the room.
Room area.
The desire to create special intensity in certain areas or special effects.

But if we proceed from the positions of optimal illumination, that is, without creating any effects, then a simplified version can be used to carry out the calculation, or “dig deeper”.

A simplified method for calculating the required lamp power for lighting

If we rely on the standards developed by experts, then according to them, lighting 1 m² of a room will require a power of 15 ÷ 20 W, based on the conventional equivalent of incandescent lamps. So for modern apartments with a standard layout, you need to provide:

For a living room of 18 m² - 270÷360 W
For smaller living rooms - 150÷200 W
For the kitchen - 100÷150 W
For the corridor - up to 200 W
– 100÷120 W
For toilet - 60÷80 W

If various types of lamps are considered for indoor installation, then in order to navigate their choice, you can use this table:

Room area, m²	LED lamps (LED), W	Fluorescent lamps (CFL), W	Conventional incandescent lamps (LN), W	Luminous flux, Lm
1	2÷3	5÷7	20	250
2	4÷5	10÷13	40	400
3	6÷10	15÷16	60	700
4	10÷12	18:20	75	900
5	12÷15	25÷30	100	1200
7÷8	18:20	40÷50	150	1800
10÷12	25÷30	60÷80	200	2500

But this is a very simplistic approach that does not take into account many important factors. Therefore, the discerning user is encouraged to make more accurate calculations.

Algorithm for self-calculation of illumination - with calculators

The illumination of the room, as already mentioned, must meet certain standards. And the main task of the calculation is the selection of such a number and characteristics of lamps that will ensure the maximum possible correspondence of artificial lighting to natural, most favorable for human perception.

The calculation algorithm assumes to build on the existing sanitary norms illumination established by the current SNiP. It is carried out, of course, for the main lighting devices. Decorative and local lighting do not belong to them - there the user is free to choose the level of illumination on his own, especially since many devices for this purpose are also equipped with dimmers.

So, the calculation will be based on the following formula:

Fl = (En ×Sp ×k ×q) / (Nc ×n×η)

And now, let's slowly deal with all these indicators included in the formula

Fl- the calculated luminous flux, which each lamp installed in the luminaire must have. That is, exactly the value that is required to be determined.
Yong- recommended parameters of illumination of premises in residential buildings established by SNiP 23-05-95. This indicator is measured in lux (Lx) and must correspond to the following values:

Type of premises of a residential building	Recommended norm of illumination of working surfaces in the premises of a residential building, lx
Living rooms	150
Sleeping	150
Baby	200
Kitchens	150
Corridors, hallways	150
Bathrooms, restrooms, shared bathrooms	150
Vestibules	30
Stair flights and landings in the entrances	20
Floor corridors and platforms	20

As you can see, there is no particular variation in the values for residential premises - only a few stand out against the general background. Higher, in the region of 200 ÷ 250 Lx, lighting may also be required for a home workshop if fine work is to be performed there. However, this is usually solved by installing an additional local lamp, for example, a table lamp.

Sp - This is the area of the room in which it is necessary to provide the required level of illumination. We will not dwell on the calculation of the area - for rectangular rooms this is the product of length and width, for more complex configurations an individual approach is required. However, for such special cases, we will give a hint.

How to calculate the area of a room if it's not a rectangle?

The school geometry course, sometimes, is forgotten, and the non-standard configuration of the room can put the owner in a difficult position when calculating the area. It's okay, follow the link to the article devoted to it - it contains many examples, convenient calculators are posted.

k is the so-called safety factor. It depends on the type of lamps planned for installation (taking into account their ability to gradually lose their glow intensity) and on the degree of dustiness of the premises, that is, the presence of interference with the propagation of light. Since in residential premises, presumably, the owners do not allow strong dustiness(more than 1 mg / m³) or a high vapor concentration, then this coefficient can be considered equal to:

- for gas-discharge lamps - 1.2;

- for conventional incandescent and halogen lamps - 1.1;

q- coefficient of non-uniformity, especially important for rooms where accurate visual work, constant reading or recording, etc. are expected.

It is taken equal to:

- for incandescent lamps and mercury discharge lamps - 1.15;

- for basement fluorescent (so-called energy-saving) and LED - 1.1.

Nc- the number of fixtures planned for purchase and installation in a particular room.
n- the number of horns (installed lamps) in one lamp.

It is clear that these last two parameters will set the total number of lamps that will work in the room. Naturally, if the calculation is carried out for only one lamp, both of these values \u200b\u200bshould be equal to one. In this case, the final result will show the total luminous flux required for normal lighting of the room.

η - coefficient of use of the luminous flux. With this value, it is somewhat more difficult, since one more preliminary calculation will have to be performed.

To find the utilization factor from the tables, we first determine the so-called room index. It is calculated by the following formula:

i =Sp / ((a +b) ×h)

i- room index.

Sp– area of the room, m².

a and b- the length and width of the room, expressed in meters

h– The planned height of the luminaire relative to the floor level. It is important - not the height of the ceiling, but the excess of the lamp above the floor. For example, the ceiling has a height of 2.7 meters, and a chandelier is purchased with a suspension rod length of 60 cm. This means that our lamp height is 2.7 - 0.6 = 2.1 m.

After the calculation, the resulting value is rounded up to the nearest 0.5; 0.6; 0.7; 0.8; 0.9; 1.0; 1.1, 1.25; 1.5; 1.75; 2.0; 2.25; 2.5; 3.0; 3.5; 4.0; 5.0.

To speed up the calculation process, you can use the online calculator below.

Luminaires are lighting equipment used to illuminate rooms. They scatter or focus light.

Fixture device

The main components of the fixtures are:

Electric lamp.
Cartridge.
Lighting fittings.
Wiring.

Luminaires can work with different types of lamps. The most commonly used light bulbs are incandescent, LED and fluorescent. They may have different type base for connection to the cartridge. In luminaires that are used indoors, the E14 and E27 base formats are most often used. However, there are at least 10 more common options for spline and point connection lamps. A cartridge is used to fix the light bulbs. It, in turn, is fixed in the lighting fixture, which acts as a diffuser that directs the light flux to the required lighting area.

What are the lamps

There are several popular variations of lamps:

Chandeliers.
Floor lamps.
Nightlights.
Searchlights.
Point.
Busbars.
Desktop.
Office.

These are ceiling lights that are used to illuminate residential areas. They can be directly fixed on the ceiling, which is typical with a small distance to the floor. In the event that the distance to the floor is large, then the chandelier is hung with a cord or chain. Thanks to this, it is located lower, and the light of its lamps is distributed more efficiently. Lamps in chandeliers can be placed in different directions. Most often they are twisted upside down. In this case, the emitted light is effectively directed towards the floor. As a result, the room is illuminated evenly. In the case when certain types of lamps shine into the ceiling, shadows form. For this reason, when choosing bulbs for a chandelier, you need to look at their design features.

Chandeliers completely illuminate the room. They are represented by a variety of design options, and abound in the largest number of fashionable interior solutions. Chandeliers can be equipped with inexpensive light bulbs with a standard base, the installation and replacement of which does not cause any difficulties.

Despite many advantages, such devices are not without disadvantages. First of all, they require a complex connection. Electrical wiring for their power supply is laid covertly. In the event that tension or dropped ceilings, it's not that hard. For plaster ceilings, the cable is pulled through a special channel in the floor slab, which implies fuss. In addition, chandeliers are difficult to clean from dust. Such lighting devices are highly susceptible to damage as a result of mechanical stress. For this reason, chandeliers are not the best solution for children's rooms, where they can be broken during games.

Sconce

These are wall lamps that provide diffused lighting. Usually their shades are made of frosted plastic or glass. Sconce can provide various ways turning on the lamps. Sometimes an ordinary wall is used, located in a convenient place, near front door. In the vast majority of cases, the sconce has a switch in its own housing. To activate it, you need to pull the cord coming out of the lamp. Shutdown occurs in the same way. The variant with a cord is most often used for bedside sconces, and those that are located around the perimeter of mirrors.

Usually sconces create background illumination of various decorative elements. With their help, you can implement techniques for visually dividing space into zones. The sconce is used as an additional light source. Usually they are designed to install only weak lamps. Higher power bulbs get very hot. This leads to the melting of the plastic parts of the sconce, which are present in almost all devices of this type.

floor lamps

Unlike previous varieties, these lamps are portable. They are installed directly on the floor. A tripod can be used as a stand, which provides the greatest stability, or one leg with a heavy platform at the base. There are varieties of floor lamps, which provide a small area that acts as a table. Such lighting fixtures can be placed near the sofa in the guest room or near the office chair. Usually, the floor lamp is turned on by a stationary button mounted on its body, or by a switch on the wire coming from the outlet. A floor lamp provides rooms with soft light, which is good for reading. Due to the high height of the floor lamp, sitting under it, the light falls from top to bottom at a special angle for good illumination of books and newspapers.

A floor lamp is a mobile lighting equipment that can be moved and installed in the part of the room where it is needed. Floor lamps are located close, so weaker bulbs can be used to equip them. As a result, energy costs are reduced. Floor lamps are available in different styles, which allows you to choose an option for any interior.

Floor lamps illuminate a small space, so they can only be used indoors as a source of additional light. Since this is a portable device, the electrical wiring that goes with it is noticeable. Since the floor lamp is on the floor, if it topples over, it can cause damage to the bulb. If an incandescent lamp is used, it will undoubtedly stop working.

Nightlights

These are table lamps that direct light towards the ceiling or walls of a room. It diffuses well without creating blinding rays. Nightlights are usually equipped with weak lamps. The ceiling covering them is painted yellow, green, white or other soft color. Due to this, the transmitted light acquires a similar shade and does not blind the eyes at all. Typically, nightlights are used for installation in children's rooms. Externally, such devices can be made in the form of animal figures or cartoon characters. Nightlights create a duty light in the premises. They are easy to transport, compact and easy to connect.

Searchlights

These devices have high power and focus the light with a directional beam, therefore they are not used in residential premises. Similar equipment can be found in factories. The peculiarity of the spotlights allows for effective illumination of the required areas, which are located at a great distance from them. The spotlight can be mounted on high ceilings. It is more resistant to mechanical damage than other types of luminaires used for interior spaces. Spotlights create a directional light that can be shifted to different angles.

Point

These luminaires are designed to be built into suspended or suspended ceilings. Usually, they are structurally designed for weak light scattering and direct their flow to a limited area of \u200b\u200bthe floor. Each spotlight is equipped with a small light bulb, which, due to its small size, does not shine too brightly. There is no reflector in the design of spotlights, so a special type of lamp is used for them. On sale there are bulbs for spotlights that can be connected to a 220V network, as well as 12V. The latter requires a power supply.

Busbars

These are modern lighting fixtures that are usually used to illuminate living spaces made in special styles, such as high-tech or loft. They are a rail mounted on the ceiling. A swivel lamp slides along it, providing for the possibility of adjustment to direct the light to the desired area.

Desktop

Such a lamp combines the design features of a wall lamp and a night lamp. It is placed on the table and creates a diffused or directional light, which makes it convenient for meticulous work or reading. To turn on the lamp, a switch on its body or wire can be used. It is customary to install such lamps on written and computer desks. They can also be used in workshops to illuminate the working space of a seamstress, jeweler and other professionals.

Office

These are ceiling lights, which are usually equipped with fluorescent or LED lamps. They are used for installation in offices and industrial premises as the main source of light. They have a large reflective area and are equipped with several lamps at once, due to which they create a bright backlight. In terms of installation complexity, they are absolutely equal to chandeliers. The design of office lamps does not allow their use in residential premises.

Criteria for choosing fixtures

When choosing fixtures, you should pay attention to the type of light bulbs that you can put on them. This consumable significantly different in cost. The most affordable are spotlights, as well as those with an E14 or E27 base, so in most cases it is better to focus on lamps that are compatible with them. Also, in the instructions for the lamp, you need to find out information about the maximum power of the lamps that can be used in it. This is especially relevant information when using incandescent bulbs, which get very hot during operation. It should be borne in mind that many lamps have little space. This will not allow them to put large light bulbs with a large luminous flux.

Lamps are a must in every home. Luminaires are all devices that have in their design a cartridge for screwing in a lamp, a lamp, electrical wiring elements and the possibility of fastening this device.

Which lamp to choose for a particular room, how they can be classified in general and how to correctly combine several types of lamps in one room - we'll talk about all this in our article.

Classification of types of lamps depending on the purpose

Depending on their purpose, lamps are divided into the following types:

Lamps for general lighting. These include ceiling, table and floor types of lamps. They are installed for general lighting of the room.
Luminaires for local (local) lighting. They can be desktop, built-in, floor-standing, hanging, wall-mounted, or attached. They are used to illuminate the work surface or another part of the room.
Combined lighting fixtures. These include wall, pendant, floor and table lamps, which can equally perform the function of both general and local lighting.
decorative types lamps- desktop and wall. They will perform the function of an interior decor element along with other room decorations.
Exposure lamps. They are designed to highlight certain objects and can be desktop, wall, suspended, ceiling, built-in, attached, floor.

The choice of lamps for different rooms

Depending on the room, you can use certain lamps and light bulbs.

So, for general kitchen lighting, incandescent lamps in ceiling or wall lamps, such as chandeliers and sconces, are best suited. Another option is luminaires with energy-saving lamps, which give the same shade of light and create a cozy atmosphere. In the kitchen, it is undesirable to use floor lamps, table lamps and spotlights.

Incandescent lamps are not suitable for local lighting of working areas of the kitchen, as they heat up quickly. It is better to use fluorescent lamps.

The choice of a lamp for a living room depends on many factors, such as the size and shape of the room, the height of the ceilings, the specific style of the interior, the need to highlight individual areas, and the desire to create a specific lighting effect. Be that as it may, in the living room it is customary to use such types of lamps as spotlights, main lighting, night lamps. And according to their location - suspended, ceiling, wall, desktop.

The bedroom uses lamps for general and local lighting, as well as decorative pieces. The main illumination comes from ceiling chandelier, and as local lighting, they mainly use wall sconces at the head of the bed or table lamps installed on bedside tables. This combination of chandeliers and spot lighting of certain areas allows you to feel comfortable in different situations.

Types of street lamps

When developing a project to illuminate your site, you need to decide on the type and style of lighting fixtures.

as lamps for street lamps suitable for incandescent, gas discharge, mercury, metal-halogen, sodium, xenon, fluorescent, induction lamps, as well as solar-powered lamps. Various types of LED lamps are also quite common.

Stylistically, street lamps can be of a floor lamp type, in the form of lanterns on poles, wall-mounted, suspended, built-in, ground and floating.

Luminaires are devices that distribute artificial light in residential premises, offices and on the street. With their help, you can visually enlarge the space, create a romantic or solemn atmosphere, focus on interior details (mirrors, paintings).

Types of fixtures

In the general classification, two types of lamps are distinguished: industrial and household. Industrial luminaires are designed for offices and industrial premises, household - for residential buildings and apartments.

What are

- functional luminaires that are suitable for spacious rooms and rooms with low ceilings. For large rooms, chandeliers with additional cords or chains and light bulbs are used. Mini ceiling lamps fit into a small space.
Sconces - wall lamps that are used for lighting. Mirror coatings require directional lighting. Plafonds, made of frosted or colored glass, create a uniform background lighting.
Floor lamp - a lamp for the bedroom, gives a soft subdued light. You can place such devices at different heights from the floor. They are also placed in corners. dark rooms or illuminate the reading space in living rooms.

A night light is a table lamp that projects an optical image onto the ceiling or walls of a room. Designs are most often used for children's rooms, they are made in the form of animals.
Spotlights are high power lighting devices used to illuminate industrial premises.
Low voltage, built into false ceilings. Feature: can change the light in the right direction. Suitable for large industrial premises.
Current-carrying bars are small rails on the ceiling with swivel lamps mounted in them. Successfully fit into the design of the kitchen, dining room, living room, hallway.
LED lamps are devices in which light sources are light-emitting diodes. Advantages of designs: energy saving, durability, compactness.

What materials

Wood - ecologically pure material, products from which will create an atmosphere of warmth and harmony in the interior. Suitable for high-tech style.
Glass - decorative material which is used in decoration modern interiors. Such products will bring lightness and airiness to the atmosphere of the room.
Rattan is a natural material that is lightweight and durable. Rattan products are favorably combined with modern styles, creating an atmosphere that is conducive to relaxation.
Fabric is a material that has interesting draperies. It will create a romantic atmosphere in the house.
Bumara is a material that harmonizes cold elements in modern European interiors.
Metal lamps are a durable and wear-resistant material, often used in decor. Forged elements give the room lightness and sophistication.
Gypsum lamps are a material suitable for decorating strict interiors in monochrome colors.

How they work

The lamp consists of a lamp and auxiliary elements that drive the mechanism: a starter and a throttle.

Starter - neon lamp with two bimetallic electrodes. Voltage is applied to the lamp, a discharge is formed in it, after which the starter elements are closed. A strong current flows between the lamp bulb and the starter electrodes.

Then the electrodes open the system, the voltage increases sharply through the inductor. Under the influence of voltage, the gas gap in the bulb breaks through, and it lights up.

The throttle is connected to the lamp in series, so the voltage is divided into both elements, the starter is connected in parallel, so there is not enough voltage to re-close the starter electrodes.

The inductor limits the current after turning on the device, maintains stable operation of the lamp.

Luminaire characteristics

Luminous flux - the power of light radiation, which is perceived by a person as visible light. The unit of measurement is lumens.
The intensity of light is the ratio of the luminous flux that propagates inside a solid angle to this angle. The value is measured in candela.
Luminous efficiency - the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical power used by it. The unit of measure is lumens per watt.
Illumination is a quantity that determines how much light flux falls on a unit area of the illuminated surface. Measured in lux.
Color temperature is a value that indicates the intensity (spectrum) of radiation. The unit of measure is kelvin.
The color rendering index is characterized by the naturalness and correctness of the image transmission.
Luminosity is the ratio of the luminous flux emanating from the considered small area of the surface to the area on which the light is emitted. It is measured in watts per m2.

The standard kit of the luminaire includes the body of the device, the driver and the model with the lamp. Among additional accessories: cartridges, electromagnetic ballasts, electronic transformers, starters, lampholders, chokes.

Advantages

illuminate the room completely;
variety of designs;
comfortable color reproduction;
durability with proper use;
add luxury and elegance to the interior.

choice of color temperature;
regulation of light brightness;
ecological cleanliness;
colored decorative lighting;
compactness and flexibility of modules.

mobility;
saving electricity;
the possibility of using directional light;
ease of use;
devices can be transferred;
fit different styles.

creation of illumination of decorative elements and background lighting;
the possibility of zoning space;
a wide range of applications;
small sizes;
ease of installation and use.

long term;
high brightness;
resistance to mechanical damage;
low energy consumption;
the possibility of creating directional light.

environmental Safety;
ease of use and disposal;
does not require a DC source for operation;
made of durable materials (aluminum, polycarbonate);
the possibility of using directional light.

used to create emergency light in the premises;
original design and interesting forms of appliances for children;
possibility of transportation;
compactness;
ease of use.

anti-corrosion properties;
wear resistance;
the ability to change the direction of the light;
durability.

Problems

difficult installation;
need careful care;
low security;
large product sizes.

fragility;
an unpleasant glow spectrum;
large in size;
requires expensive power supplies and cooling systems to operate.

illuminate a small space;
potential flammability;
dependence of the device on the outlet.

not used for main lighting;
there is no way to hide the wiring;
small luminous flux;
potential flammability.

difficulty in operation;
burn out from overheating;
high frequency flicker;
high price.

sensitivity to interruptions in voltage;
fragility.

dim lighting;
low color intensity;
can not be used as the main lighting.

limited functionality;
electric current instability.

How to choose a lamp

Decide for what purpose you need a lamp. Consider the size of the room and safety precautions. In rooms with high ceilings, use hanging products; for low ceilings, ceiling-mounted appliances with rigid mounts are suitable.

In rooms with a height of 2.5-3 meters, hang the chandelier at a distance of 2-2.2 meters from the floor. If the height of the room is more than three meters, the choice of location depends on your aesthetic preferences.

The most durable and durable materials are glass, followed by plastic and metal. Fabric, paper, wood are flammable.
For a spacious living room, choose hanging chandeliers with multiple bulbs.
For kitchens, choose chandeliers with adjustable hanging cord length. Suitable ceiling lights with two or three shades. The main rule is ease of care, since soon carbon deposits will appear on the surface of the lamp after the fat drops have settled.

Do not buy textile lamps, it is better to look at options with decorative metal, glass or acrylic elements.

For children's rooms, buy devices that are interesting in design: in the form of butterflies, flowers, fairytale heroes. Lighting should be bright, but soft, not create glare and streaks on the walls.

Refuse models made of crystal or thin glass, choose safe materials- textile or plastic.

Lamps with a fabric or matte lampshade will fit favorably into the bedroom, they will give a subdued light. You can illuminate the reading nook with sconces or floor lamps with soft light.
Use sconces to illuminate small rooms (hallways, corridors), with the help of lamps of this type, you can change the dimensions of the premises. Sconces with an upward orientation visually increase the space in height.

To expand the room, hang appliances on a wide wall. For a long and narrow corridor, choose products with a rectangular or oblong shape. Give preference to a chandelier with swivel spots that change the direction of light.

For overhead lighting in bathrooms, use ceiling lights with frosted or white shades. To focus on the wash area or the mirror area, hang a sconce.
If a floor lamp is needed for background lighting, its light should be soft and well diffused. If you want to illuminate only part of the room for reading or work, you will need a powerful device.

For convenience, use products with a table, as a decor - floor lamps. Select the height of the devices depending on the spatial dimensions of the room.

Choose lamps for work according to functionality. Pay attention to how the light is reflected. The heavier the stand, the better the lamp will hold up. good options– lighting equipment with adjustable height.

The tripod of the desktop instrument must be flexible and change the angle of inclination.

Choose the tone of the chandelier according to the interior. Dark shades absorb light, while white ones reflect. Greenish shades are calming, red ones are annoying. Universal option- fixtures that give a soft orange or yellow light.
Lighting equipment should match the style of the room. Art Deco combines whimsical shapes and a variety of materials.

Country-style lamps are distinguished by the use of plant and rustic themes, made in yellow, light green shades. Cold tones and imitation of candles in shades are used for Provence-style lamps.

The urban loft uses a variety of design solutions: LED lighting, soffit chandeliers, spotlights, etc. The Tiffany style is distinguished by openwork designs, the use of stained glass and wrought iron elements.

If the room is located on the sunny side, then you will use the lamp only in the evening. You can get by with a floor lamp or a hanging lampshade.

Rooms on the shady side need regular lighting. To do this, place the devices evenly around the room.

Decide on the number of lamps. If you choose one appliance, it should stand out from other pieces of furniture. Use large or medium size products. When choosing a set, pay attention to the fact that it is made in one color.

Which is better

The best lamp should:

consume little electricity;
do not have interruptions in voltage;
correctly positioned at the height of the room;
be functional, be used for its intended purpose and illuminate the necessary space;
have the necessary strength and brightness of light;
be convenient to use and maintain;
be made of durable and safe material;
fit the room in size, radiation strength, color and style, fit into the overall design.

How to use

To clean the fixtures, use special detergents with sprays. Before starting work, turn off the power supply and wait until the bulb has cooled down.

The second way: remove the lamp, disassemble it in detail and wash it. Antistatic wipes can be used for cleaning.

To wash crystal products, first apply detergent to the surface of the device. When the water starts to drain, wipe the equipment dry. After 2 hours, you can turn on the lamp.
Wipe the plafonds made of frosted or transparent glass with a damp sponge soaked in a detergent solution.
Keep wooden, fabric and paper sconces away from sources of fire. During repair, do not forget to turn off the power supply.

What is the warranty for the lamps

The warranty period for lamps is 18 months, unless otherwise specified in the device passport.

The warranty does not apply to products in the following cases:

in case of violation of the rules of storage and operation;
installation or repair was carried out by unqualified specialists;
lighting equipment was connected to the network with the wrong voltage;
the user has handled the device carelessly;
traces of mechanical damage or changes in the design of the device are visible;
if during the operation of the equipment an incorrect color rendition was noticed.

The warranty obligation provides for the repair, replacement of parts or a complete exchange of goods. Batteries, starters and other batteries, as well as additional accessories, are not covered by the warranty.

The presentation of the passport for the purchased goods and the warranty card is mandatory.

Lack of wire contact with the cartridge. For repair, disassemble the design of the lamp. If the cartridge of the old model worked in the device, replace it with a new one. Check if the wire is firmly attached to the screws.

To increase the strength of the connection, it is necessary to additionally solder the ends of the wires.

No wire contact with plug. The wire at the entrance to the plug often fails. With such a breakdown, the plug is cut off and replaced with a new one. Pay attention to the diameter of the plugs of the old part.

Solder the wire to the plug for a secure fit. You can add the diameter with a thick elastic band or electrical tape.

Switch not working. Turn off the switch. Using a multimeter or tester, check how it works. If it cannot pass electrical signals, then the mechanism is out of order.

Replace the switch or connect the wires directly. Then the lamp will light up immediately after switching on.

Broken wire. A sign of a breakdown is the flashing of a light bulb during transfer. Replace the wire with a new one with the same gauge. If the cord has tight bends, use plastic or rubber tubes to prolong the life of the equipment.

In case of serious damage, contact a specialist.

Luminaire manufacturers

Lighting company founded in 2001. Assortment - more than 800 positions of goods. Models of halogen and energy-saving lamps, table lamps and floor lamps have been developed.

Lighting equipment manufactured using LED technology is being introduced into production.

A company that manufactures lighting equipment of non-standard shapes and designs. Materials - bronze, crystal, minerals. Among the goods are chandeliers, wall sconces, table lamps, floor lamps, candlesticks and candelabra.

We offer services for the reconstruction of lamps of an outdated format, the dismantling of lighting equipment, and the repair of equipment. The wishes of the client are taken into account, it is possible to issue an individual order.

A company that was founded in 1994 in Denmark and first specialized in the production of halogen lamps in scandinavian style. Today - production for the manufacture of lighting equipment for residential premises and offices of any style.

When developing new products, it focuses on proven technologies and original design. Among the clients are construction hypermarkets and companies, lighting equipment stores.

Products are certified and labeled, with high level technical security. The price is acceptable.

Models of the Italian company combine European fashion, elegance and classics with an original and sophisticated design. Color schemes: golden, steel, orange, bright red; it will be easy to choose lighting equipment for the interior.

Characterized by stylish ornaments, streamlining and bizarre geometry of forms.

EGLO

An Australian company that specializes in the manufacture of decorative lamps for interior spaces and public buildings. Table, ceiling and pendant models, spotlights and wall lamps for bathrooms and children's rooms are presented.

An exclusive brand that produces lighting equipment in different styles in line with modern architectural and design trends. Materials - crystal, glass, fabrics, wood, acrylic.

Lamps are made on German equipment, then processed manually. The company's products are divided into the following series: Antic, Bergamo, Retro, Royal, Moon, Mocco, Rotonda.

Globo

A popular Australian brand that manufactures original lamps. Models for indoor and outdoor lighting are available. Lighting devices and modular systems of the company are popular in 50 countries of the world.

Among the buyers are furniture stores, construction companies. The range of products - more than 2 thousand lighting fixtures.

High quality halogen products are also produced. technical specifications, functionality and excellent design. The price is affordable.

The range includes a wide range of interior lamps. The products are distinguished by a thoughtful design, high-quality materials and new technologies are used in production.

Among the products are wall lamps, chandeliers, sconces, floor lamps and spots that change the direction of light. Designs are different in shape, size, color and style.

The principle of the company's work is to provide a flexible system of discounts and promotional programs. Acceptable value for money.

The company is engaged in the production of decorative lighting for residential and office premises, shopping centers. The catalog is updated annually, the goods are guided by fashionable novelties and technical improvements.

Products with strict certification, environmentally friendly materials are used in production. Plus firms - strong and durable products at an affordable price.

German brand that specializes in the manufacture of lighting equipment. Crystal is used for production. The company has repeatedly become a participant in international exhibitions. The company's products will make the design elegant and modern.

The assortment of the company is 400 models from 90 series of the company's products. Appliances of different styles are presented: classic chandeliers and pendants, ecological models made of wood, modern masterpieces in modern and high-tech style.

Wide Range color solutions for lampshades and plafonds. The equipment is durable, strong and safe.

Collection of lighting equipment in classic and modern style. The devices are made according to European technologies. Among the products are more than 60 series of chandeliers and 6 series of floor lamps, which will provide the room with top and side light at the same time.

Crystal products are made using Egyptian ASFOUR crystal.

Sonex

Russian manufacturer. Lighting equipment includes pendant and wall lamps, table lamps and floor lamps. The design combines classic and modern motifs, a variety of shapes and colors.

Notable collections: Alabastro, Quadro, Sakura, Duna, Ferola. Products are available at a cost.

The types of fixtures and the calculation of the lighting of the room are of informational value both for specialists and consumers who want to organize the correct lighting of their apartment or house. There is a huge variety of different model lines of lamps on the market. Naturally, in order to quickly choose exactly the one that will better than others meet the specific requirements of the future owner, a kind of “road map” is needed, thanks to which the time to search for exactly your lighting device will be minimized. Such a map is the classification of modern lamps.

It is also useful to get acquainted with the classification of luminaires before choosing and buying them, because in accordance with it, lighting fixtures are marked, thus giving the buyer comprehensive information about the quality and capabilities of the luminaire.

Light not only makes it possible to receive information about the world around us. It has a direct fusion not only on the psyche, but also on the course of physiological processes. Light starvation is the cause of a decrease in immunity, nervous disorders, and the cause of eye diseases. Therefore, it is important to choose the right luminaire not only in terms of design, energy-saving and energy-saving requirements, but also in terms of the possibility of creating a sufficient level of illumination. How to calculate illumination is described below.

Luminaire typification basics

The main document that regulates the classification of lighting fixtures is GOST 17677-82

In accordance with this document, the following groups of luminaires are distinguished:

According to lighting specifications. Luminaires included in this group are divided into:
Light distribution class. In accordance with GOST, lamps are marked with letters:

P- these are direct light luminaires that create illumination with 80% of the luminous flux that the luminaire distributes to the lower hemisphere;
H- this includes luminaires that create illumination with the help of a luminous flux that they distribute to the lower hemisphere, while the luminous flux should be from sixty to eighty percent of the total light;
P- this is a diffused light luminaire, which provides from forty to sixty percent of the luminous flux directed by the luminaire device precisely into the lower hemisphere;
B- fixtures that create mainly reflected light, directing twenty to forty percent of the luminous flux into the lower hemisphere;
O- luminaires of reflected light, providing a luminous flux distributed in the direction of the lower hemisphere in values from 1 to twenty percent of the total luminous flux.

The more light the luminaire device directs into the lower hemisphere, the more economical such a luminaire.

Depending on the type of luminous intensity curve that the luminaire creates at points of any meridional plane, both in the lower and in the upper hemisphere. If you measure the intensity of light at different points in the hemisphere - lower or upper - it will be different. For standardization, the concept of "Light intensity curve" is adopted. Depending on the zone in which the maximum luminous intensity is recorded, seven such curves are distinguished, each with its own designation:

G- deep:
C- sinus;
M- uniform;
L- semi-wide;
D- cosine;
W- wide;
K- concentrated.

This classification provides convenience when choosing a lamp:

luminaires of type D and G are recommended to be used when it is required to create maximum illumination in one direction or another, therefore, for lighting industrial premises, as well as industrial ones, luminaires are used, which are indicated above as P, that is, direct light, and for office lighting, household premises luminaires, above indicated as P;
type K lamps are lighting devices that perform the task of creating illumination that highlights the details of the interior, architectural structures, lighting to create dedicated zones;
C - such a lamp is used when you need to create a muffled or reflected light;
W and L - such lamps are chosen if it is necessary to create lighting for elongated spaces, for example, tunnels, corridors, streets, and so on.

The choice of a luminaire in accordance with the GOST normative classification is, at the same time, the assurance that the lighting conditions when selecting luminaires in accordance with the normative designations will be the most acceptable for vision.

GOST requires that each luminaire be marked in such a way as to provide the consumer with comprehensive information about the luminaire. For this, conditional numeric and alphabetic designations have been introduced. There are eight positions in total.

The first letter indicates the type of lamp, in accordance with GOST, the following marking is used:

H- incandescent lamps;
C- mirror and diffuse lamps-lamps;
L- luminescent tubular straight lines;
E- erythemal fluorescent;
And- halogen quartz (incandescent);
F- luminescent curly;
G- mercury type DRISH, DRI;
P- mercury type DRL;
B- bactericidal;
AND- sodium;
K- tubular xenon.

The second letter is used to describe how the luminaire is to be installed:

C- suspended;
B- embedded;
P- ceiling;
B- Wall light;
D- attached;
H- lamp table, basic;
To- end, console;
G- head;
P- manual;
T- crowning, floor.

The third letter - describes the purpose of the lamp:

B- used for residential premises;
O- it is applied to public places;
P- for industrial premises;
P- for mines;
At- used for outdoor lighting;
T- for TV and film studios

The fourth position is a number that indicates the series of release of the lamp;

The fifth position is the number corresponding to the number of lamps;

Sixth position, number - corresponds to the permitted lamp power in W;

The seventh position is a three-digit number corresponding to the modification number;

The eighth position is a letter and a number, showing which climatic modification the given luminaire corresponds to and indicates the category of its placement in the GOST 15150 standards.

Thus, the buyer, looking at the marking, can accurately determine the capabilities of the lighting device. For example, the marking of the luminaire NNB02-1×40-005 UHL4 "Orpheus" means that this luminaire is designed for desktop use, designed for one incandescent lamp with a power of 40 W each, luminaire series 02, modification of the device assigned by the manufacturer 005, manufactured in climatic UHL version with placement category 4 and is intended for use in residential premises.

Types of luminaires according to climatic modification

When typing luminaires according to this principle, such a criterion is used as the possibility of using a luminaire at different temperatures and ambient humidity. The requirements of GOST 15150-69 are used as the basis for typing.

As a rule, when marking luminaires, the climatic version is displayed in the final group of characters, and to indicate the climatic conditions for which the luminaire is designed, it has a letter designation:

UHL- the luminaire is intended for operation in cold (from -60˚) and temperate climates (up to +40˚С)
HL- indicates that this luminaire can be used in cold climates (from -60˚С to +40˚С);
At- indicates the ability to accept a lighting device in a temperate climate (from -45˚С to +40˚С);
M- luminaires are marked that can be used in a moderately cold maritime climate (from -40˚С to +40˚С);
T- this letter marks lamps designed for operation in tropical conditions (temperature range from +1˚С to +40˚С);
O- luminaires of general climatic design (except maritime climate) with a temperature range of -60˚С - +50˚С are marked;
B- all-climatic version (temperature range - 60˚С - +50˚С);
OM- general climatic design (temperature range -40˚С - +45˚С).

The number, which, when labeled, is placed behind the letter designation indicates:

1 - it is possible to use the lamp for outdoor placement;
2 - the lamp can only be used if placed under a canopy, in rooms where there are the same conditions as in the open air (with the exception of precipitation, solar radiation);
3 - the lamp is allowed to be placed in rooms where there is no artificial regulation of climatic conditions;
4 - lamps are marked that can be used in enclosed spaces with artificial regulation of climatic conditions (heating, ventilation, air conditioning);
5 - lamps are marked that can be used in rooms with high humidity in the absence of artificial regulation of climatic indicators.

Other criteria for grouping luminaires by type

Separation of luminaires in accordance with the special requirements of GOSTs

In accordance with GOST, other types of luminaires are also distinguished based on compliance common criteria, which allow you to assign the appropriate symbols to the luminaire. Their meaning is deciphered in the table.

Types of luminaires depending on security

All lamps pose a certain danger to the health of users, since they are current-carrying elements. The level of security largely depends on the integrity of the devices themselves that create lighting. Therefore, depending on the requirements for the safety of use, they are also classified according to the level of protection against external influences. For this, special International Protection standards (abbreviated "IP") are used.

This system was developed taking into account the requirements that are imposed on luminaires by GOST, international standards IEC 60529, as well as DIN 40050). IP codes describe the degree of protection against environmental influences, as well as the level of safety of the luminaire for the consumer.

Luminaires are grouped according to a combination of 2 digits (IP-XX). The 1st digit indicates the level of protection against the penetration of solid particles:

the number 0 means that protection against the ingress of solid particles is not provided;
1 - there is a guarantee of protection against ingress of particles whose size is more than 50 millimeters;
2 - protection against penetration of objects Ǿ equal to or more than 12 millimeters ( middle finger arms);
3- Provided protection against objects whose diameter is greater than or equal to two and a half millimeters;
.4 - the figure indicates the protection against the penetration of objects with a diameter greater than or equal to one millimeter;
the number 5 indicates the presence of protection, which guarantees the impossibility of getting into the device of objects whose diameter is equal to or exceeds the size of dust;
number 6 confirms the complete protection against microparticles (dust) getting inside the device

The second part codes the levels of protection against water ingress:

the number 0 indicates the absence of any protection against moisture penetration;
the number 1 indicates the presence of minimal protection against water drops that fall from above;
the number 2 indicates the presence of protection against water drops that fall on the device at an angle not exceeding 15˚;
number 3 encodes the presence of protection against drops that fall on the device at an angle of not more than 60˚;
the number 4 indicates the presence of protection that ensures the impossibility of penetration of drops of liquid that fall at any angle;
the number 5 indicates the available protection against the penetration of a low-pressure water jet;
number 6 encodes the presence of protection against water penetration in the event that a strong water jet hits the lighting device;
the number 7 means that the lighting device is protected from moisture when it enters the water to a depth not exceeding a meter, and this protection is effective for thirty minutes;
The number 8 encodes lamps, the protection of which guarantees the complete impossibility of moisture ingress when immersed in water to depths exceeding one meter.

Classification of luminaire types according to design features

Depending on the design, the lamps are grouped into the following types:

open lamps, that is, those that do not provide for the isolation of cartridges and lamps from the external environment;
closed lamps, that is, such lighting devices in which the cartridges and lamps are separated from the external environment, but the shell used for this does not have seals;
waterproof lamps (they are structurally designed in such a way that reliable isolation from each other, as well as from the metal parts of the lighting fixture of the lead-in wires is ensured;
dustproof lamps;
explosion-proof lamps.

Types of fixtures depending on the lamps used

In this case, lighting devices are divided into types depending on what kind of light source is used in the lamp.

In total, four types of lamps are used, in accordance with which the classification is made.

Luminaires with incandescent lamps. The most popular lamps. Modern industry produces such lamps of various shapes, which allows designers to create lamps of various shapes. The power of such lamps is 15-300 W. When the power of other types of lamps is set, the comparison is made with an incandescent lamp.

The high light output of incandescent lamps is achieved through the use of such a safe gas for the consumer as krypton in the flasks and the use of complex arc-shaped tungsten filaments - the so-called bispiral lamps.

Lamps are produced with a variety of surfaces, which also increases the design possibilities when creating lamps. This surface can be the usual transparent, it can be opal, matte, mirror. Frosted and opal lamps emit a softer diffused light.

Luminaires with fluorescent lamps. Such lamps are more efficient in terms of energy saving. The glow of phosphors, which occurs under the influence of ultraviolet radiation of electric discharges, provides a luminous flux sufficient to illuminate the power.

Such lamps have a number of advantages:

long service life;
big values the magnitude of the luminous flux, which in some models of lamps exceeds incandescent lamps by eight times;
significant energy savings.

The most commonly used fixtures are designed for fluorescent lamps having an elongated shape. This form causes the asymmetry of the distribution of light intensity. However, the use of diffusers, diffuser reflectors, diffusers in the design of luminaires can significantly reduce the difference in the distribution of the luminous flux in the transverse and longitudinal planes. Currently, such lamps are also produced in a wide variety of shapes, which gave designers the opportunity to practically not limit their imagination when developing new models of lamps.

The typification of lighting fixtures used for fluorescent lamps makes it possible to mount a variety of luminaires of their typical parts. This made it possible to use such lamps both in a single placement and in a complex. At present, the so-called light strips (rows) are becoming more widespread, combining several lamps in an arbitrary configuration.

Luminaires with fluorescent lamps fully meet the requirements of technological conditions for lighting fixtures used in residential premises, as well as in offices, production facilities, and make it possible to use architectural solutions that require built-in lighting fixtures. Such lamps are becoming more and more common in the arrangement of light cornices in halls, in rooms where soft lighting is required.

Lamps with halogen lamps. Such lamps provide full-fledged lighting with more economical use of electricity, while their service life exceeds that of incandescent lamps.

There are various models on the market, so the location of such lamps is not limited. Models are available with various types coatings designed for voltage of 220 V, 12 V.

LED lights- lighting devices with a light source in the form of light-emitting diodes. Such lamps create high-grade illumination, and originality of execution gives scope for design fantasies.

Illumination calculation

The simplest option is to install one of the programs that will perform such a calculation automatically. Available on the Internet:

Relux;
Dialux;
"Formula of Light";
Promin;
Calculation of illumination Lival;
Light-in-Night Road;
Ulysse.

Finding a site that will provide a free download service is extremely simple - just enter the name of the program marked "Download" into the search bar of Yandex or another search engine. You can perform the calculation of illumination and "manually".

Initially, you should determine exactly how much “illumination” is required for the room in order to create comfort for the eyes. Illumination is measured in lux (lx, Lux). To do this, use the data recorded in SNiP 23-05-95.

Determine how much luminaire power is required to illuminate the room using the formula P = (p x S):N, where

N- number of fixtures
S- square meters of the area of the room;
R- specific lighting power (W/m²);
R- required lamp power.

Using the data in the table, we find the desired specific power of illumination.

Let's do the calculation. Suppose the area of the bedroom is twenty square meters. Fluorescent lamps are used for illumination. The area of 20sqm is multiplied by a factor of 4-5. To create comfortable lighting in the bedroom, you need a lamp with fluorescent lamps with a total power of 80-100 W.

More accurate calculations of the illumination of a particular place in the room are performed taking into account the inversely proportional decrease in illumination values from the square of the distance to the point of the desired surface.

What power of fixtures is required to create the desired illumination, depending on the area of the room, can also be seen in the table.

When making calculations, it is advisable to take into account that the most comfortable for vision at home is illumination within about 200 lx, provided that the design of the room is made in bright colors.

Professionals use more accurate, but at the same time much more complex calculations using various methods to calculate the illumination in any particular place in the room. You can find out how this happens in the video.