We learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors

The proposed tasks will help students learn to find, classify, correct speech errors and shortcomings.

1. This model is a demonstration model, it is not for sale.

2. I borrowed a thousand rubles from my neighbor until February.

3. The boy did not answer, but only clapped his eyes.

4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.

5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer a question from any field of knowledge in detail and in detail.

6. Rescuers saw a man drowning in the sea.

7. Wounded Prince Andrei fell prone. Waking up, he saw a high, endless sky.

8. Katerina's mother-in-law constantly taught the life of the household.

9. Our products are imported to many countries in the world.

10. I switched to a more economic tariff.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences in which a word is used in an unusual sense. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)

2) Mark the sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)

3) Mark the sentences in which you should use its paronym instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)

Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - lent or lent, 3 - blinked, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell back, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.

1. Talking to this person was important.

2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.

3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.

4. The contents of the package must be poured with hot boiling water.

5. To enhance the reader's impression, the author narrates in the first person.

6. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" tells about the life of the official Bashmachkin.

7. Our agency provides students with a lot of vacancies.

8. This victory came at a high cost to me.

9. You don't see obvious facts.

10. This store has expensive prices.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)

2) Mark the sentences in which the same-root words are used side by side. (2, 6, 9.)

3) Mark the sentences in which extra words are used. (4, 7.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - played an important role or had great importance, 2 - magnificent curtains, 3 - raise a glass or make a toast, 4 - hot water or boiling water, 5 - to enhance the impression, 6 - talks about life, 7 - a lot of vacancies, 9 - you don't notice, 10 - high prices.

1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.

2. My brother finished school with a medal.

3. You brought me to the white knee.

4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the shops of the city.

5. Our physical student got sick, so the lesson was postponed.

6. I was so tired from a long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.

7. Dear students! Submit your papers to the dean's office immediately.

8. I signed this contract with a grating heart.

9. The court made a decision on the division of property between the spouses.

10. The sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)

2) Mark the sentences with the incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)

3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - lost his mind, 2 - graduated, 3 - white-hot, 4 - carrots, 5 - physics teacher, 6 - I was very tired from a long transition (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 - grade books, 8 - reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - wept bitterly.

1. Onegin thinks he can't love anymore, and he was wrong.

2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.

3. Our publishing house released a book that was popular with readers who love detective stories.

5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.

6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disillusioned with him.

7. This appliance, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many buyers.

8. The hero does not like to talk about a past life, and therefore he was not understood.

9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.

10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov's Moscow, and he partially succeeds.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)

2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are unsuccessfully used. (2, 4.)

3) Mark unsuccessfully constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)

4) Mark sentences with unjustified repetition of words. (6, 9.)

5) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks ... ... and is mistaken, 2 - and took the girl away, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.

Often masters of the word in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find in the given fragments literary works deviations from speech norms and say what effect the authors achieve.

1. The whole room is illuminated with amber brilliance.
A flooded stove crackles with a cheerful crack ...

(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)

(Referring to the tautologycrackling crackling, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)

2. Through the wavy mists the moon makes its way,
She pours a sad light on the sad glades.

(A. Pushkin. Winter road)

(Tautology(she pours a sad light on the sad glades) helps the author to focus the reader's attention on emotional state lyrical hero.

3. For a moment the conversations were silent;
The mouth is chewing.

(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)

(combination of words different styles (mouth chewing) creates a comic effect.)

4. And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.

(F. Tyutchev. dreams)

(Pleonasm(surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)

5. Goes-buzzes Green noise,
Green noise, spring noise.

(N. Nekrasov. green noise)

(Combination of contradictory wordsgreen noise (catahresis) helps the author to create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)

VI. Edit the piece of writing.

All images of the poem pictured Gogol, interesting in their own way.

reader, reading page after page, laughing at pretentious Manilov, over brutal Sobakevich, over blunt Box, over constantly lying rascal Nozdrev, and miser Plushkin, collecting everyone trash, – it's really something. But especially attracted my attention Chichikov, something similar and at the same time unlike to the other characters in the poem.

Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up to the right people similar on Sobakevich by the fact that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by inventing all sorts scam, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.

But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from other heroes of the poem. If a landowner heroes are parasitic, then Chichikov constantly sets himself new goals and tries to achieve them. As a child, he was businessman, knew how to profitably invest money and get fat. So when he was in school, he used to sell buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and profited from it.

But when the hero became an adult, none of his the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol punishes your hero for the fact that for all his business qualities he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the Treasury, he, seeking a promotion, deceived the former and his daughter.

Sample corrected version

All images of the poemcreated Gogol, interesting in their own way.Reading the page behind the pagewe laugh at mannered Manilov andrude Sobakevich, overstupid box and constantlya lying rogue Nozdrev; amiser Plushkin, who collects unnecessary things, producesspecial impression . Butattracts the most my attention Chichikov, somewhat similar to other heroes of the poem,but at the same time different .

Chichikov reminds Manilov in thatcan be trusted to the right people;the ability of the hero to insist on his own makes him related with Sobakevich;like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up withvarious scams; astorage necessary and unnecessary things in a drawerbrings together hero with Plushkin and Korobochka.

But,unlike the idle landlords , Chichikov constantly sets himself new goals and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood hebusinessman who knows how to profitably invest money and getprofit . So, while still a schoolboy, he sells pre-purchased bunshungry comrades and benefit from it.

However, the matured herofailing to succeed in anything . Most likely, Gogol punishesChichikov for the fact that, with all his business qualities, the hero–immoral person. So, for example, Chichikovrefuses to help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student;serving in the state chamber and seeking promotion, the hero deceives the former and his daughter.

I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU im. Nosova

Speech is a channel for the development of intellect,
the sooner the language is learned,
the easier and more complete the knowledge will be assimilated.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

Speech is conceived by us as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intellect and, a way of knowing the complex relationships of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

Obviously, both learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this respect. All people make mistakes, both in and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as an idea of ​​"", is inextricably linked with the concept of a speech error. In fact, these are parts of one process, which means that, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calls”, “dialogue”, “contract”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “One public organization acted as the organizer”, “I wish you long creative longevity”.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko distinguishes 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
• Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
• Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
• The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
• The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

• Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
• Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
• Structural offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. mistake".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will have the opportunity to practice the skill of competent writing in special system multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memory techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
• Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

Larisa Fominykh

Grammar or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in the creative work of students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of errors is an integral part of the literacy assessment, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During check USE essays(part C) they should also be demarcated. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms different parts speeches:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;

4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;

b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: ​​both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participle turns: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in construction complex sentences(distortion of unions; the use of two subordinating unions at the same time; "stringing" of the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.

8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should keep in mind the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to make it more expressive or highlight thoughts: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.

The main types of speech errors

Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work testifies to the poverty of the student's speech.

1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In the Russian folk language, there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may consciously resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet new year holidays far from cold, blizzard and cold; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;

8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;

10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. And were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)

11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She is may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:

Grammatical errors	Speech errors
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; sign for life;	1) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about Petrel.
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; wait; theirs;	2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly replenishes his horizons;
3) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and does not talk to me;	3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. The increase in crime has increased by five percent.
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read;	4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds;
5) violation of agreement between the subject and the predicate: Mankind is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus push and make noise.	5) unjustified repetitions of the word in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest. The guys went into the forest along the field road.
6) errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books makes life more interesting.	6) Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty.
7) errors in the construction of complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river.	7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin courts Olga.
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we appreciate your contribution to the region's economy.	8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began to work on the collective farm.

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.

4. And we made a new swing in our yard!

5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve all support.

7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.

9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kyiv bursa.

2. Find speech errors, determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.

2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”

We learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors

The proposed tasks will help students learn to find, classify, correct speech errors and shortcomings.

1. This model is a demonstration model, it is not for sale.

2. I borrowed a thousand rubles from my neighbor until February.

3. The boy did not answer, but only clapped his eyes.

4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.

5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer a question from any field of knowledge in detail and in detail.

6. Rescuers saw a man drowning in the sea.

7. Wounded Prince Andrei fell prone. Waking up, he saw a high, endless sky.

8. Katerina's mother-in-law constantly taught the life of the household.

9. Our products are imported to many countries in the world.

10. I switched to a more economic tariff.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences in which a word is used in an unusual sense. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)

2) Mark the sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)

3) Mark the sentences in which you should use its paronym instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)

Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - lent or lent, 3 - blinked, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell back, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.

1. Talking to this person was important.

2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.

3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.

4. The contents of the package must be poured with hot boiling water.

5. To enhance the reader's impression, the author narrates in the first person.

6. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" tells about the life of the official Bashmachkin.

7. Our agency provides students with a lot of vacancies.

8. This victory came at a high cost to me.

9. You don't see obvious facts.

10. This store has expensive prices.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)

2) Mark the sentences in which the same-root words are used side by side. (2, 6, 9.)

3) Mark the sentences in which extra words are used. (4, 7.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - played an important role or was of great importance, 2 - magnificent curtains, 3 - raise a glass or make a toast, 4 - hot water or boiling water, 5 - to enhance the impression, 6 - talks about life, 7 - a lot of vacancies, 9 - you don't notice, 10 - high prices.

1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.

2. My brother finished school with a medal.

3. You brought me to the white knee.

4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the shops of the city.

5. Our physical student got sick, so the lesson was postponed.

6. I was so tired from a long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.

7. Dear students! Submit your papers to the dean's office immediately.

8. I signed this contract with a grating heart.

9. The court made a decision on the division of property between the spouses.

10. The sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)

2) Mark the sentences with the incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)

3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - lost his mind, 2 - graduated, 3 - white-hot, 4 - carrots, 5 - physics teacher, 6 - I was very tired from a long transition (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 - grade books, 8 - reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - wept bitterly.

1. Onegin thinks he can't love anymore, and he was wrong.

2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.

3. Our publishing house released a book that was popular with readers who love detective stories.

5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.

6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disillusioned with him.

7. This appliance, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many buyers.

8. The hero does not like to talk about a past life, and therefore he was not understood.

9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.

10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov's Moscow, and he partially succeeds.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)

2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are unsuccessfully used. (2, 4.)

3) Mark unsuccessfully constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)

4) Mark sentences with unjustified repetition of words. (6, 9.)

5) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks ...... and is mistaken, 2 - and took the girl away, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.

Often the masters of the word in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find deviations from speech norms in the given fragments of literary works and say what effect the authors achieve.

1. The whole room is illuminated with amber brilliance.
A flooded stove crackles with a cheerful crack ...

(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)

(Referring to the tautology crackling crackling, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)

2. Through the wavy mists the moon makes its way,
She pours a sad light on the sad glades.

(A. Pushkin. Winter road)

(Tautology (she pours a sad light on the sad glades) helps the author to focus the reader's attention on the emotional state of the lyrical hero.)

3. For a moment the conversations were silent;
The mouth is chewing.

(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)

(A combination of words of different styles (mouth chewing) creates a comic effect.)

4. And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.

(F. Tyutchev. dreams)

(Pleonasm (surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)

5. Goes-buzzes Green noise,
Green noise, spring noise.

(N. Nekrasov. green noise)

(Combination of contradictory words green noise(catahresis) helps the author to create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)

VI. Edit the piece of writing.

All images of the poem pictured

The reader, reading page after page, laughs at pretentious Manilov, over brutal Sobakevich, over blunt Box, over constantly lying rascal Nozdrev, and miser Plushkin, collecting everyone trash, – it's really something. But especially attracted my attention Chichikov, something similar and at the same time unlike to the other characters in the poem.

Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up to the right people similar on Sobakevich by the fact that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by inventing all sorts scam, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.

But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from other heroes of the poem. If a landowner heroes are parasitic, then Chichikov constantly sets himself new goals and tries to achieve them. As a child, he was businessman, knew how to profitably invest money and get fat. So when he was in school, he used to sell buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and profited from it.

But when the hero became an adult, none of his the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol punishes your hero for the fact that for all his business qualities he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the Treasury, he, seeking a promotion, deceived the former and his daughter.

Sample corrected version

All images of the poem created Gogol, interesting in their own way. Reading the page behind the page we laugh at mannered Manilov and rude Sobakevich, over stupid box and constantly a lying rogue Nozdrev; a miser Plushkin, who collects unnecessary things, produces special impression. But attracts the most my attention Chichikov, somewhat similar to other heroes of the poem, but at the same time different.

Chichikov reminds Manilov in that can be trusted to the right people; the ability of the hero to insist on his own makes him related with Sobakevich; like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up with various scams; a storage necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer brings together hero with Plushkin and Korobochka.

But, unlike the idle landlords, Chichikov constantly sets himself new goals and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he businessman who knows how to profitably invest money and get profit. So, while still a schoolboy, he sells pre-purchased buns hungry comrades and benefit from it.

However, the matured hero failing to succeed in anything. Most likely, Gogol punishes Chichikov for the fact that, with all his business qualities, the hero - immoral person. So, for example, Chichikov refuses to help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; serving in the state chamber and seeking promotion, the hero deceives the former and his daughter.

I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU im. Nosova