The device of a hanging truss system of a gable roof. Do-it-yourself gable roof

Arrangement two pitched roof It is considered a very practical and right decision in the construction of a residential or commercial building. This option combines the relative simplicity of execution and reliability, ease of maintenance and long service life. In this article we will talk about how to install the truss system gable roof with your own hands, what are its varieties, and how to calculate the dimensions of its individual elements. Our step-by-step instruction will allow you to deal with any complications that may arise in the course of work.

A roof with two slopes has a whole list of advantages:

• ease of calculation;
• various versions;
• saving materials;
• the possibility of natural outflow of water;
• low probability of water leakage due to the integrity of the structure;
• the possibility of arranging an attic or attic;
• reliability and long service life;
• ease of preventive maintenance.

Varieties of gable roofs

Consider the main types of roofs with two slopes, the truss system in which will differ slightly in execution.

Symmetrical gable roof

This is the simplest gable roof, however, the most reliable and in demand. Symmetrical slopes allow you to distribute the load on the Mauerlat and load-bearing walls evenly. In this case, the type and thickness of the insulation layer do not affect the choice of roofing material. Thick beams of rafters have a sufficient margin of safety, so they will not sag. In addition, spacers can be installed at your discretion.

Among the disadvantages of this option, one can only note a too sharp angle of the slopes, which makes it difficult to use the attic floor and creates "deaf" zones that have no use.

Roof with two asymmetrical slopes

If the angle of inclination of the slopes is made more than 45º, some unused areas of space can be used. It will even be possible to equip a living space in the attic. However, some additional calculations will be required, as the load on the walls will become uneven.

Broken roof with external or internal break

This configuration makes it possible to place a spacious attic or attic under the roof. However, in this case, more complex engineering calculations will be required.

The design of rafters for arranging a roof with two slopes

The design of the gable roof truss system assumes the presence of such components:

• Mauerlat. It is a durable bar made of oak, pine, larch or other strong wood, which is laid around the perimeter on the bearing walls of the building. The purpose of the Mauerlat is to evenly distribute the load. The cross section of the bars is chosen based on their structure - solid or glued, as well as on the age of the building. The most commonly used beams are 100 × 100 or 150 × 150 mm.
• rafters. The whole structure is created from such elements (read also: ""). Connecting at the top point, two rafters form a farm. They are made from logs or durable bars.
• puff. This part serves to grip the rafters and ensure their rigidity.
• Runs. In those places where the rafter legs are joined, a ridge run is attached, on which the skate will subsequently be mounted. And with the help of side runs, the frame of the rafters is given additional strength. The expected load determines the size and number of such elements.
• Rafter rack. This is a vertical beam that partially takes over the weight of the roof. If the gable roof scheme is simple, then one such beam is placed in the center. For a long span, three bars may be required - one in the center and two on the sides. If an asymmetrical roof is being erected, then the location of such a beam is determined by the length of the rafter legs. under the rafters for broken roof racks are placed on the sides to make room for movement. Beams are placed in the center and sides if there are two rooms.
• Struts. These are rack supports. If significant winds and precipitation are expected in winter period, install longitudinal, as well as diagonal racks.
• Sill. A rack for rafters rests on it, and struts are also attached.

• crate. The selected roofing material is attached to it, and you can also move along it during work. Fix the crate perpendicular to the rafters. Please note that the crate allows you to evenly distribute the mass of roofing material over the rafter system.

The installation scheme of the gable roof truss system will greatly facilitate everything construction works. How such a roof scheme will look depends on the type of roof.

Please note that the material for the truss system must be of the highest quality, treated with flame retardant and antiseptic agents. There should be no knots or cracks on the beams for rafters, Mauerlat and racks. Only a small number of knots are allowed on the crate, firmly seated in the wood.

Calculation of frame elements for a gable roof

Laying Mauerlat on the walls

This element is mounted on a load-bearing wall along its entire length. If it's about log house, then the upper crown can serve as a Mauerlat. For buildings made of aerated concrete or brick, a Mauerlat equal to the length of the wall will be required. Sometimes this detail can be laid between the rafters.

With a lack of material length for the Mauerlat, several pieces can be spliced. At the same time, the edges are sawn at 90º and joined with bolts - wire, dowels or nails are not suitable.

There are two ways to lay a Mauerlat on top of a load-bearing wall:

• symmetrically in the center;
• offset in the desired direction.

Mounting of the Mauerlat is carried out on a pre-laid waterproofing layer of roofing material. This will protect the wood from rotting.

It is worth taking a responsible attitude to the process of attaching the Mauerlat, since in strong winds it must withstand a particularly heavy load.

As fasteners for Mauerlat, you can use the following consumables:

• Anchors, which are indispensable for monolithic materials.
• Wooden dowels. These parts are used in houses made of timber and logs, although they require additional fastenings.
• Staples.
• Reinforcement or special studs. This option is preferable for buildings made of foam or aerated concrete.
• Knitting or steel wire is an auxiliary fastener that is used almost always.

Assembly of trusses or trusses

Farm assembly can be done using one of the following methods:

• Beams for rafters are assembled and mounted directly on the roof of the building. This process is quite laborious, since all measurements, trimming and coupling of the bars will have to be done at a height. However, you can do it on your own, without the involvement of technology.
• Trusses or truss pairs can be fixed to the ground, and then the finished elements can be raised to the roof of the building. On the one hand, this simplifies the process of installing rafters, and on the other hand, due to heavy weight construction, its rise to the top will require special equipment.

Please note that it is worth starting the assembly of truss pairs only after marking. And if you make a template in advance, for which you take two boards equal to the length of the rafters, and connect them together, then all pairs will turn out to be exactly the same.

Installation of rafters

After assembly and lifting to a height, the installation of gable roof rafters is carried out wooden house. To fix them on the Mauerlat, cuts are made at the bottom of the rafters. The first to install two trusses from opposite ends of the roof.

After that, a rope is pulled between the starting pairs, along which all the other truss trusses will be aligned and the ridge will be installed.

Now you can mount the remaining pairs in compliance with the calculated step between them. In cases where pairs are assembled directly on the roof, a ridge run is attached between the two end trusses. Subsequently, rafters are installed on it.

The order of installation of halves of rafters according to the opinions of professionals may differ. Some prefer to lay the bars in a checkerboard pattern so as not to overload the foundation and walls during work. Others tend to install pairs of rafters in series. Be that as it may, rafter legs may need props and racks - it all depends on the size of the roof and the shape of the trusses.

Skate mount

A ridge is an element that is formed by attaching rafters at the top point. As soon as all the details of the truss system for a gable roof are installed, it is necessary to perform a major fixing of all structural elements.

Lathing installation

The presence of lathing is mandatory in the construction of any roof. It not only supports the roofing material and allows it to be securely fastened, but also makes it possible to move along the roof during work.

The distance between the individual boards is chosen based on the type of roofing material:

• soft roofing is laid on a continuous crate without gaps;
• for a metal tile, a crate is needed with a step of 35 cm (between the two lower rows - 30 cm);
• slate and corrugated board can be laid on the crate in increments of 44 cm.

Results

Thus, in order to assemble a truss system for a roof with two slopes, many nuances should be taken into account and any possible complications. We hope that our advice will help you cope with this difficult task and create a high-quality and durable roof for your home.

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When building private households, the projects of houses with a gable roof are considered the most popular, they can be seen in the photo. The design of such roofs is simple compared to hip roofs (they are also called hip roofs). To create a gable roof frame, wooden beams and boards are used, the light weight of which allows you to build a truss system with your own hands.

Elements of gable roofs

The design of a gable roof includes the following elements:

• rafters . They consist of inclined struts and vertically arranged racks;
• rafter leg . For its manufacture, boards with a section of 100x150 or 50x150 millimeters are needed. With the help of rafter legs, a triangular contour of a gable roof is formed. The loads resulting from weather conditions and the weight of the roofing are transferred by the rafter legs to the Mauerlat, and that to the load-bearing walls of the building. When installing a gable roof at home, the installation step of the rafter legs should be at least 60 centimeters, and a maximum of 120 centimeters. The heavier the roofing, the more often they should be installed;
• struts . Such an element from the trimming of the board is mounted at a certain angle and thereby transfers the load to the load-bearing elements down from the rafter legs. Rafters, several struts and tightening together are the components of the truss truss, which withstands loads and transfers them in the presence of wide spans to the walls;
• racks . They are vertical rafter elements that transfer the load from the roof ridge to the load-bearing internal walls of buildings. They are made from a bar with a section of 150x150 or 100x100 millimeters;
  

  
  

• Mauerlat . This is the name of a wooden beam, which is installed and fixed on load-bearing walls on threaded rods or on anchors built into the surface. necessary to transfer loads from rafter legs to load-bearing walls. As a manufacturing material, a bar made of coniferous lumber and having a square section measuring 150x150 or 100x100 millimeters is used. Mauerlat beams located on opposite walls should be parallel so that the dimensions of the rafter legs are the same length;
• skate . This horizontally located element is necessary for connecting the slopes in their upper part. It is formed by connecting the rafter legs at the top point when a gable roof is being installed;
• filly . They are used if the length of the rafter legs is not enough to create an overhang on the roof. they are part of a board that has a smaller section than the boards used in the manufacture of rafter legs. The installation of a gable roof can be greatly facilitated if this element is used, since then legs of a shorter length are made for the rafter structure;
• sill . It is a horizontally fixed beam with a section of 150x150 or 100x100 millimeters. It is located on the inner load-bearing wall and its functions include the distribution of loads from the roof racks after;
• puff. This is one of the elements of the hanging truss structure, which with rafter legs forms geometric figure- a triangle - and thus helps them stay in place, and not disperse to the sides;
• eaves . It is necessary to protect the walls from getting wet as a result of rainfall, its outer edge must protrude at least 40 centimeters;
  

  
  

• crate . The device of a gable roof involves the installation of roofing material, for its installation it is necessary to make a crate. To do this, bars or slats are attached to the rafter legs perpendicular to their direction. Due to the presence of the crate, the load from natural phenomena and the own weight of the roof is evenly distributed on the rafter legs. Also, the crate, which can be solid or sparse, fastens the legs of the rafters into a single one. For a soft roof, for example, from bituminous tiles, this element is made from sheets of moisture-resistant plywood.

The roof of the house is created using lumber from coniferous wood, and so that they do not become unusable due to decay during operation, before building a gable roof, they are first treated with antiseptic compounds.

Rafter systems: their types and differences

Rafter systems are of two types: hanging and layered.

hanging rafters together with floor beams, they are used as puffs for building an attic when a gable roof of a house is being built with your own hands (read: ""). In addition to the lower puff, an upper puff is also required at a distance of at least 50 centimeters from the ridge. Hanging truss systems are created when the distance between the two outer walls is no more than 10 meters, and there is no internal bearing wall dividing into two halves inner space building.

Laminated rafters are installed when there is a support beam that transfers the weight of the roof from the ridge to the load-bearing wall located in the middle between the outer walls of the house. If instead of a bearing inner wall there are columns, different types rafters alternate. Layered rafters will rest on the columns, and they will be mounted between the columns.

Installation of gable roof rafters, detailed video:

Features of creating a gable roof

For competent construction, drawings of a gable roof are used and project documentation, which indicates all its dimensions (more details: "").

When the walls of the house are built of logs or timber, the upper timber performs the function of the Mauerlat. But, if the walls of the building are made of brick, for attaching the Mauerlat to the supporting base before the gable or hipped roof, at least 10 mm metal threaded rods are mounted in the masonry and bolts with washers are used. When performing, an interval of 1-1.5 meters is observed between adjacent fasteners. To avoid wetting the walls, waterproofing is laid from two layers of roofing material.

The types of gable roofs are varied, but in any case, the slope of the slopes on them should be 15-20 degrees in areas with strong winds, and where there is a lot of precipitation, 35-40 degrees, then snow and water will quickly roll off the roof surface . These nuances must be taken into account even before.

When layered rafters are used, first of all, a bed is installed, and supports are mounted on it, on which a ridge beam is placed. To fix the structure, jibs are used. Then, the rafter legs are mounted on the ridge beam, while their length should be slightly longer than necessary, so that after twisting the two rafters together, the protruding ends can be cut off. The use of this technology can significantly speed up the construction of a gable roof.

After the installation of the rafter system is completed, the gables and the overhang are sewn up and the installation of the roofing begins. To purchase material, you need to know how to calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba gable roof and thus not be mistaken with its quantity. To do this, determine the area of ​​\u200b\u200beach of the two slopes by multiplying its length (height) by the width (length of the ridge). Note that it is very important to initially correctly calculate .

Rafters perform a number of significant roofing functions. They set the configuration of the future roof, perceive atmospheric loads, and hold the material. Among the rafter duties are the formation of even planes for laying the coating and providing space for the components of the roofing pie.

In order for such a valuable part of the roof to flawlessly cope with the listed tasks, information about the rules and principles of its construction is needed. The information is useful both for those who are constructing the gable roof truss system with their own hands, and for those who decide to resort to the services of a hired team of builders.

In the construction of a truss frame for pitched roofs, wooden and metal beams. The starting material for the first option is a board, log, timber.

The second is constructed from rolled metal: channel, profile pipe, I-beam, corner. There are combined structures with steel most loaded parts and wood elements in less critical areas.

In addition to the "iron" strength, the metal has a lot of disadvantages. These include heat engineering qualities that do not satisfy the owners of residential buildings. Disappointing need for the use of welded joints. Most often, industrial buildings are equipped with steel rafters, less often private change houses assembled from metal modules.

In the case of self-construction of truss structures for private houses, wood is a priority. It is easy to work with it, it is lighter, “warmer”, more attractive in terms of environmental criteria. In addition, nodal connections do not require a welding machine and welder skills.

Rafters - a fundamental element

The main "player" of the frame for the construction of the roof is the rafter, among the roofers called the rafter leg. Beds, braces, headstocks, girders, puffs, even Mauerlat may or may not be used depending on the architectural complexity and dimensions of the roof.

The rafters used in the construction of the gable roof frame are divided into:

• Layered rafter legs, both heels of which have reliable structural supports under them. The lower edge of the layered rafter rests on the Mauerlat or on the ceiling crown of the log house. The support for the upper edge can be a mirror analogue of an adjacent rafter or a run, which is a beam horizontally laid under the ridge. In the first case, the truss system is called spacer, in the second, non-spacer.
• hanging rafters, the top of which rests against each other, and the bottom is based on an additional beam - puff. The latter connects the two lower heels of adjacent rafter legs, resulting in a triangular module called a truss truss. The tightening dampens the tensile processes, so that only a vertically directed load acts on the walls. The design with hanging rafters, although it is spacer, does not transfer the spacer itself to the walls.

In accordance with the technological specifics of the rafter legs, the structures constructed from them are divided into layered and hanging. For structural stability, they are equipped with struts and additional racks.

For the arrangement of supports for the top of the layered rafters, beds and girders are mounted. In reality, the truss structure is much more complicated than the elementary patterns described.

Note that the formation of a gable roof frame can generally be carried out without a truss structure. In such situations, the alleged planes of the slopes are formed by slegs - beams laid directly on the bearing gables.

However, we are now specifically interested in the device of the gable roof truss system, and it can involve either hanging or layered rafters, or a combination of both types.

Subtleties of fastening rafter legs

The rafter system is fastened to brick, foam concrete, aerated concrete walls through the mauerlat, which in turn is fixed with anchors.

Between the Mauerlat, which is a wooden frame, and the walls of these materials, a waterproofing layer of roofing material, waterproofing, etc. is necessarily laid.

The top of the brick walls is sometimes specially laid out so that something like a low parapet is obtained along the outer perimeter. So it is necessary that the Mauerlat placed inside the parapet and the walls do not burst the rafter legs.

Roof frame rafters wooden houses rest on the upper crown or on the ceiling beams. The connection in all cases is made by cutting and duplicated with nails, bolts, metal or wooden plates.

How to do without furious calculations?

It is highly desirable that the cross section and linear dimensions of the wooden beams be determined by the project. The designer will give clear calculation justifications for the geometric parameters of the board or beam, taking into account the entire range of loads and weather conditions. If available home master there is no design development, his path lies on the construction site of a house with a similar roof structure.

You can ignore the number of storeys of the building under construction. It is easier and more correct to find out the required dimensions from the foreman than to find them out from the owners of a shaky unauthorized construction. After all, the foreman is in the hands of documentation with a clear calculation of the loads per 1 m² of roof in a particular region.

The installation step of the rafters determines the type and weight of the roofing. The heavier it is, the smaller the distance between the rafter legs should be. For laying clay tiles, for example, the optimal distance between the rafters will be 0.6-0.7 m, and for a profiled sheet, 1.5-2.0 m is acceptable.

However, even if the step required for the correct installation of the roof is exceeded, there is a way out. This is a reinforcing counter-lattice device. True, it will increase both the weight of the roof and the construction budget. Therefore, it is better to deal with the step of the rafters before the construction of the rafter system.

Craftsmen calculate the pitch of the rafters according to design features buildings, tritely dividing the length of the slope into equal distances. For insulated roofs, the step between the rafters is selected based on the width of the thermal insulation boards.

On our website you can find, which may also help you a lot during construction.

Rafter structures of layered type

Rafter structures of the layered type are much simpler in execution than their hanging counterparts. A justified plus of the layered scheme is to provide full ventilation, which is directly related to the longevity of the service.

Distinctive design features:

• Mandatory presence of support under the ridge heel of the rafter leg. The role of the support can be played by a run - a wooden beam resting on racks or on the inner wall of the building, or the upper end of an adjacent rafter.
• The use of Mauerlat for the construction of a truss structure on walls made of brick or artificial stone.
• The use of additional runs and racks where the rafter legs, due to the large size of the roof, require additional support points.

The minus of the scheme is the presence of structural elements that affect the layout of the internal space of the operated attic.

If the attic is cold and organization is not supposed to be in it utility rooms, then the layered design of the truss system for the installation of a gable roof should be preferred.

A typical sequence of work on the construction of a layered truss structure:

• First of all, we measure the height of the building, the diagonals and the horizontalness of the upper cut of the skeleton. When detecting vertical deviations of brick and concrete walls, we eliminate them with a cement-sand screed. Exceeding the heights of the log house we squeeze. By placing chips under the Mauerlat, vertical flaws can be dealt with if their magnitude is insignificant.
• The floor surface for laying the bed must also be leveled. He, the Mauerlat and the run must be clearly horizontal, but the location of the listed elements in the same plane is not necessary.
• We process everything wooden details structures before installation with flame retardants and antiseptics.
• on concrete and brick walls we lay waterproofing for the installation of a Mauerlat.
• We lay the Mauerlat beam on the walls, measure its diagonals. If necessary, we slightly move the bars and turn the corners, trying to achieve the perfect geometry. Align the frame horizontally if necessary.
• We mount the Mauerlat frame. The splicing of the beams into a single frame is carried out by means of oblique cuts, the joints are duplicated with bolts.
• We fix the position of the Mauerlat. Fasteners are made either with staples to wooden plugs laid in the wall ahead of time, or anchor bolts.
• We mark the position of the bed. Its axis should recede from the Mauerlat bars at equal distances on each side. If the run will be based only on racks without lying down, the marking procedure is carried out only for these columns.
• We install the bed on a two-layer waterproofing. We fasten it to the base with anchor bolts, with inner wall connect with wire twists or staples.
• We mark the installation points of the rafter legs.
• We cut out racks according to uniform sizes, because our bed is set to the horizon. The height of the racks must take into account the dimensions of the section of the run and the bed.
• Installing racks. If provided by the project, we fix them with spacers.
• We lay the run on the racks. We check the geometry again, then install the brackets, metal plates, wooden mounting plates.
• We install a trial rafter board, mark the places of trimming on it. If the Mauerlat is set strictly to the horizon, there is no need to adjust the roof rafters in fact. The first board can be used as a template for making the rest.
• We mark the installation points of the rafters. Folk craftsmen for marking usually prepare a pair of slats, the length of which is equal to the gap between the rafters.
• According to the markup, we install the rafter legs and fasten them first at the bottom to the Mauerlat, then at the top to the run to each other. Every second rafter is screwed to the Mauerlat with a wire bundle. IN wooden houses the rafters are screwed to the second crown from the top row.

If the rafter system is done flawlessly, the layered boards are mounted in random order.

If there is no confidence in the ideal structure, then the extreme pairs of rafters are installed first. A control twine or fishing line is stretched between them, according to which the position of the newly installed rafters is adjusted.

The installation of the truss structure is completed by installing the filly, if the length of the rafter legs does not allow the formation of an overhang of the required length. By the way, for wooden buildings the overhang should “go beyond” the contour of the building by 50 cm. If the organization of the visor is planned, separate mini-rafters are installed under it.

Another useful video about the construction of a gable truss base with your own hands:

Hanging truss systems

The hanging type of truss systems is a triangle. The two upper sides of the triangle are folded by a pair of rafters, and the puff connecting the lower heels serves as the base.

The use of tightening allows you to neutralize the effect of the spread, therefore, only the weight of the crate, the roof, plus, depending on the season, the weight of precipitation, acts on walls with hanging truss structures.

The specifics of hanging truss systems

Characteristic features of hanging type truss structures:

• Mandatory presence of a puff, made most often of wood, less often of metal.
• The ability to refuse the use of Mauerlat. A frame made of timber will be successfully replaced by a board laid on a two-layer waterproofing.
• Installation on the walls of ready-made closed triangles - roof trusses.

The advantages of the hanging scheme include the space under the roof free from racks, which allows you to organize an attic without pillars and partitions. There are disadvantages.

The first of these is the limitation on the steepness of the slopes: their slope angle can be at least 1/6 of the span of a triangular truss, steeper roofs are strongly recommended. The second disadvantage is the need for thorough calculations for the competent device of cornice nodes.

Among other things, the angle of the truss truss will have to be set with jewelry accuracy, because. the axes of the connected components of the hanging truss system must intersect at a point, the projection of which must fall on the central axis of the Mauerlat or the lining board replacing it.

Subtleties of long-span hanging systems

Puff - the longest element of the hanging rafter structure. Over time, it, as is typical of all lumber, deforms and sags under the influence of its own weight.

Owners of houses with spans of 3-5m are not too concerned about this circumstance, but owners of buildings with spans of 6 meters or more should think about installing additional parts that exclude geometric changes in tightening.

To prevent sagging in the installation scheme of the truss system for a large-span gable roof, there is a very significant component. This is a pendant called a grandmother.

Most often, it is a bar attached with wooden surfs to the top of the truss truss. You should not confuse the headstock with the racks, because. her Bottom part should not come into contact with the puff at all. And the installation of racks as supports in hanging systems ah does not apply.

The bottom line is that the headstock, as it were, hangs on a ridge knot, and a puff is already attached to it with the help of bolts or nailed wooden plates. Threaded or collet type clamps are used to correct slack.

Adjustment of the tightening position can be arranged in the zone of the ridge knot, and the headstock can be rigidly connected to it with a notch. Instead of a bar in non-residential attics, reinforcement can be used to manufacture the described tightening element. It is also recommended to arrange a headstock or suspension where the puff is assembled from two bars to support the connection area.

In an improved hanging system of this type, the headstock is complemented by strut beams. The stress forces in the resulting rhombus are extinguished spontaneously due to the competent arrangement of the vector loads acting on the system.

As a result, the truss system pleases with stability with a slight and not too expensive upgrade.

Hanging type for attics

In order to increase the usable space, the tightening of the rafter triangles for the attic is moved closer to the ridge. A perfectly reasonable move has additional advantages: it allows you to use puffs as the basis for filing the ceiling.

It is attached to the rafters by cutting with a semi-frying pan with a duplication of a bolt. It is protected from sagging by installing a short headstock.

A noticeable drawback of the attic hanging structure is the need for accurate calculations. It is too difficult to calculate it on your own, it is better to use a ready-made project.

Which design is more cost effective?

Cost is an important argument for an independent builder. Naturally, the price of construction for both types of truss systems cannot be the same, because:

• In the construction of a layered structure for the manufacture of rafter legs, a board or beam of small section is used. Because layered rafters have two reliable supports under them, the requirements for their power are lower than in the hanging version.
• In the construction of a hanging structure, the rafters are made of thick timber. For the manufacture of puffs, a material similar in cross section is required. Even taking into account the rejection of the Mauerlat, the consumption will be significantly higher.

Saving on the grade of material will not work. For the bearing elements of both systems: rafters, purlins, beds, Mauerlat, attendants, racks, lumber of the 2nd grade is needed.

For crossbars and puffs working in tension, you will need the 1st grade. In the manufacture of less responsible wooden slips, the 3rd grade can be used. Without counting, we can say that in the construction of hanging systems, expensive material is used to a greater extent.

Hanging trusses are assembled in an open area next to the object, then transported assembled upstairs. To lift weighty triangular arches from a bar, you will need equipment, for which you will have to pay rent. And the project for complex nodes of the hanging version is also worth something.

Video instruction on the installation of a truss structure of a hanging category:

There are actually many more methods for constructing truss systems for roofs with two slopes.

We have described only the basic varieties that are actually applicable for small country houses and buildings without architectural designs. However, the information provided is sufficient to cope with the construction of a simple truss structure.

A gable roof occupies a middle position between a single-pitched and multi-pitched roof in terms of complexity and ease of use. Reliable protection of the house from rain, wind and snow, a wide variety of shapes and easy installation - these factors have made the gable roof the most popular in our country. Its assembly can be carried out by both professional craftsmen and novice builders. The design is used in the construction of capital structures and for small architectural forms - gazebos, baths and tourist houses in campsites.

The device and the main elements of a gable roof

A gable roof is considered to be a roof consisting of two rectangular planes located above the walls of the building and connected at an angle from above.

The popularity of the gable roof is due to the simplicity of its manufacture.

The supporting structure of the roof is a truss system, the purpose of which is to:

• retention of the outer and inner roof covering;
• uniform load distribution on load-bearing walls;
• the formation of the roof frame, necessary for leveling the plane of the slopes.

To understand and successfully put into practice the principles of a gable roof, let's take a closer look at the main elements of its design. In any case, knowledge of the accepted professional terminology will help in the selection and calculation of materials.

1. Mauerlat. Support beam mounted on the wall. It is made of a bar and logs of coniferous breeds of a tree. The purpose of the Mauerlat is to evenly distribute the weight of the roof onto the load-bearing wall. The dimensions of the beam section are determined in accordance with the overall dimensions of the roof, as a rule, it is from 10 to 25 cm in cross section. Fastening is carried out with anchor bolts, metal threaded rods, brackets or wire. Between the Mauerlat and the wall surface is laid waterproofing material to prevent contact between hygroscopic stone and wood. Mauerlat can be made from solid wood, sewn boards or glued beams.

   To fix the Mauerlat to the wall, you can use anchors, threaded studs, brackets or wire

2. Rafter farms. The assembly of rafters can be carried out both on the ground and directly on the roof. The farm is a triangle with given dimensions. It is assembled from boards or timber with a thickness of 50 mm and a width of 150 mm. It is important to observe technological tolerances during the installation of trusses, since the final configuration of the slope plane depends on them. An error of 1 cm at a distance of 0.6 m is considered unacceptable: the roof will be wavy, and the fit of the roofing material is uneven. The installation step of the rafters varies from 0.6 to 1.2 m.

   Assembly of roof trusses can be carried out both on the ground and directly on the roof

3. Sill. This detail is used in layered structures. Like the mauerlat, it is installed on the supporting (inner) wall and serves to distribute the load from the racks under the ridge run. The dimensions of the bed usually do not differ from the dimensions of the Mauerlat, but there are exceptions (depending on the thickness of the wall).

   In the construction of a gable roof, the bed is located on the middle support of the house

4. Racks. An element used to compensate for vertical loads. Racks connect ridge and horizontal runs with a bed and load-bearing beams. The thickness of the beam is selected depending on general design roofs. Fasten it with nails, screws and metal brackets.

   Racks prevent deflection of rafters under load

5. Crossbars (puffs). Reinforce the rigidity of the triangular structure of the rafters and connect the rafter logs together into a single frame.

   The crossbar connects the rafters and enhances the strength of the truss structure

6. Skate (or ridge run) - the upper horizontal part of the roof, located at the intersection of two slope planes. The run is a solid massive beam that connects the slopes along the entire length.

   All upper points of the truss trusses are connected by a ridge beam

7. Overhang. Part of the roof protruding 40-50 cm beyond the Mauerlat. Designed to protect the walls from getting wet. Gutters are installed under the overhangs.

   The overhang performs protective functions, closing the walls from moisture

8. Lathing. The outer part of the structure, which is laid over the rafter legs. It is made of wooden slats or (in the case of a soft roof) plywood, chipboard or OSB boards. The function of the crate is not only to fix the roofing material, but also to increase the rigidity of the frame as a whole. Edged or unedged barked boards impregnated with antibacterial compounds are used. The thickness of the crate varies from 22 to 30 mm.

   Before installing the roofing on the rafters, a crate is installed

9. Filly. An additional element that is used in cases where the rafter logs are not long enough to organize a full-fledged overhang. To build up the rafters, boards or timber of the same or slightly smaller size are used. Fix them with nails and screws.

   Filly can be attached to the rafters with bolts or nailed

10. Rafter legs (struts). Spacers that act as a link between the supporting beams and the rafter legs. They are made locally from boards and timber. In suburban construction, poles of small diameter (up to 14 mm) with turned flat ends are used.

    The main function of the rafter legs (struts) is to increase the rigidity of the truss system

Video: stages of construction of a truss structure

Rafter system options

Depending on the location of the load-bearing walls of the building, one of the possible types of truss system is chosen:

• layered;
• hanging.

Rafters

The layered mounting system assumes the presence of an additional supporting wall of the house, on which the weight of the roof is transferred. For this, a ridge run and a bed are used, interconnected by vertical posts. This type of structural reinforcement is simple and effective, but it interferes with the arrangement of the attic space for a living area. The useful area is reduced and there are additional costs for finishing. A good solution to the problem in this case is the male (which is a continuation of the wall and erected before the formation of the roofing system) pediment, which takes on the weight of the roof structure. In addition, the disadvantages of layered technology include the need for long elements. It is extremely problematic to transport and install runs, the length of which is more than 6 m, without lifting equipment. There are four types of layered structures.

1. Strutless rafters. There are three types of assembly of this design:
   • with a rigid attachment to the Mauerlat (the ridge run is connected to the top of the rafters by a sliding attachment with additional fixation with metal strips);

     The rigidity of fixing the rafters to the Mauerlat is provided by metal brackets

   • with slide fastening to the Mauerlat (the floating connection is duplicated by a flexible plate, the upper parts of the rafters are attached to the purlin or between themselves in pairs);

     Slider fastening is provided by a flexible plate installed at the top of the roof trusses

   • with rigid fastening of the rafter legs and the roof ridge into a single whole (using additional boards).

     In this option, all elements of the truss truss are connected into a rigid triangle

2. Expanding rafters. The fastening of the rafter legs to the Mauerlat is rigid, but a horizontal run is added between the rafter legs. This design is intermediate between a layered structure and a hanging one. It is used in cases where the load-bearing wall is strong enough and able to withstand the bursting pressure from the roof. Sometimes for this, a reinforced concrete belt is installed around the entire perimeter of the roof.

   Spacer rafters transfer bursting loads from the roof to the mauerlat, so they are used only in cases where sufficient wall strength can be ensured

3. Rafters with struts. The strut performs the function of an additional support, it is often called the third rafter leg or rafter leg. It is installed at an angle of 45–50 ° and does not allow the main rafters to sag. With the help of struts, it is possible to cover spans with large distances (up to 15 m). The main thing during assembly is the accuracy in cutting the corners of the struts in accordance with the slope of the rafter leg. No other calculations are required. The brace is nailed to the bearing elements on both sides.

   Rafters with struts allow you to cover spans of great length

4. Rafters on rafter beams. An additional beam is laid along the length of the roof, on which the racks rest, supporting the rafters. The bed and other walls of the house perform the same function. If there are no runs, a separate rack is installed under each rafter leg. The puff is set below the run, thus eliminating the thrust. With the help of contractions installed in the lower part, they compensate for the load from the weight of the upper part of the rafters. Additional stitching, connected crosswise, fix the position of the fight.

   To strengthen the structure of the rafters in the scheme with a rafter beam, additional elements are used: puffs, crossbars, contractions and jointing

hanging rafters

The hanging scheme is used in the absence of an average support. The rigidity of the roof is enhanced by the installation of ligaments and crossbars between adjacent roof trusses. Often this is the only way to equip the roof, especially in cases with small ceiling sizes.

One of the significant advantages of this type of construction is the high strength and rigidity of the frame. When installing a hanging truss system, there is no need to fix the Mauerlat.

Hanging systems, as well as layered ones, are divided into 5 types, each of which is three-hinged.

1. Triangular three-hinged arch. The least expensive option for a roof device. It is a triangle with a limited degree of load. There are two options for attaching the rafters to the puff - an orthogonal frontal cut and a bunch using plate fasteners.

   Rafters and puffs are fastened by cutting or using rigid plates made of wood or metal

2. Three-hinged arch with a raised puff. It is used in the construction of attic spaces, which are planned under the attic. The transverse tightening is installed in the upper part of the truss truss. Fastening to the Mauerlat - sliding. For the system to work properly, a long extension of the rafters beyond the boundaries of the walls is recommended. To compensate for the possible sagging of the puff, suspensions are used (one or more - according to the circumstances). If the tightening length is large, it is possible to splice two beams using clamps.

   Floating attachment to the Mauerlat relieves stress from the rafters, and the location of the puff determines the height of the attic

3. Triangular arch with headstock and struts. In the case when the rafters are very long, additional struts are used to strengthen them. They reduce the likelihood of deflection under the influence of external loads and transfer the weight of the roof to the lower puff. In addition, a headstock is hung on clamps to the ridge run, which supports the ridge, and therefore helps to increase the rigidity of the entire structure.

   A triangular arch with a headstock and struts is used for very long rafters, when it is necessary to unload the ridge knot and increase the rigidity of the entire system

4. Three-hinged arch, reinforced with a suspension or headstock. This type of roof structure is used for roofs with large (more than 6 m) spans. Its essence lies in the fact that the weight of the puff is transferred to the ridge run. They are interconnected by pendants, the ends of which are clamped into clamps. pendant from wooden beam they call it a grandmother, and an iron one is called a burden. Using the clamp bolts, you can adjust the degree of tension, which is especially important in case of slack in the tightening.

   Hangers and headstocks prevent deflection of the tightening, and the degree of tension of the fastener assembly can be adjusted

5. Triangular arch with crossbar. At high expansion loads, a crossbar is added in the upper part of the triangle. It, unlike tightening, compensates for compressive stress. The fastening of the crossbar does not allow articulated connection with the rafters. The puff is installed at the base of the structure.

   To compensate for spacer loads, a horizontal crossbar is installed in the upper part of the roof truss

Video: installation of rafters for a garage and a bath

What determines the height of the ridge of a gable roof

As noted above, the ridge is the upper horizontal part of the roof, formed by the intersection of the slopes. Determining the height of the ridge is one of the key tasks in roof design. The wrong decision entails a number of problems associated with further operation.

1. Climatic conditions of the region. These include average annual precipitation, wind load and snow depth. Each factor makes its own adjustments when choosing the height of the roof. So, prolonged snow drifts and heavy rains suggest slopes steeper than 45 o, while precipitation leaves the roof rather quickly, without having time to cause damage. In the steppe zones, where stable winds prevail, it is customary to build sloping roofs, with slopes of no more than 10–12 degrees. Here, a roof with a low-pitched design will last longer and will be more efficient in retaining heat in the house.
2. The presence or absence of an attic in the design of the house. Since gable roofs are of two types - with or without an attic, when choosing the angle of inclination, further stages of operation must be taken into account. One of the most common options for arranging an attic space is an attic. To do this, use a special design of a gable roof, which is called a broken line and expands the usable area of ​​​​the attic. The option without an attic is more often used in the construction of garages, warehouse hangars and similar structures.

   Roof without attic floor increases the volume of the room, but has large heat losses

3. Type of roofing material. Knowledge of the properties of the outer coating affects the optimal choice of the slope of the slopes and the height of the ridge. Here are some basic rules:
   

It should be taken into account the fact that raising the skate is accompanied by additional financial costs. For example, a structure with a slope of 40-45 degrees will cost 1.5-2 times more than a roof with slopes of 10-12 degrees. With a further increase in the angle of inclination, the cost increases exponentially.

The importance of correctly determining the height of the roof ridge in each specific situation cannot be overestimated. She did not remain without attention to regulatory building documents.

The collection of rules and tables of SNiP 23.01.99 and SP 20.13330.2011 reflect in detail the requirements for the construction of roofs in various climatic zones.

The minimum dimensions of operated attics (residential attics) are also regulated there. Not only the convenience of the premises for human life, but also fire safety standards are taken into account. Attic dimensions should not be smaller necessary minimum for the prevention and maintenance of the roof - 1.5 m in height and 1.2 m in length. It is allowed to narrow the passages in complex composite structures by 35–40 cm.

There are two ways to determine the height of the ridge:

1. Graphical, which uses an exact drawing at a given scale.
2. Mathematical - using geometric formulas expressing the dependence of the height of the ridge on the length of the roof base and the angle of inclination.

The third can be called an automatic method of calculation using online calculators, which the Internet abounds today. But with all due respect to modern computer technology, one must be aware that in the event of an error or inaccuracy of calculations, no one will be held responsible for wasted money.

Therefore, it is better to do the calculations yourself. Geometric calculations are made according to the formula H \u003d L ∙ tg A, where H is the height of the ridge, L is half the length of the span, and tg A is the tangent of the slope angle, the value of which can be taken from the reference tables.

To determine the height of the ridge, you need to know the size of the base and the tangent of the slope angle

Table: tangent values ​​​​of different angles for calculating a gable roof

Types of gable roofs

Above, we examined the options for gable roofs from the point of view internal device designs. Now let's analyze their external structure.

Roof with different slope angles

Roofs with different slopes of slopes are also called asymmetric. More often they are used in small architectural forms, but there are cases of capital buildings with such roofs. The bottom line is that the building is covered with a roof with different lengths of slopes. The number of slopes does not change - there are also two of them, but the perception of the building as a whole changes significantly. The construction becomes unusual, stylish in its own way, acquires uniqueness and attracts the eyes of people.

An extended roof slope can be used to organize additional functional extension e.g. garage

Despite the additional difficulties in the construction of such a roof, the popularity of the design does not decrease. On the contrary, developers strive to give houses unusual, original forms. To do this, they use various architectural techniques, including roofs with different lengths of slopes.

roof with skylight

Dormer windows bring a unique color to the exterior of the building and are very useful in a practical sense. With their help, the problem of attic lighting is solved, as well as natural ventilation without involving additional technical means. Installing dormer windows is not an easy task, requiring knowledge and skills. Initially, a glazed opening in the gable of the roof was considered a dormer window, but today the range has expanded, and windows mounted in slopes also belong to this category. In appearance, dormers are divided into:

• attic;
• lean-to;
• gable;
• arched;
• hip;
• french flat;
• with side walls in the plane of the house;
• without side walls in the plane of the house;
• with side walls not in the plane of the house.

Each type of dormer window is installed according to its technology

Of all the listed categories, only skylights can be installed both at the time of the construction of the roof, and after the completion of construction. The rest are built simultaneously with the assembly of the truss structure. This is due to the need to organically integrate a window into the support system, which must withstand climatic loads and not cause leaks or distortions of the roof.

The dormer window must fit into the general support system of the rafters and withstand all the loads acting on the roof

Dormer windows are installed in accordance with normative documents SNiP 11–26 and SNiP 21–01.

They stipulate the conditions under which it is possible to install a dormer window:

• permissible slope slope - not less than 35 o;
• the maximum allowable size of a window with opening sashes is 1.2x0.8 m;
• a dormer window on the roof with a hip structure and a rectangular facade cannot be in the same plane with the walls of the building;
• tiles, copper, sheet steel can be used for the outer cladding of the window.

You can install the dormer window yourself or by contacting professionals for help. But in any case, it is necessary to comply with general construction rules developed by specialized organizations.

Cuckoo roofs

"Cuckoo" is a construction built into the main truss system in the form of a protruding window or balcony. The appearance of such a structure compares favorably with the houses surrounding it, and the interior space of the attic is transformed and becomes more interesting. In addition to the aesthetic advantages, the "cuckoo" increases the usable volume and area of ​​​​the residential floor, increases the level natural light. The window, located on the south side of the roof, contributes to the penetration of direct sunlight into the attic. Improves room ventilation.

The cuckoo design creates an original appearance and increases the attic lighting area, but requires careful calculation to save bearing capacity roofing

But the “cuckoo” also has disadvantages, mainly of a financial nature:

• the labor intensity of installation work increases;
• the total estimate for the construction of the roof is increased;
• there is a need to use the services of qualified designers and builders.

Illiterate installation of a remote window (or balcony) on a gable roof can cause damage to the roof and the formation of leaks.

Roof with large overhangs

A roof that extends far beyond the house is called a chalet roof. The technology is borrowed from Europe - from the mountainous Alpine regions of France and Switzerland.

One of the features of the "chalet" type roof is the increased size of the roof overhangs.

Distinctive features are the first floor, built of stone, and the second floor, completely made of wood with a voluminous flat gable roof and large extensions. The originality of the exterior is combined with practicality, due to the formation of a large area around the house, protected from snow and rain. This solution reliably protects the walls of the house from getting wet, increases the sound insulation inside the room. The front side is often equipped with full-length windows and balconies. Despite the impressive dimensions, the roof practically does not weigh down the building. If the roof extension exceeds 3 m, its edge is additionally supported by columns or walls. There are numerous projects in which the rafters smoothly descend to the ground. An additional isolated area is formed next to the building, which is used for auxiliary purposes, as a car parking, etc.

Traditionally, chalet roofs are covered with shingles, but for our latitudes this is a very expensive material (oak split into tile plates). Therefore, today modern natural and synthetic materials are used for such roofs, including:

• straw or reeds;
• flexible or ceramic tiles;
• composite stylized roof;
• larch shingles or shingles.
  

Off-center roofs

Roofs designed according to the principle of asymmetry belong to the avant-garde direction in architecture. The ridge is shifted from the central axis of the building, due to which the roof sometimes acquires the most fantastic outlines.

Despite the bizarre shape, roofs with a displaced center regularly perform their functions.

Formally, such a refinement can be considered one of the varieties of roofs with different slope angles. In practice, this technique is used in cases where the internal supporting walls are not in the middle of the building. The displacement is due to the designer's desire to support the truss structure in the most reliable way and reduce the cost of reinforcing the hanging span.

The choice of roofing materials

Of all the possible options for roofing, the most common today are materials of artificial origin. The table below gives comparative characteristics basic coatings on the construction market.

Table: properties of roofing materials

Material name	Slope angle	Fire resistance level	Noise isolation properties	Specific gravity, kg / m 2	Service life, years	Price	Assembly difficulty level	Difficulty of repair and replacement	Material disadvantages
Decking	12–90 about	Tall		5,7–9,4	30–35	Low			Noisy, susceptibility to corrosion, large waste on roofs of complex shape
Asbestos-cement slate	12–60 about	Tall	Medium (but higher than metal types of roofing)	10–15	25–30	Low	Middle	Lightweight, replacement of the damaged area	The presence of asbestos in the composition, harmful to humans. Fragility, covered with moss.
Ondulin	15–90 about	Short	High	6–6,5	35–50	Low	Easy installation that does not require high qualifications	Lightweight, replacement of the damaged area	Color is guaranteed for 5 years, low decorative properties.
Ceramic tiles	15–60 about	Tall	Good ones	40–100	up to 100	Very high		Lightweight, replacement of the damaged area	The only drawback is the fragility of the material to fracture
Cement-sand tiles	15–60 about	Tall	Good ones	18–30	up to 100	High	Difficult, requires skill	Lightweight, replacement of the damaged area	Not
metal tile	from 14 o	Tall	Low (especially with illiterate assembly)	3,5–5	40–50	Low	Easy installation that does not require high qualifications	Lightweight, replacement of the damaged area	Large waste of material when installing a complex roof. Subject to corrosion.
Soft (bituminous) tiles	from 15 about	Tall	Good ones	3–4	30–40	Medium	Easy installation that does not require high qualifications	Lightweight, replacement of the damaged area	The composition contains bitumen, a carcinogen.

In addition, in the construction of roofs, such non-standard types coverings such as straw, reeds or turf. But this phenomenon can rather be called an exception to the rule and a tribute to ancient traditions; these materials do not have mass application.

Laying reed roofing requires a lot of hard work and is more of an exotic option.

Projects of houses with a gable roof

Most developers, when choosing a ready-made house or cottage project, pay attention to the functional features of the structure and the shape of the roof. And it is no coincidence. The cost of the roof can be up to 30% of the total estimate. But the budget can be significantly reduced if you change the shape and choose inexpensive roofing materials. In this respect, the gable roof has a clear advantage over the others. And so today it is the most sought after. Here is a far from complete list of the advantages of a gable roofing at home:

• any building, including complex multi-level buildings, can be covered with a double pitched roof (without compromising appearance and internal comfort)
• roof installation work will be much cheaper due to the ease of installation and the availability of materials (without compromising strength and reliability);
• when covered with metal tiles, the amount of waste will be minimal (for example, in a hip roof, waste can be up to 30%).

Architectural and construction organizations have a huge number of finished projects, and for little money they are finalized to the conditions of customers.

Photo gallery: ready-made projects for houses with a gable roof

Cottage economy class, covered with a gable roof, is one of the most inexpensive and popular options for suburban housing
Skylights partially replace artificial lighting in the attic
IN two-story house you can make a low ridge and a small attic room
A high gable roof allows you to organize full-fledged living quarters on the attic floor

Individual design (including independent) is mainly carried out for the construction of houses with gable roofs and an improved layout, such as:

• one-story residential buildings with increased dimensions of the under-roof space;
• mansard houses with and without lucarnes;
• two-story houses with attic and attic rooms.

Having decided on the necessary parameters of housing and financial opportunities, you can independently or with the help of specialists create your own project of your dream home.

Gable roof for gazebo

A wonderful invention of our ancestors is the gazebo. Holidays outside the city, family celebrations, meeting guests at their summer cottage and picnics - this is just a short list of those functions that are associated with the gazebo. Perhaps that is why such a structure is present on almost every suburban area. One of the main components of the gazebo is the roof.

The gable roof reliably protects the gazebo from rain, dust and falling leaves and gives it the look of a fabulous house

Pergolas are built with various types of roofs, but the most popular are gable roofs.

Photo gallery: gazebos with gable roofs

The gable roof of the summer gazebo will reliably cover camping visitors from rain or direct sunlight.
The offset of the ridge is used so that additional supports can be installed under the rafters, which will not interfere with the entrance and exit
The stove built into the gazebo turns it into a small summer cafe
Pergolas can be used in parks and recreation areas to shelter visitors from snow, rain or heat.

The principles of erecting a roof over a gazebo are largely identical to those used in the construction of residential buildings. The difference lies only in the structure of the supports: the roof is not on the walls, but on columns or vertically installed bars.

Types of gable roofs for gazebos are identical in design with the roofs of ordinary houses

The construction of a gazebo can serve good experience before building a large gable roof on their own.

Assembling a shed roof is, of course, faster and easier. But giving preference to the classic gable roof, the owner of the building at the same time acquires a more durable coating and attic space, which over time can be turned into a residential attic. The initial costs will more than pay off, and the house will acquire a distinctive and at the same time attractive appearance.

In order for the constructed building to serve for more than one year, it needs both a reliable foundation and a strong roof system that resists the vicissitudes of the weather. The roof must withstand heavy loads with dignity: heavy snowfalls, sharp gusts of wind, torrential downpours. The roof truss system is best suited for this.

Roof trusses and its types

The rafter system is the basis of the roof, which focuses on the load-bearing elements of the structure and also serves as a frame for various kinds roofing materials: insulation, waterproofing, various coatings.

The dimensions and design of the rafters depend on:

• purchased material;
• the size of the building;
• dimensions of the house;
• building material for rafters;
• individual preferences of the customer;
• roof loads relevant for a particular region.

The rafter system has:

• crate - bars, in a perpendicular direction, fit on the rafter legs;
• screeds that perceive tensile forces;
• wooden racks, located in a vertical position;
• mauerlat - a bar, the installation of which is carried out along the wall, the rafters focus on it;
• rafter legs are a kind of wooden beams that take on the main load of the roof.

Each of these factors is very important, because it is necessary to understand what type of truss system will be best suited for a particular situation.

When it comes to low-rise buildings, wooden structures are the most common. In many cases, three types of truss trusses are used: hanging rafters, layered rafters and a mixed rafter system.

Characteristics of hanging rafters

Hanging rafters are the most elementary type of truss systems, their characteristics:

If the roof of the house is of complex construction, the types of rafters can be alternated. For example, in the presence of supports or the middle main wall, they install layered rafters, and in the absence of such elements, hanging rafters.

Features of layered rafters

For a layered rafter system, the house must be additionally equipped bearing wall located in the middle. There are layered rafters according to the following features:

The design of the combined system is the most complex, since it includes parts of two other types of rafters - hanging and layered. It is used for mansard roofing. The walls of the rooms, which are located on the second floor, form vertical supports, these supports are also intermediate racks for truss beams.

Part of the rafters that connect one end of the uprights functions as a crossbar for the slopes located on the side, and for the upper part of the structure they are a puff.

At the same time, the horizontal bars perform the following functions: for the upper slopes - a Mauerlat, for the side ones - a ridge beam. To increase the strength of the roof, struts are mounted that connect the side slopes and vertical racks.

The combined sling system is the most complex and time-consuming to manufacture, but these shortcomings are fully compensated by an increase in the bearing qualities of the roof in the absence of extra supports, especially when there is a need to cover significant spans in the building.

You can increase the bearing qualities of the roof using a mixed truss system

Rafter trusses for various types of roofs

During the construction of a certain building, truss systems of one kind or another are necessarily used, and the type of roof will completely depend on the design of the future building.

Rafter truss for a gable roof

A gable roof is a common roof construction for residential buildings that have no more than three floors. Preference is given to this design because specifications inclined form of the truss system, and also due to the fact that installation work carried out easily and simply.

The truss system of a gable roof includes two rectangular inclined planes. The upper part of the building from the front side resembles a triangle. The main components of a gable roof are the Mauerlat and rafter legs. In order to properly distribute the load on the rafters and walls, struts, crossbars and racks are mounted, thanks to which you can create a durable, rigid, elementary and easy installation scheme for a gable roof structure.

A gable roof is considered the simplest roof system; it is used for residential buildings no more than three floors.

On top of the rafters, you can mount a sparse crate or a solid one, and then attach a bituminous coating, tiles or some other type of material to it. The rafters and sheathing itself are usually made of beams or boards, which are fastened with nails, bolts or metal fittings. Metal profiles can be used as rafters, due to which significant spans overlap. There is no need to use extra racks and struts.

The device of the truss system for a gable roof allows you to evenly distribute all the existing load along the perimeter of the building. The lower ends of the system focus on the Mauerlat. They are fixed with metal fasteners or staples. By the angle of inclination of the bars for the rafters, you can determine at what angle the roof slopes will be inclined.

The truss system for a gable roof allows you to evenly distribute the load from the roof along the perimeter of the building

Rafter system for a hip roof

When arranging a system for a hip roof, installation will be required different types rafters:

• conjurers (shortened);
• side;
• hip main;
• sloping (diagonal elements that form a slope in the shape of a triangle).

The rafter legs located on the side are made of board, and they are mounted identically to the details of a traditional pitched roof with a layered or hanging structure. Hip main rafters are layered parts. For sprigs, boards or bars are used, which are attached not only to the Mauerlat, but also to the diagonal beams.

To install this type of construction, the angle of inclination is accurately calculated, as well as the cross section of the sloping beams. The dimensions of the parts also depend on the length of the span.

So that the hip roof does not deform from a heavy load, you should accurately calculate the angle of inclination of the diagonal beams for the rafters

Observe symmetry when installing diagonal beams for rafters, otherwise the roof is deformed from a significant load.

Rafter system for sloping roofs

A broken roof is a construction with rafters, which consist of several separate elements. Moreover, they should be located at different angles relative to the horizon. And since the lower rafter part is almost vertical, the attic of the building receives additional space, so that it can be used as a living space. The device of this type of roof is carried out during the construction of a four- or gable rafter structure.

Professionals need to calculate a four-pitched rafter system, but a gable broken roof can be made independently, since its installation is very simple. To do this, it is necessary to install a support frame, which should consist of runs, as well as racks. Horizontal parts are fixed with hanging rafters. But to the Mauerlat, the supports of the sloping roof are fixed with shortened legs of the rafters.

The assembly of rafters for a broken gable roof can also be performed by non-professionals, since the installation of such a roof is very simple.

"Cuckoo" in the roof truss

The so-called cuckoo on the roof is a small ledge that is located on the attic floor. Here is a window for better lighting attic room. The installation of the "cuckoo" is carried out carefully, while controlling the parameters of the entire structure: the depth of the cut, the angle of inclination and other factors. However, before that, the necessary measurements are made.

The first stage of work begins with the installation of a power plate (a beam with a section of 10x10 cm, which is needed to support the lines). The truss system acts as a skeleton for the roofing material. To stiffen the structure, spacers are used, which are mounted between the two legs of the rafters.

After the installation of the truss truss is completed, a sheathing is laid, the type of which depends on the roof covering purchased. The installation of the crate is done continuously or with a certain step. Boards, OSB and plywood sheets are usually used for it. In addition, the installation of roofing material must be identical throughout the entire roof.

The main difficulty in installing such a rafter system is the location of the internal corners. In these places, snow can accumulate, which means that the load will increase, which is why a continuous crate is made.

"Cuckoo" on the roof is called a small ledge on the attic floor, under which there is an additional window

Chalet roof truss truss

A feature of a device of this design is the removal of visors, as well as overhangs outside the house. In addition, there must be rafters and beams for the roof, which extend up to three meters on the sides of the building. Each of these elements is fixed with a bracket to the wall of the building in the lower part. Next, tie the edges of the beams. They serve as a support for covering the roof of the building.

But when creating large overhangs, it is necessary to install the reinforced belt in parallel with the installation of the Mauerlat studs. It is necessary to make anchors that help fix the consoles. In this case, the rafters will be perfectly fixed with anchors and, in addition, tie-ins.

To carry out the side cornices, a ridge beam is made, after which beams are taken out at the Mauerlat level, which must be identical to the length of the ridge. The truss is based on these structural details, and in the future - building material for the roof.

When designing a building, the angle of the roof-chalet is calculated based on the characteristics of the local climate and other factors. With a slope angle of about 45 °, the load from snow is not taken into account, since with this option it will not linger on the roof. At the same time, the sloping roof will withstand the load from the snow, but it is necessary to install a reinforced roof truss. Before installing the roof-chalet, a building project is prepared, because the originality of the roof itself, as well as long cornices and its overhangs, oblige this.

The roof in the style of a chalet is characterized by visors, taken out several meters outside the house.

Roof truss designed for soft roofing

Soft roof is being done different ways, however, exist in the technological methods of its construction General characteristics. Initially, you need to prepare. When equipping a roof for a house made of foam concrete or other material, a Mauerlat is first installed, then a cut is made under the ceiling beams in increments of up to one meter in the upper crowns of the building. The distance between the boards is calculated based on the type of rafter structure.

1. Mount individual parts of the rafter system. To completely eliminate the risk, the boards of the rafter legs on the ground are attached with screws. After creating a truss truss, it is raised to the top of the building.
2. All elements of the rafters are fixed with ceiling overlap, internal boards, jibs, and also crossbars. Further, this basis for the roof will become a single whole structure.
3. The next stage is the crate, which is under soft roof installed with little or no gaps. Gaps of no more than 1 cm are allowed. Quite often, leveling plywood is installed on top of the boards. Her sheets are laid according to the method brickwork. The resulting joints do not align with the gaps between the plywood and the board.

If the length of the boards of the crates is not enough, then the joints of the parts must be located in different places. In this way, areas that have been weakened can be correctly distributed.

Self-manufacturing of the truss system

Before the installation of the truss system begins, the Mauerlat must be fixed to the longitudinal walls with anchors. Next, you need to decide on the desired section of the legs for the rafters, depending on the distance and their length. If there is a need to increase the length of the rafters, then connect them with various fasteners.

When using different insulation, you need to choose the ideal distance between the elements of the rafters in order to reduce the number of thermal insulation scraps.

Installation of the truss system must be carried out in the following order:

1. A template is made according to which the farm is assembled. 2 boards are taken, corresponding to the length of the rafters, and connected to each other from only one edge with a nail.

   
   A rafter template called "scissors" will help you quickly assemble the entire roof truss system

2. You get a design called "scissors". Its free edges are placed on supports at the points of contact of the rafter legs. The result should be the final angle, that is, the angle at which the roof slope will be tilted. It is fixed with several long nails and transverse boards.
3. A second template is made, thanks to which the cuts on the rafters are installed. It is made from plywood.
4. Special mounting cuts are cut out on the rafters (a prepared template is used for this purpose) and connected at an angle of inclination of the slope. You should get a triangle that rises to the roof along the stairs. Next, it must be attached to the Mauerlat.
5. Initially, two side gable rafters are mounted. Their correct installation in the vertical and horizontal plane occurs due to temporary struts attached to the rafters.

   
   For correct installation of the entire rafter system, the first pair of rafters is installed on the roof

6. A cord is stretched between these tops of the rafters. It will indicate the future skate and the level of other rafters located in the gap.
7. Raise and mount the remaining rafters at the initially calculated distance, which should be at least 60 cm from each other.
8. If a bulky construction of rafters is provided, then it is additionally strengthened with struts, supports, and so on.

   
   The bulky construction of the rafters is additionally reinforced with struts and supports.

9. On special supports, a ridge beam is installed, to which not only short, but also diagonal and intermediate elements of the rafters are attached.

   
   Proper fastening of the ridge beam ensures the reliability of the entire rafter system

Typical nodes of a standard truss system

The structural strength of the rafters depends on the ideally selected section of the boards, as well as on the high quality of the rafter units. The connection of parts for the roof structure is done in accordance with established rules.

The main typical nodes in the truss system:

• supporting knot of rafters on the Mauerlat;
• ridge;
• a node for combining the upper puffs and the entire truss system;
• fixing the strut, rack, as well as rafters and beams.

After the design of the rafter system has been chosen, it is necessary to draw up a plan in which to select all the nodes. In each design, they are made in different ways, since it depends on different nuances: the type of roof, its size, and the angle of inclination.

A rafter from a profile pipe is a metal structure that is assembled using lattice rods. The very production of such farms is a very time-consuming process, but also more economical. Paired material is used for the manufacture of rafters, and scarves are connecting elements. The construction of rafters from profile pipes is assembled on the ground, while riveting or welding is used.

Thanks to such systems, any spans are blocked, but it is necessary to make the correct calculation. Provided that all welding work will be done with high quality, in the future it remains only to transfer the structural elements to the top of the building and assemble them. Bearing rafters from a profile pipe have many advantages, such as:

Crossbar in the truss system

Rigel is a fairly broad concept, but in the case of roofs it has a certain meaning. The crossbar is a horizontal bar that connects the rafters. Such an element does not allow the roof to "burst". It is made of wood, reinforced concrete, and also metal - it all depends on the type of structure. And the crossbar serves to distribute the load exerted by the truss system.

It can be fixed in various places between the legs of the lines. There is a direct pattern here - if the crossbar is fixed higher, then the timber for its installation must be selected with a large cross section.

There are many ways to fix the crossbar to the truss system:

• bolts;
• nuts;
• studs with washers;
• special fasteners;
• nails;
• mixed fasteners, when different types of fasteners are used in parallel.

Mounting exists with a tie-in or overhead. In general, the crossbar is a design unit, as, indeed, the entire roof sling system.

The crossbar in the truss system is designed to reinforce the roof structure

Rafter system fastening

To ensure the reliability of the rafter system, it is necessary to initially find out how they are fastened to the supporting roof and the ridge. If fastening is done to prevent deformation of the roof during shrinkage of the house, then the rafters are fixed on top with a hinged plate or a nut with a bolt, and from below - with a sliding support.

Hanging rafters need a tighter and more reliable fastening in the ridge, so in this case you can apply:

• overhead metal or wooden plates;
• cutting method;
• connection with long nails.

In the layered system, the rafter legs are not connected to each other, since they are attached to the ridge run.

The rafters are fastened to the Mauerlat by cutting down, which is done in the rafter leg. Thanks to this method of fastening, the support of the roof will not be weakened. Cutting is also done when installing rafters on floor beams. In this case, the cut is also made in the support beam.

Video: how to make rafters with your own hands

Thus, a perfectly matched system of rafters and their structural characteristics will help create the basis for a reliable roof for your home.