natural lighting standards. Daylight ratio (KEO) Daylight duration
SEI HPE "Surgut State University"
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
Department of Life Safety
Course work
Topic: "Calculation natural light»
Completed by: student 04-42 group 5 course
Faculty of Chemistry and Technology
SemenovaYuliyaOlegovna
Teacher:
PhD, Associate Professor
Andreeva Tatyana Sergeevna
Coursework contains: 15 drawings, 9 tables, 2 used sources (including SP 23-102-2003 and SNiP 23-05-95), calculation formulas, calculations, plan and section of the room (sheet 1, sheet 2, format A 3).
The purpose of the work: to determine the area of light openings, that is, the number and geometric dimensions of windows that provide the normalized value of the KEO.
Object of study: office.
Scope of work: 41 pages.
The result of the work: the selected dimensions of the light opening meet the requirements of the standards for combined lighting of the office.
Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Types of natural lighting 5
Chapter 2. The principle of rationing natural light 6
Chapter 3 Designing Natural Lighting 9
Chapter 4
4.1. Choice of daylight factor values 12
4.2. Preliminary calculation of the area of light openings and KEO with side lighting 13
4.3. Check calculation of KEO with side lighting 16
4.4. Preliminary calculation of the area of light openings and KEO with overhead lighting 19
4.5. Checking calculation of KEO with overhead lighting 23
Chapter 5. Calculation of natural lighting in the office 29
Tables 32
Conclusion 39
References 40
Introduction
Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural lighting.
Natural lighting - lighting of premises with direct or reflected light penetrating through the light openings in the external enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be provided, as a rule, in rooms with a permanent stay of people. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises in accordance with the Sanitary Design Standards for Industrial Enterprises.
Types of natural lighting
There are the following types of natural lighting of premises:
lateral one-sided - when the light openings are located in one of the outer walls of the room,
Figure 1 - Lateral one-sided natural lighting
lateral - light openings in two opposite outer walls of the room,
Figure 2 - Lateral daylight
upper - when the lanterns and light openings in the coating, as well as light openings in the walls of the building height difference,
· combined - the light openings provided for lateral (top and side) and top illumination.
The principle of rationing natural light
Natural lighting is used for general lighting of production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the sun and has the most favorable effect on the human body. Using this type of lighting, one should take into account meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and periods of the year in a given area. This is necessary in order to know how much natural light will enter the room through the arranged light openings of the building: windows - with side lighting, skylights upper floors buildings - with overhead lighting. With combined natural lighting, side lighting is added to the top lighting.
Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural lighting. The dimensions of the light openings established by calculation can be changed by +5, -10%.
The unevenness of natural lighting in the premises of industrial and public buildings with overhead or overhead and natural side lighting and the main rooms for children and adolescents with side lighting should not exceed 3:1.
Sun protection devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the chapters of SNiP on the design of these buildings, as well as with the chapters on building heat engineering.
The quality of natural light illumination is characterized by the coefficient of natural illumination to eo, which is the ratio of illumination on a horizontal surface inside the room to the simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,
,
where E in - horizontal illumination indoors in lux;
E n - horizontal illumination outside in lux.
With side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural illumination is normalized - k eo min, and with overhead and combined lighting - its average value - k eo cf. The method for calculating the daylight factor is given in Sanitary standards design of industrial enterprises.
In order to create the most favorable working conditions, natural light standards have been established. In cases where natural illumination is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally illuminated by artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed provided that additional lighting is provided only for working surfaces in general natural lighting.
Building codes and regulations (SNiP 23-05-95) establish the coefficients of natural illumination of industrial premises depending on the nature of the work according to the degree of accuracy.
To maintain the necessary illumination of the premises, the norms provide for the mandatory cleaning of windows and skylights from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, walls and equipment should be systematically cleaned and painted in light colors.
Norms of natural light industrial buildings, reduced to the normalization of K.E.O., are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the rationing of the illumination of workplaces, all visual works are divided into eight categories according to the degree of accuracy.
SNiP 23-05-95 establish the required value of K.E.O. depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of the production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light zones, for which the K.E.O. are determined by the formula:
where N is the number of the group of the administrative-territorial region according to the provision with natural light;
The value of the coefficient of natural illumination, selected according to SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in a given room and the natural lighting system.
The light climate coefficient, which is found according to the SNiP tables, depending on the type of light openings, their orientation along the horizon and the group number of the administrative area.
To determine the compliance of natural light in industrial premises the required standards, the illumination is measured with overhead and combined lighting - at various points in the room, followed by averaging; at the side - at the least illuminated workplaces. At the same time, the external illumination and the K.E.O. determined by calculation are measured. compared with the norm.
Natural Lighting Design
1. The design of natural lighting in buildings should be based on the study labor processes performed indoors, as well as on the light and climatic features of the construction site of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be defined:
characteristics and category of visual works;
a group of the administrative district in which the construction of the building is supposed;
normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual works and light and climatic features of the location of buildings;
the required uniformity of natural light;
the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the premises, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;
the need to protect the premises from the blinding action of sunlight.
2. The design of natural lighting of the building should be carried out in the following sequence:
determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;
choice of lighting systems;
choice of types of light openings and light-transmitting materials;
the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;
taking into account the orientation of the building and light openings on the sides of the horizon;
performing a preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determining the required area of light openings);
clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;
performing a test calculation of natural lighting of premises;
determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;
determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural light;
determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;
making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).
3. The natural lighting system of the building (side, overhead or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:
purpose and adopted architectural and planning, volumetric and spatial and constructive solution of the building;
requirements for natural lighting of premises, arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work;
climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;
efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).
4. Top and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in one-story public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).
5. Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-story public and residential buildings, one-story residential buildings, as well as in one-story public buildings, in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the light opening above the conditional working surface does not exceed 8.
6. When choosing light openings and light-transmitting materials, the following should be taken into account:
requirements for natural lighting of premises;
purpose, volume-spatial and constructive solution of the building;
orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon;
climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;
the need to protect the premises from insolation;
degree of air pollution.
7. Consideration should be given to the shading created by opposing buildings when designing side daylight.
8. Translucent fillings of light openings in residential and public buildings are selected taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.
9. With lateral natural lighting of public buildings with increased requirements for the constancy of natural lighting and sun protection (for example, art galleries), light openings should be oriented to the northern quarter of the horizon (N-NW-N-NE).
10. The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:
orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;
the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in a room who has a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);
working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;
the difference between solar time, according to which solar maps are built, and the decree time adopted in the territory Russian Federation.
When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements building codes and rules for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).
11. In the case of a one-shift working (educational) process and the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented to the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreen is not necessary.
Calculation of natural light
The purpose of calculating natural lighting is to determine the area of light openings, that is, the number and geometric dimensions of windows that provide a normalized value of KEO.
Selecting KEO values
1. In accordance with SNiP 23-05, the territory of the Russian Federation is zoned into five groups of administrative districts according to light climate resources. The list of administrative districts included in the natural light supply groups is given in Table 1.
2. KEO values in residential and public buildings located in the first group of administrative districts are taken in accordance with SNiP 23-05.
3. KEO values in residential and public buildings located in the second, third, fourth and fifth groups of administrative districts are determined by the formula
e N = e n m N , (1)
where N- number of the group of administrative districts according to table 1;
e n- normalized value of KEO according to Appendix I of SNiP 23-05;
m N- coefficient of light climate, taken according to table 2.
The values obtained by formula (1) should be rounded to tenths.
4. The dimensions and location of the light openings in the room, as well as compliance with the requirements of the norms for natural lighting of the premises, are determined by preliminary and verification calculations.
Preliminary calculation of the area of light openings and KEO with side lighting
1. Preliminary calculation of the dimensions of light openings with side lighting without taking into account opposing buildings should be carried out using the graphs shown for the premises of residential buildings in Figure 3, for the premises of public buildings - in Figure 4, for school classes - in Figure 5. The calculation should be made in following sequence:
Picture 3 - Graph for determining the relative area of light openings A s.o. /A p with side lighting of residential premises
Picture 4 - Graph for determining the relative area of light openings A s.o. /A p for side lighting of public buildings
Picture 5 - Graph for determining the relative area of light openings A s.o. /A p with side lighting of school classrooms
a) depending on the category of visual work or the purpose of the premises and the group of administrative districts according to the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation according to SNiP 23-05, determine the normalized value of KEO for the premises in question;
d P h 01 and attitude d P /h 01 ;
c) on the x-axis of the graph (Figures 3, 4 or 5) determine the point corresponding to a certain value d P /h 01 a vertical line is drawn through the found point until it intersects with the curve corresponding to the normalized value of KEO. The ordinate of the intersection point determines the value A s.o. /A p ;
d) dividing the found value A s.o. /A p by 100 and multiplying by the floor area, find the area of light openings in m 2.
2. In the case when the dimensions and location of light openings in the design of buildings were chosen for architectural and construction reasons, a preliminary calculation of the KEO values in the premises should be made according to Figures 3-5 in the following sequence:
a) according to the construction drawings, find the total area of light openings (in the light) A s.o. and illuminated floor area of the room A p and define the relation A s.o. /A p ;
b) determine the depth of the room d P, the height of the upper face of the light openings above the level of the conditional working surface h 01 and attitude d P /h 01 ;
c) taking into account the type of premises, select the appropriate schedule (Figures 3, 4 or 5);
d) by values A s.o. /A p And d P /h 01 on the chart find a point with the corresponding KEO value.
Graphs (Figures 3-5) are developed in relation to the most common in the practice of designing overall schemes of premises and standard solution translucent structures - wooden paired opening bindings.
Check calculation of KEO with side lighting
1. Check calculation of KEO Calculation of KEO should be carried out in the following sequence:
a) graph I (Figure 6) is superimposed on the cross section of the room so that its pole (center) 0 is aligned with the calculated point BUT(Figure 8), and the bottom line of the graph - with a trace of the working surface;
b) according to schedule I, the number of rays passing through the cross section of the light opening from the sky is counted n 1 and from the opposing building to the calculated point BUT ;
c) mark the numbers of semicircles on graph I, coinciding with the middle FROM 1 section of the light opening through which the sky is visible from the calculated point, and with the middle FROM 2 sections of the light opening through which the opposing building is visible from the calculated point (Figure 8);
d) schedule II (Figure 7) is superimposed on the plan of the room in such a way that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which corresponds to the number of the concentric semicircle (point "c"), pass through the point FROM 1 (Figure 8);
e) count the number of rays P 2 according to schedule II, passing from the sky through the light aperture on the room plan to the design point BUT ;
f) determine the value of the geometric KEO, taking into account direct light from the sky;
g) graph II is superimposed on the plan of the room in such a way that its vertical axis and the horizontal, the number of which corresponds to the number of the concentric semicircle (point "c"), pass through the point FROM 2 ;
h) count the number of rays according to schedule II, passing from the opposing building through the light opening on the floor plan to the calculated point BUT ;
i) determine the value of the geometric coefficient of natural illumination, taking into account the light reflected from the opposing building;
j) determine the value of the angle at which the middle of the sky section is visible from the calculated point on the cross section of the room (Figure 9);
k) by the value of the angle and the given parameters of the premises and the surrounding buildings, the values of the coefficients are determined qi , b f , k ZD , r about, And K h, and calculate the value of KEO at the design point of the room.
Picture 6- Chart I for calculating geometric QEO
Picture 7 - Graph II for calculating geometric KEO
Notes
1 Graphs I and II only apply to rectangular skylights.
2 The plan and section of the room are performed (drawn) on the same scale.
BUT- settlement point; 0 - graph pole I; FROM 1 - the middle of the section of the light opening, through which the sky is visible from the calculated point; FROM 2 - the middle of the section of the light opening, through which the opposing building is visible from the calculated point
Picture 8 - An example of using graph I to count the number of rays from the sky and the opposing building
Preliminary calculation of the area of light openings and KEO with overhead lighting
1. For a preliminary calculation of the area of light openings for overhead lighting, the following graphs should be used: for rooflights with an opening depth (light shaft) of up to 0.7 m - according to Figure 9; for mine lanterns - according to figures 10, 11; for lanterns of rectangular, trapezoidal, shed with vertical glazing and shed with inclined glazing - according to Figure 12.
Table 1
| Fill type | Coefficient values K 1 for graphs in figures | |
| 1 | 2, 3 | |
| One layer of window glass in steel single blind bindings | - | 1,26 |
| The same, in opening bindings | - | 1,05 |
| One layer of window glass in wooden single opening bindings | 1,13 | 1,05 |
| Three layers of window glass in separate-paired metal opening covers | - | 0,82 |
| The same, in wooden bindings | 0,63 | 0,59 |
| Two layers of window glass in steel double opening sashes | - | 0,75 |
| The same, in blind bindings | - | - |
| Double-glazed windows (two layers of glazing) in steel single opening bindings* | - | 1,00 |
| The same, in blind bindings * | - | 1,15 |
| Double-glazed windows (three layers of glazing) in steel deaf paired bindings* | - | 1,00 |
| Hollow glass blocks | - | 0,70 |
| * When using other types of bindings (PVC, wooden, etc.), the coefficient K 1 is taken according to table 3 until the relevant tests are carried out. | ||
The area of light openings of lanterns A s.f determined according to the graphs in Figures 9-12 in the following sequence:
a) depending on the category of visual work or the purpose of the premises and the group of administrative districts according to the light climate resources of the Russian Federation according to SNiP 23-05;
b) on the ordinate of the graph, a point is determined corresponding to the normalized value of the KEO, a horizontal line is drawn through the found point until it intersects with the corresponding curve of the graph (Figures 9-12), the value is determined from the abscissa of the intersection point A s.f /A p ;
c) dividing the value A s.f /A p by 100 and multiplying by the floor area, find the area of the light openings of the lanterns in m 2.
Preliminary calculation of KEO values in the premises should be carried out using the graphs in Figures 9-12 in the following sequence:
a) according to the construction drawings, find the total area of the light openings of the lanterns A s.f, illuminated floor area of the room A p and define the relation A s.f /A p ;
b) taking into account the type of lantern, select the appropriate pattern (8, 10, 11 or 12);
c) in the selected figure through a point with an abscissa A s.f /A p draw a vertical line to the intersection with the corresponding graph; the ordinate of the intersection point will be equal to the calculated average value of the daylight factor e cf .
Picture 9 - Graph for determining the average value of KEO e cf in rooms with skylights with an opening depth of up to 0.7 m and plan dimensions, m:
1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 3 - 1.5x1.7
Picture 10 - Graph for determining the average value of KEO e cf in public premises with shaft lanterns with a light shaft depth of 3.50 m and plan dimensions, m:
1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 - 2.7x2.7; 2.9x2.9; 1.5x5.9; 3 - 1.5x1.7
Picture 11 - Graph to determine the average value of KEO e cf in public premises with shaft lamps of diffuse light with a light shaft depth of 3.50 m and plan dimensions, m:
1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 - 2.7x 2.7; 2.9x2.9; 1.5x5.9; 3 - 1.5x1.7
1 - trapezoidal lantern; 2 - shed with inclined glazing;
3 - rectangular lantern; 4 - shed with vertical glazing
Picture 12- Graph for determining the average value of KEO e cp in public places with lanterns
Checking calculation of KEO under overhead lighting
The calculation of KEO is carried out in the following sequence:
a) graph I (Figure 6) is superimposed on the cross section of the room in such a way that the pole (center) 0 of the graph is aligned with the calculated point, and the bottom line of the graph is with the trace of the working surface. The number of radially directed beams of graph I passing through the cross section of the first opening is counted ( n 1) 1 , second opening - ( n 1) 2, the third opening - ( n 1) 3, etc.; while marking the numbers of semicircles that pass through the middle of the first, second, third openings, etc.;
b) determine the angles , , etc. between the bottom line of graph I and the line connecting the pole (center) of graph I with the middle of the first, second, third openings, etc .;
c) schedule II (Figure 7) is superimposed on a longitudinal section of the room; at the same time, the graph is positioned so that its vertical axis and the horizontal, the number of which must correspond to the number of the semicircle on graph I, pass through the middle of the opening (point C).
The number of beams is counted according to schedule II, passing through the longitudinal section of the first opening ( n 2) 1 , second opening - ( P 2) 2, the third opening - ( n 2) 3, etc.;
d) calculate the value of the geometric KEO, at the first point of the characteristic section of the room according to the formula
where R- number of light openings;
q- a coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of a portion of the sky, visible from the first point, respectively, at angles ,, etc.;
e) repeat the calculations in accordance with paragraphs "a", "b", "c", "d" for all points of the characteristic section of the room up to N inclusive (where N- the number of points at which the calculation of KEO is carried out);
f) determine the average value of the geometric KEO;
g) according to the given parameters of the room and light openings, the values are determined r 2 , k f , ;
The verification calculation of the KEO values at the points of the characteristic section of the room with overhead lighting from rooflights and shaft lights should be performed according to the formula:
where A f.v- area of the upper inlet of the lantern;
N f- number of lights;
q() - coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the CCM cloudy sky;
The angle between the straight line connecting the calculated point with the center of the lower hole of the lantern, and the normal to this hole;
Mean value of the geometric KEO;
K from- light transmission coefficient of the lantern, determined for lanterns with diffuse reflection of the walls, and for lanterns with directional reflection of the walls - by value index of the light opening of the mine lantern i f ;
Picture 13 - Graph to determine the coefficient q() depending on the angle
Picture 14 K from lanterns with diffuse reflection of the shaft walls
Picture 15 - Graph for determining the light transmission coefficient Kc lanterns with directional reflection of the walls of the mine when different values coefficient of diffuse reflection of the shaft walls
K h- calculation coefficient taking into account the decrease in the KEO and illumination during operation due to contamination and aging of translucent fillings in the light openings, as well as the decrease in the reflective properties of the surfaces of the room (factor of safety).
Light opening index of a lantern with holes in the shape of a rectangle i f determined by the formula
where A f.n.- the area of the lower opening of the lantern, m 2;
A f.v- area of the upper opening of the lantern, m 2;
h s.f- height of the light guide shaft of the lantern, m.
R f.v , R f.n- the perimeter of the upper and lower openings of the lantern, respectively, m.
The same, with holes in the shape of a circle - according to the formula
i f = (r f.v + r f.n.) / 2h s.f , (5)
where r f.v , r f.n.- the radius of the upper and lower holes of the lantern, respectively.
Calculate the value of the geometric KEO at the first point of the characteristic section of the room according to the formula
Repeat calculations for all points of the characteristic section of the room until Nj inclusive (where N j- the number of points at which the calculation of KEO is performed).
Determined by the formula
Sequentially, for all points, the direct component of the KEO is calculated by the formula
The reflected component of KEO is determined, the value of which is the same for all points, according to the formula
. (9)
Calculation of natural lighting in the office
Theoretical part
Lighting of workrooms, offices should be designed based on the following requirements:
a) creation necessary conditions lighting on desktops located in the back of the room when performing a variety of visual work (reading typographical and typewritten texts, handwritten materials, distinguishing details of graphic materials, etc.);
b) providing visual communication with the outer space;
c) protection of premises from blinding and thermal effects of insolation;
d) favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view.
Lateral lighting of workrooms should be carried out, as a rule, by separate light openings (one window for each office). In order to reduce the required area of light openings, the height of the window sill above the floor level is recommended to be taken at least 0.9 m.
When the building is located in the administrative districts of the Russian Federation, groups according to light climate resources, the normalized value of KEO should be taken: with a depth of study rooms (offices) of 5 m or more - according to table 3 in relation to a combined lighting system; less than 5 m - according to table 4 in relation to the natural lighting system.
To ensure visual contact with the outside space, the filling of light openings should, as a rule, be carried out with translucent window glass.
To limit the blinding effect of solar radiation in workrooms and offices, it is necessary to provide curtains and light adjustable blinds. When designing management buildings and buildings for offices for III and IV climatic regions of the Russian Federation, provision should be made for equipping light openings oriented to the horizon sector within 200°-290° with sun protection devices.
In rooms, the values of the reflection coefficient of surfaces should be at least:
ceiling and top of walls.. 0.70
the bottom of the walls .................... 0.50
gender .................................. 0.30.
Practical part
It is required to determine the required window area in the offices of the control building located in the city of Surgut (sheet 1).
Initial data. Room depth d P= 5.5 m, height h= 3.0 m, width b P= 3.0 m, floor area A p\u003d 16.5 m 2, the height of the upper face of the light opening above the conditional working surface h 01 = 1.9 Filling of skylights with transparent glazing on metal single bindings; the thickness of the outer walls is 0.35 m. There is no shading by the opposing buildings.
Solution
1. Given that the depth of the room d P over 5 m, according to table 3 we find that the normalized value of KEO is 0.5%.
2. We make a preliminary calculation of natural light according to the initial depth of the room d P= 5.5 m and the height of the upper edge of the light opening above the conditional working surface h 01 = 1.9 m; determine that d P /h 01 = 5,5/1,9=2,9.
3. Figure 4 on the corresponding curve e= 0.5% find a point with an abscissa d P /h 01 = 2.9. By the ordinate of this point, we determine that the required relative area of the light opening A about / A P = 16,6%.
4. Determine the area of the light opening Oh oh according to the formula:
0,166 A p\u003d 0.166 16.5 \u003d 2.7 m 2.
Therefore, the width of the light opening b o= 2.7 / 1.8 = 1.5 m.
Accept window block size 1.5 x 1.8 m.
5. We make a check calculation of KEO at the point BUT(sheet 1) according to the formula:
.
6. Overlay graph I for calculating the KEO by the method of A.M. Danilyuk on the cross section of the room (sheet 2), combining the graph pole I - 0 with the point BUT, and the bottom line - with a conditional working surface; count the number of rays according to graph I, passing through the cross section of the light opening: n 1 = 2.
7. We note that through the point FROM on the section of the room (sheet 2) there is a concentric semicircle 26 of graph I.
8. We superimpose schedule II for calculating KEO on the floor plan (sheet 1) in such a way that its vertical axis and horizontal 26 pass through the point FROM; we calculate according to graph II the number of rays passing from the sky through the light opening: P 2 = 16.
9. Determine the value of the geometric KEO by the formula:
10. On the cross section of the room on a scale of 1:50 (sheet 2), we determine that the middle of the sky area, visible from the calculated point A through the light opening, is at an angle; according to the value of this angle in table 5 we find the coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the CCM cloudy sky: qi =0,64.
11. According to the size of the room and the light opening, they find that d P /h 01 = 2,9;
l T /d P = 0,82; b P /d P = 0,55.
12. Weighted average reflectance .
13. By found values d P /h 01 ; l T /d P ; b P /d P according to table 6 we find that r o = 4,25.
14. For transparent glazing with metal single binding, we find the total light transmittance.
15 According to SNiP 23-05, we find that the safety factor for windows of public buildings K h = 1,2.
16 We determine the geometric KEO at point A, substituting the values of all found coefficients into the formula:
.
Consequently, the selected dimensions of the light opening provide the requirements of the standards for combined lighting of the office.
Table 1
Groups of administrative regions
| Administrative region | |
| 1 | Moscow, Smolensk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, the Republic of Mordovia, the Chuvash Republic, the Udmurt Republic, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Krasnoyarsk Territory (north of 63 ° N. sh.). The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (to the north of 63° N), Chukotka Autonom. District, Khabarovsk Territory (north of 55° N) |
| 2 | Bryansk, Kursk, Orel, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Penza, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg, Saratov, Volgograd regions, Komi Republic, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic, Republic of Ingushetia, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory (south of 63°N), Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (south of 63°N), Republic of Tyva, Republic of Buryatia, Chita Region, Khabarovsk Territory (south of 55°N) sh.), Magadan, Sakhalin regions |
| 3 | Kaliningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Leningrad, Vologda, Kostroma, Kirov regions, Republic of Karelia, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
| 4 | Arkhangelsk, Murmansk regions |
| 5 | Republic of Kalmykia, Rostov, Astrakhan regions, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Dagestan, Amur Region, Primorsky Territory |
table 2
Light climate coefficient
| Light openings | Orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon | Light climate coefficient m N | ||||
| Number of the group of administrative regions | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| In the outer walls of the building | FROM | 1 | 0,9 | 1,1 | 1,2 | 0,8 |
| NE, NW | 1 | 0,9 | 1,1 | 1,2 | 0,8 | |
| Z, V | 1 | 0,9 | 1,1 | 1,1 | 0,8 | |
| SE, SW | 1 | 0,85 | 1 | 1,1 | 0,8 | |
| YU | 1 | 0,85 | 1 | 1,1 | 0,75 | |
| In skylights | - | 1 | 0,9 | 1,2 | 1,2 | 0,75 |
| Note - C - northern; NE - northeast; NW - northwestern; B - eastern; Z - western; Yu - southern; SE - southeast; SW - southwest orientation. | ||||||
Table 3
Normalized KEO values for lateral combined lighting in the main premises of residential and public buildings in administrative districts of various groups according to light climate resources
| Groups of administrative regions by light climate resources | KEO, % | |||||
| in school classes | in showrooms | in the reading rooms | in the design rooms | |||
| 1 | 0,60 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,70 | ||
| 0,60 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,70 | |||
| 159-203 | 0,60 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,70 | ||
| 294-68 | 0,60 | - | 0,40 | 0,70 | ||
| 2 | 0,50 | 1,20 | 0,40 | 0,60 | ||
| 0,50 | 1,10 | 0,40 | 0,60 | |||
| 159-203 | 0,50 | 1,10 | 0,40 | 0,60 | ||
| 294-68 | 0,50 | - | 0,40 | 0,60 | ||
| 3 | 0,70 | 1,40 | 0,50 | 0,80 | ||
| 0,60 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,70 | |||
| 159-203 | 0,60 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,70 | ||
| 294-68 | 0,70 | - | 0,50 | 0,90 | ||
| 4 | 0,70 | 1,40 | 0,50 | 0,80 | ||
| 0,70 | 1,40 | 0,50 | 0,80 | |||
| 159-203 | 0,70 | 1,40 | 0,50 | 0,80 | ||
| 294-68 | 0,70 | - | 0,50 | 0,80 | ||
| 5 | 0,50 | 1,00 | 0,30 | 0,60 | ||
| 0,50 | 1,00 | 0,30 | 0,60 | |||
| 159-203 | 0,50 | 1,00 | 0,30 | 0,50 | ||
| 294-68 | 0,50 | - | 0,30 | 0,60 | ||
Table 4
Normalized KEO values for lateral natural lighting in the main premises of residential and public buildings in various groups of administrative districts according to light climate resources
Admin groups rational areas according to light climate resources |
Orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon, deg. | Normalized values of KEO, % | |||||
| in working rooms of management buildings, offices | in school classes | in living quarters |
halls |
in the reading rooms | in design rooms, drawing and design trade bureaus |
||
| 1 | 1,00 | 1,50 | 0,50 | 0,70 | 1,20 | 1,50 | |
| 1,00 | 1,50 | 0,50 | 0,70 | 1,20 | 1,50 | ||
| 159-203 | 1,00 | 1,50 | 0,50 | 0,70 | 1,20 | 1,50 | |
| 294-68 | 1,00 | - | 0,50 | 0,70 | 1,20 | 1,50 | |
| 2 | 0,90 | 1,40 | 0,50 | 0,60 | 1,10 | 1,40 | |
| 0,90 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,60 | 1,10 | 1,30 | ||
| 159-203 | 0,90 | 1,30 | 0,40 | 0,60 | 1,10 | 1,30 | |
| 294-68 | 0,90 | - | 0,50 | 0,60 | 1,10 | 1,40 | |
| 3 | 1,10 | 1,70 | 0,60 | 0,80 | 1,30 | 1,70 | |
| 1,00 | 1,50 | 0,50 | 0,70 | 1,20 | 1,50 | ||
| 159-203 | 1,00 | 1,50 | 0,50 | 0,70 | 1,20 | 1,50 | |
| 294-68 | 1,10 | - | 0,60 | 0,80 | 1,30 | 1,70 | |
| 4 | 1,10 | 1,70 | 0,60 | 0,80 | 1,30 | 1,70 | |
| 1,10 | 1,70 | 0,60 | 0,80 | 1,30 | 1,70 | ||
| 159-203 | 1,10 | 1,70 | 0,60 | 0,80 | 1,30 | 1,70 | |
| 294-68 | 1,20 | - | 0,60 | 0,80 | 1,40 | 1,80 | |
| 5 | 0,80 | 1,20 | 0,40 | 0,60 | 1,00 | 1,20 | |
| 0,80 | 1,20 | 0,40 | 0,60 | 1,00 | 1,20 | ||
| 159-203 | 0,80 | 1,10 | 0,40 | 0,50 | 0,90 | 1,10 | |
| 294-68 | 0,80 | - | 0,40 | 0,60 | 0,90 | 1,20 | |
Table 5
Coefficient values qi
| The angular height of the middle ray of the sky section, visible from the calculated point through the light opening in the section of the room, deg. | Coefficient values qi |
| 2 | 0,46 |
| 6 | 0,52 |
| 10 | 0,58 |
| 14 | 0,64 |
| 18 | 0,69 |
| 22 | 0,75 |
| 26 | 0,80 |
| 30 | 0,86 |
| 34 | 0,91 |
| 38 | 0,96 |
| 42 | 1,00 |
| 46 | 1,04 |
| 50 | 1,08 |
| 54 | 1,12 |
| 58 | 1,16 |
| 62 | 1,18 |
| 66 | 1,21 |
| 70 | 1,23 |
| 74 | 1,25 |
| 78 | 1,27 |
| 82 | 1,28 |
| 86 | 1,28 |
| 90 | 1,29 |
Notes 1 For values of the angular heights of the middle beam, different from those given in the table, the values of the coefficient qi determined by interpolation. 2 In practical calculations, the angular height of the middle beam of the sky section, visible from the calculated point through the light opening in the section of the room, should be replaced by the angular height of the middle of the sky section, visible from the calculated point through the light opening. |
|
Table 6
Values r o for a conditional work surface
| Room depth ratio d P to the height from the level of the conditional work surface to the top of the window h 01 | The ratio of the distance of the calculated point from the inner surface outer wall l T to the depth of the room d P | Weighted average reflectance of floor, walls and ceiling | |||||||||||
| 0,60 | 0,50 | 0,45 | 0,35 | ||||||||||
| Room length ratio a p to its depth d P | |||||||||||||
| 0,5 | 1,0 | 2,0 | 0,5 | 1,0 | 2,0 | 0,5 | 1,0 | 2,0 | 0,5 | 1,0 | 2,0 | ||
| 1,00 | 0,10 | 1,03 | 1,03 | 1,02 | 1,02 | 1,02 | 1,02 | 1,02 | 1,02 | 1,01 | 1,01 | 1,01 | 1,01 |
| 1,00 | 0,50 | 1,66 | 1,59 | 1,46 | 1,47 | 1,42 | 1,33 | 1,37 | 1,34 | 1,26 | 1,19 | 1,17 | 1,13 |
| 1,00 | 0,90 | 2,86 | 2,67 | 2,30 | 2,33 | 2,19 | 1,93 | 2,06 | 1,95 | 1,74 | 1,53 | 1,48 | 1,37 |
| 3,00 | 0,10 | 1,10 | 1,09 | 1,07 | 1,07 | 1,06 | 1,05 | 1,06 | 1,05 | 1,04 | 1,03 | 1,03 | 1,02 |
| 3,00 | 0,20 | 1,32 | 1,29 | 1,22 | 1,23 | 1,20 | 1,16 | 1,18 | 1,16 | 1,13 | 1,09 | 1,08 | 1,06 |
| 3,00 | 0,30 | 1,72 | 1,64 | 1,50 | 1,51 | 1,46 | 1,36 | 1,41 | 1,37 | 1,29 | 1,20 | 1,18 | 1,14 |
| 3,00 | 0,40 | 2,28 | 2,15 | 1,90 | 1,91 | 1,82 | 1,64 | 1,73 | 1,66 | 1,51 | 1,37 | 1,33 | 1,26 |
| 3,00 | 0,50 | 2,97 | 2,77 | 2,38 | 2,40 | 2,26 | 1,98 | 2,12 | 2,01 | 1,79 | 1,56 | 1,51 | 1,39 |
| 3,00 | 0,60 | 3,75 | 3,47 | 2,92 | 2,96 | 2,76 | 2,37 | 2,57 | 2,41 | 2,10 | 1,78 | 1,71 | 1,55 |
| 3,00 | 0,70 | 4,61 | 4,25 | 3,52 | 3,58 | 3,32 | 2,80 | 3,06 | 2,86 | 2,44 | 2,03 | 1,93 | 1,72 |
| 3,00 | 0,80 | 5,55 | 5,09 | 4,18 | 4,25 | 3,92 | 3,27 | 3,60 | 3,34 | 2,82 | 2,30 | 2,17 | 1,91 |
| 3,00 | 0,90 | 6,57 | 6,01 | 4,90 | 4,98 | 4,58 | 3,78 | 4,18 | 3,86 | 3,23 | 2,59 | 2,43 | 2,11 |
| 5,00 | 0,10 | 1,16 | 1,15 | 1,11 | 1,12 | 1,11 | 1,08 | 1,09 | 1,08 | 1,07 | 1,05 | 1,04 | 1,03 |
| 5,00 | 0,20 | 1,53 | 1,48 | 1,37 | 1,38 | 1,34 | 1,27 | 1,30 | 1,27 | 1,21 | 1,15 | 1,14 | 1,11 |
| 5,00 | 0,30 | 2,19 | 2,07 | 1,84 | 1,85 | 1,77 | 1,60 | 1,68 | 1,61 | 1,48 | 1,34 | 1,31 | 1,24 |
| 5,00 | 0,40 | 3,13 | 2,92 | 2,49 | 2,52 | 2,37 | 2,07 | 2,22 | 2,10 | 1,85 | 1,61 | 1,55 | 1,43 |
| 5,00 | 0,50 | 4,28 | 3,95 | 3,29 | 3,34 | 3,11 | 2,64 | 2,87 | 2,68 | 2,31 | 1,94 | 1,84 | 1,66 |
| 5,00 | 0,60 | 5,58 | 5,12 | 4,20 | 4,27 | 3,94 | 3,29 | 3,61 | 3,35 | 2,83 | 2,31 | 2,18 | 1,92 |
| 5,00 | 0,70 | 7,01 | 6,41 | 5,21 | 5,29 | 4,86 | 4,01 | 4,44 | 4,09 | 3,40 | 2,72 | 2,55 | 2,20 |
| 5,00 | 0,80 | 8,58 | 7,82 | 6,31 | 6,41 | 5,87 | 4,79 | 5,33 | 4,90 | 4,03 | 3,17 | 2,95 | 2,52 |
| 5,00 | 0,90 | 10,28 | 9,35 | 7,49 | 7,63 | 6,96 | 5,64 | 6,30 | 5,77 | 4,71 | 3,65 | 3,39 | 2,86 |
If the surface finish of the room is unknown, then for the premises of residential and public buildings, the weighted average reflection coefficient should be taken equal to 0.50.
Table 7
Coefficients 1 and
| Type of light-transmitting material | Values |
Type of binding | Values |
| Sheet window glass: | Bindings for windows and lanterns of industrial buildings: | ||
| single | 0,9 | ||
| double | 0,8 | wooden: | |
| triple | 0,75 | single | 0,75 |
| Display glass 6-8 mm thick | 0,8 | paired | 0,7 |
| Reinforced sheet glass | 0,6 | double separate | 0,6 |
| Patterned sheet glass | 0,65 | steel: | |
| Sheet glass with special properties: | single opening | 0,75 | |
| single voiceless | 0,9 | ||
| sunscreen | 0,65 | double opening | 0,6 |
| contrast | 0,75 | double deaf | 0,8 |
| Organic glass: | Bindings for windows of residential, public and auxiliary buildings: | ||
| transparent | 0,9 | ||
| dairy | 0,6 | ||
| Hollow glass blocks: | wooden: | ||
| light-scattering | 0,5 | single | 0,8 |
| translucent | 0,55 | paired | 0,75 |
| Double-glazed windows | 0,8 | double separate | 0,65 |
| with triple glazing | 0,5 | ||
| metal: | |||
| single | 0,9 | ||
| paired | 0,85 | ||
| double separate | 0,8 | ||
| with triple glazing | 0,7 | ||
| Glass-reinforced concrete panels with hollow glass blocks with a joint thickness of: | |||
| 20 mm or less | 0,9 | ||
| over 20 mm | 0,85 |
Table 8
The values of the coefficients and
| Supporting structures of coatings | Coefficient taking into account light losses in load-bearing structures, | Sun protection devices, products and materials | Factor taking into account light loss in sun protection devices, |
| steel trusses | 0,9 | Retractable adjustable blinds and curtains (inter-pane, internal, external) | 1,0 |
| Reinforced concrete and wooden trusses and arches | 0,8 | Stationary blinds and screens with a protective angle of not more than 45° when the blinds or screens are located at an angle of 90° to the plane of the window: | |
| horizontal | 0,65 | ||
| vertical | 0,75 | ||
| Solid beams and frames with section height: | Horizontal visors: | ||
| with a protective angle not more than 30° | 0,8 | ||
| 50 cm or more | 0,8 | with a protective angle from 15° to 45° | 0,9-0,6 |
| less than 50 cm | 0,9 | (multi-stage) | |
| Balconies depth: | |||
| up to 1.20 m | 0,90 | ||
| 1.50 m | 0,85 | ||
| 2.00 m | 0,78 | ||
| 3.00 m | 0,62 | ||
| Loggia depth: | |||
| up to 1.20 m | 0,80 | ||
| 1.50 m | 0,70 | ||
| 2.00 m | 0,55 | ||
| 3.00 m | 0,22 |
Conclusion
During term paper I studied such a parameter as natural lighting. The principle of rationing natural lighting, as well as the design of natural lighting, was considered. In this work, I made a calculation of natural lighting in the office. The normalized value of the daylight factor is 0.5% for the selected county. Having done a preliminary calculation, I found out the dimensions of the window block for sufficient illumination: 1.5 * 1.8. In the verification calculation, I confirmed the correctness of the chosen dimensions of the light opening, as they provide the requirements of the standards for combined lighting of the office. The coefficient of natural light in the test calculation is 0.53%.
When illuminating industrial premises, use daylight, is carried out due to direct and reflected light of the sky.
From a physiological point of view, natural lighting is the most favorable for humans. During the day, it varies within a fairly wide range depending on the state of the atmosphere (cloudiness). The light, having entered the room, is repeatedly reflected from the walls and ceiling, hits the illuminated surface at the point under study. Thus, the illumination at the point under study is the sum of the illuminations.
Structurally, natural lighting is divided into:
lateral(one-, two-sided) - carried out through light openings (windows) in the outer walls;
top- through light openings located in the upper part (roof) of the building;
combined– a combination of top and side lighting.
Natural lighting is characterized by the fact that the created illumination varies depending on the time of day, year, meteorological conditions. Therefore, as a criterion for assessing natural lighting, a relative value is taken - daylight ratio(KEO), or e, independent of the above parameters.
Daylight ratio (KEO) - the ratio of illumination at a given point inside the room E ext to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination E n, created by the light of a completely open sky (not covered by buildings, structures, trees) expressed as a percentage, i.e.:
(8) where E ext– illumination indoors at the control point, lx;
E n - simultaneously measured illumination outside the room, lx.
For measuring actual KEO needs to be carried out simultaneous measurements indoor lighting E ext at the control point and outdoor illumination on a horizontal platform under the fully open sky E n , free from items(buildings, trees ) covering parts of the sky. KEO measurements can only be carried out with continuous uniform ten-point cloudiness(overcast, no gaps). Measurements are taken by two observers using two lux meters simultaneously (observers must be equipped with chronometers).
Checkpoints for measurements should be selected in accordance with GOST 24940–96 “Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring illumination.
The KEO values for various premises lie in the range of 0.1–12%. Rationing of natural lighting is carried out in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting".
In small rooms with unilateral lateral illumination is normalized (i.e. the actual illumination is measured and compared with the norms) minimum value of KEO at a point located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the premises and the conditional working surface at a distance of 1 m from the wall, most remote from light openings.
Working surface- the surface on which the work is performed and on which the illumination is normalized or measured.
Conditional work surface- a horizontal surface at a height of 0.8 m from the floor.
Typical section of the room- this is a cross section in the middle of the room, the plane of which is perpendicular to the plane of the glazing of the light openings (with side lighting) or the longitudinal axis of the spans of the room.
At bilateral lateral lighting rationing minimum value of KEO- in the plane in the middle premises.
IN oversized industrial premises at lateral lighting, the minimum value of KEO is normalized at the point remote from light openings:
at 1.5 heights of the room - for works of I-IV categories;
at 2 heights of the room - for works of V-VII categories;
at 3 heights of the room for work of the VIII category.
At upper and combined lighting is normalized the average value of KEO at points located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional work surface or floor. The first and last points are taken at a distance of 1 m from the surface of walls or partitions.
(9)
where e 1 , e 2 ,..., e n - KEO values at individual points;
n- number of lighting control points.
It is allowed to divide the room into zones with different conditions of natural light, the calculation of natural light is carried out in each zone independently of each other.
At inadequate by standards natural light in the production premises supplement with artificial lighting. Such lighting is called combined .
In industrial premises with visual work of I-III categories, combined lighting should be arranged.
In large-span assembly shops, in which work is carried out in a significant part of the volume of the room at different levels from the floor and on work surfaces differently oriented in space, overhead natural lighting is used.
Natural light should evenly illuminate workplaces. For overhead and combined natural lighting, determine irregularity natural lighting of industrial premises, which should not exceed 3:1 for works I–VI discharges according to visual conditions, i.e.
(10)
certain according to table 1 SNiP 23-05-95 KEO value, to be specified taking into account the characteristics of visual work, lighting systems, location of buildings in the country according to the formula
,
(11)
where N- number of the natural light supply group (Appendix D SNiP 23-05-95);
e n- coefficient of natural light (Table 1 SNiP 23-05-95);
m N- coefficient of light climate, determined depending on the location of the building on the territory of the country and the orientation of the building relative to the cardinal points (see Table 4 SNiP 23–05–95).
The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of the labor processes performed in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the construction site of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be defined:
characteristics and category of visual works;
a group of the administrative district in which the construction of the building is supposed;
normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual works and light and climatic features of the location of buildings;
the required uniformity of natural light;
the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the premises, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;
the need to protect the premises from the blinding action of sunlight.
The design of natural lighting of a building should be carried out in the following sequence:
determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;
choice of lighting systems;
choice of types of light openings and light-transmitting materials;
the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;
taking into account the orientation of the building and light openings on the sides of the horizon;
performing a preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determining the required area of light openings);
clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;
performing a test calculation of natural lighting of premises;
determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;
determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural light;
determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;
making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).
The system of natural lighting of the building (side, top or combined) should be chosen taking into account the following factors: the purpose and the accepted architectural, planning, volumetric and structural solution of the building;
requirements for natural lighting of premises, arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work; climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site; efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).
Overhead and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in one-story public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).
Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-story public and residential buildings, one-story residential buildings, as well as in one-story public buildings, in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the light opening above the conditional working surface does not exceed 8.
When choosing light openings and light-transmitting materials, the following should be taken into account:
requirements for natural lighting of premises; purpose, volume-spatial and constructive solution of the building; orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon; climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;
the need to protect the premises from insolation; degree of air pollution.
When designing lateral natural lighting, the shading created by opposing buildings should be taken into account. Accounting for shading is carried out in accordance with the section of this Code of Rules.
The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:
orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;
the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in a room who has a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);
working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;
the difference between solar time, according to which solar maps are built, and maternity time, adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation.
When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements of building codes and regulations for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).
In the case of a one-shift working (educational) process and the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented to the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sun protection is not necessary.
In some cases, for example, when conducting examinations, there is a need for an objective assessment of the natural lighting of premises based on KEO measurements using luxmeters. Modern photometric devices have silicon photocells as a sensor, equipped with yellow and green light filters, which correct their spectral sensitivity in accordance with the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, as well as special nozzles cosine correction. Correction of the spectral sensitivity and cosine can also be done with the help of a computer. Selenium photocells are used less frequently, since they are short-lived and require constant calibration on a photometric bench.
Their sensitivity depends on the air temperature. Taking into account that all calculations and KEO norms have the cloudy sky of the CIE as the main assumption, KEO measurements can be made only with continuous ten-point cloudiness. However, there may be exceptions, for example, in the case of measuring KEO in the presence of light guides or light guides. In this case, the value of KEO becomes conditional. And when measuring outdoor illumination, it is necessary to shield the direct light of the sun.
When calculating the efficiency of such devices, the total illumination from the direct sun and sky (Eq) should be taken as the value of outdoor illumination.
To measure KEO, a log of field measurements is prepared, which indicates the place, time and weather conditions during measurements, devices, proportionality coefficient between luxmeter readings (in the case of low-quality devices), geometric parameters of the room and light apertures, reflection coefficients of internal and adjacent external surfaces, view filling the opening and its pollution. The safety factor is determined by dividing the luxmeter readings when the sensor is positioned in a vertical plane outside the glass and inside behind the glass. The reflection coefficients of the surfaces are measured using a reflexometer. In addition to these data, the log must contain tables for recording the measurement results. The results of measurements indoors, usually at five points on the working surface, pre-marked according to a characteristic section, are synchronized in time with the results of measurements of outdoor illumination made in an open, unshaded area, preferably on the roof of a building. To do this, outdoor illumination is measured every minute. The measurement time is recorded next to each result. The internal illumination at the designated points is measured at the same time. The time of each measurement is also recorded. When filling in the measurement log, in the column "outdoor illumination" a result is selected that coincides in time with the result of measuring the internal illumination at a given point. Measurement at each point to eliminate random errors should be carried out at least twice. The results obtained must be averaged.
KEO in percent is determined by dividing the readings of the internal luxmeter by the readings of the external luxmeter and multiplied by 100. If there is a "calibration" coefficient k between the readings of the internal, determine by the formula
While reading the text, try to visualize everything that is written. This will help you not get confused by the endless colors and shades, and will also help you understand the article more clearly. In general, forward and with a song! By the way, who plays what? Please write in the comments - it is interesting to know what people are listening to while surfing the Internet.
dawn
At dawn, the lighting changes very quickly. Natural light has a bluish tint just before sunrise. And if the sky is clear at this time, the effect of a red sunset can also be observed. In nature, a combination of high stratus or cirrus clouds with low spreading fog is often found. In such conditions, there is a transition of sunlight from directed from below upwards to a general more diffused light, in which the shadows are washed out. At negative temperatures, the effect is more pronounced.
At dawn, excellent shots of plants, open landscapes, reservoirs, churches oriented to the east are obtained. Often fog spreads in the lowlands, near the water surface. Valley landscapes photographed with high point in an easterly direction. It is often at dawn that scenes with equipment, metal structures and any other objects that have a glossy shiny surface are filmed. In natural light, these surfaces and the reflections from them look just great.
Photographer: Slava Stepanov.
The quality of light in the mountains is determined by the location. If the relief hides the sunrise, it is almost impossible to get interesting lighting effects. It should also be mentioned that calm is most often observed at dawn. It helps you get perfect shots. flat surfaces reservoirs.
natural light in the morning
After sunrise, the light changes very quickly. In warm months, the sun can disperse fog or haze, in cold months it can create them (as a result of frost evaporation). Weak evaporation from reservoirs, rivers, wet roads can be spectacular. If it rained at night, then in the morning the wet streets and plants, dull under normal conditions, will shine with many bright sparks.
As the distance increases, the landscape blurs and brightens. This can be used to convey the 3rd dimension. During this period of the day, the color of the lighting changes from a warm bright yellow with golden notes to a warmish neutral tone. In the pictures taken in the morning, human skin looks very even. The fact is that at night our skin tightens, and in the morning the face seems refreshed - the main thing is how to wash.
Photographer: Maria Kilina.
An hour later, as the sun has risen, the lighting is ideal for photography. Professional photographers often get up well before dawn in order to have time to prepare for the session and “catch” the optimal light. The weather forecast is almost irrelevant, because morning weather is difficult to predict.
There are other reasons to get up early and get to the location well in advance. You will be able to independently trace the changes in the weather and, focusing on the position of the sun, understand what time will be the optimal natural light for photographing specific scenes. It is advisable to keep appropriate records. Also do not forget that the results of observations will be valid only for a particular time of the year.
Noon
The timing and duration of ideal light depends on the latitude of the area and the season. In the northern regions, where the sun does not set, but does not rise too high, such light is observed most of the night and all day. In temperate latitudes, suitable light persists for several hours. But do not forget that in this case the position of the star changes. In winter, it can be low all day (I will talk about this in detail).
The maximum brightness is observed for four hours in the very middle of the day. In the hot summer, there are also 4 hours ideal for photography. Two of them - in the afternoon, and two more - in the morning. Between them is a dead period. At this time, there is a very high probability of getting overexposure in the photo.
Photographer: Ovchinnikova Elena.
In equatorial and tropical regions, natural light at noon is not suitable for photography. The sun is located high overhead and creates an annoying, blinding light that makes the surrounding landscapes featureless.
Sequential shooting of people can only be done using fill light through direct supplementary lighting or reflectors. It is recommended to use light having a color temperature of approximately 5.2 thousand Kelvin.
Midday light in such regions can only be used to shoot canyons and gorges, densely covered with vegetation. At other times of the day, sunlight does not fall into such corners. The presence of direct rays helps the photographer to get bright contrast pictures.
Afternoon and evening
During daytime heating, the air absorbs moisture from the water or the ground. Therefore, in the second half of the day there are changes in the spectral composition (color) of natural light, which are not always present in the morning. Warm air absorbs more moisture. Cooling as the star moves towards sunset, it loses its ability to retain moisture. The latter condenses into tiny invisible drops that remain in the form of a suspension. When it gets colder it gets foggy. This is especially true for maritime regions.
Fog is usually very faint and visually noticeable in easy haze that can "dim" the light. For this reason, summer afternoons can seem dreary and gloomy, even when the sun is shining brightly. In the photographs, this is expressed by “pressed down” colors and tones. In the late afternoon, the situation improves as the sun's rays begin to make their way through the mist, consisting of dust and water particles, and reveal the aerial perspective.
Photographer: Maria Kilina.
In the second half of a summer day, the air in the city can look gray. If you look at the city from an airplane, you can see a veil of bluish light haze around it. Keep in mind that dust and moisture scatter the rays of natural light. When the sun is high, red rays are absorbed and blue rays are scattered, raising the color temperature. A cold metallic blue appears in the pictures, looking unattractive.
The above partly explains how afternoon light differs from morning light. There are other factors, such as the characteristic orientation of building and other structures in different places. The same gardens are arranged in such a way as to capture sunlight as much as possible. Trees and plants take on their final shape, which depends on how the sun's rays hit them. But in general, morning light is more preferable than afternoon light.
Sunset
At sunset, specific natural lighting is created, characteristic of the low position of the luminary, when the atmosphere allows red long-wave radiation to pass through and reflects short-wave blue radiation. During the day, some of the red rays were absorbed by the haze, while the blue ones were scattered. Now the situation is reversed. The upper part of the sky remains blue because the angle of its illumination has changed. As a result, cool color combinations and smooth gradients.
A sunset can become both a source of light and the subject of the shooting itself. In this case, we will consider only the quality of radiation characteristic of this time of day. At sunset, the sun's rays break through haze or light clouds. Their color gradually warms up (color temperature decreases).
Many photographers consider this state of the atmosphere the most favorable for the transmission of natural light in the evening and interesting in context. colors. If there is a need to make adjustments, this can be done through the use of blue filters.
Introduction
Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural lighting.
Natural lighting - lighting of premises with direct or reflected light penetrating through light openings in external enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be provided, as a rule, in rooms with a permanent stay of people. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises in accordance with the Sanitary Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises.
Types of natural lighting
There are the following types of natural lighting of premises:
lateral one-sided - when the light openings are located in one of the outer walls of the room,
Figure 1 - Lateral one-sided natural lighting
lateral - light openings in two opposite outer walls of the room,
Figure 2 - Lateral daylight
upper - when the lanterns and light openings in the coating, as well as light openings in the walls of the height difference of the building,
· combined - light openings provided for side (top and side) and overhead lighting.
The principle of rationing natural light
Natural lighting is used for general lighting of production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the sun and has the most beneficial effect on the human body. Using this type of lighting, one should take into account meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and periods of the year in a given area. This is necessary in order to know how much natural light will enter the room through the arranged light openings of the building: windows - with side lighting, skylights of the upper floors of the building - with overhead lighting. With combined natural lighting, side lighting is added to the top lighting.
Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural lighting. The dimensions of the light openings established by calculation can be changed by +5, -10%.
The unevenness of natural lighting in the premises of industrial and public buildings with overhead or overhead and natural side lighting and the main rooms for children and adolescents with side lighting should not exceed 3:1.
Sun protection devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the chapters of SNiP on the design of these buildings, as well as with the chapters on building heat engineering.
The quality of illumination by natural light is characterized by the coefficient of natural illumination to eo, which is the ratio of the illumination on a horizontal surface inside the room to the simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,
where E in -- horizontal illumination indoors in lux;
E n - horizontal illumination outside in lux.
With side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural illumination is normalized - k eo min, and with upper and combined lighting - its average value - k eo cf. The method for calculating the coefficient of natural illumination is given in the Sanitary Design Standards for Industrial Enterprises.
In order to create the most favorable working conditions, standards for natural lighting have been established. In cases where natural illumination is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally illuminated by artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed provided that additional lighting is provided only for working surfaces in general natural lighting.
Building codes and regulations (SNiP 23-05-95) establish the coefficients of natural illumination of industrial premises depending on the nature of the work according to the degree of accuracy.
To maintain the necessary illumination of the premises, the norms provide for the mandatory cleaning of windows and skylights from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, walls and equipment should be systematically cleaned and painted in light colors.
Standards for natural lighting of industrial buildings, reduced to the rationing of K.E.O., are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the rationing of the illumination of workplaces, all visual works are divided into eight grades according to the degree of accuracy.
SNiP 23-05-95 establish the required value of K.E.O. depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light zones, for which the K.E.O. are determined by the formula:
where N is the number of the group of the administrative-territorial region according to the provision with natural light;
The value of the coefficient of natural illumination, selected according to SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in a given room and the natural lighting system.
The light climate coefficient, which is found according to the SNiP tables, depending on the type of light openings, their orientation along the horizon and the group number of the administrative area.
To determine the compliance of natural illumination in the production room with the required standards, the illumination is measured with overhead and combined lighting - at different points in the room, followed by averaging; at the side - at the least illuminated workplaces. At the same time, the external illumination and the K.E.O. determined by calculation are measured. compared with the norm.
Natural Lighting Design
1. The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes performed in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the construction site of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be defined:
characteristics and category of visual works;
a group of the administrative district in which the construction of the building is supposed;
normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual works and light and climatic features of the location of buildings;
the required uniformity of natural light;
the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the premises, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;
the need to protect the premises from the blinding action of sunlight.
2. The design of natural lighting of the building should be carried out in the following sequence:
determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;
choice of lighting systems;
choice of types of light openings and light-transmitting materials;
the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;
taking into account the orientation of the building and light openings on the sides of the horizon;
performing a preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determining the required area of light openings);
clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;
performing a test calculation of natural lighting of premises;
determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;
determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural light;
determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;
making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).
3. The natural lighting system of the building (side, overhead or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:
purpose and adopted architectural and planning, volumetric and spatial and constructive solution of the building;
requirements for natural lighting of premises, arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work;
climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;
efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).
4. Top and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in one-story public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).
5. Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-story public and residential buildings, one-story residential buildings, as well as in one-story public buildings, in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the light opening above the conditional working surface does not exceed 8.
6. When choosing light openings and light-transmitting materials, the following should be taken into account:
requirements for natural lighting of premises;
purpose, volume-spatial and constructive solution of the building;
orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon;
climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;
the need to protect the premises from insolation;
degree of air pollution.
7. Consideration should be given to the shading created by opposing buildings when designing side daylight.
8. Translucent fillings of light openings in residential and public buildings are selected taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.
9. With lateral natural lighting of public buildings with increased requirements for the constancy of natural lighting and sun protection (for example, art galleries), light openings should be oriented to the northern quarter of the horizon (N-NW-N-NE).
10. The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:
orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;
the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in a room who has a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);
working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;
the difference between solar time, according to which solar maps are built, and maternity time, adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation.
When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements of building codes and regulations for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).
11. In the case of a one-shift working (educational) process and the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented to the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreen is not necessary.
