Selection of fixtures and their placement. Luminaires for industrial lighting Calculation of artificial lighting

How are fluorescent lamps arranged?

Table 11

We place the lamps in three rows. In each row, you can install 12 OD-type luminaires with a power of 40 W (with a length of 1.23 m), while the gaps between the luminaires in a row will be 50 cm. Considering that two lamps are installed in each lamp, the total number of lamps in the room N

Pipes

federal agency of Education Russian Federation

Tomsk Polytechnic University

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Dean of the IEF

Gvozdev N.I.

"____" _____________ 2008

Life safety

CALCULATION OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Guidelines for individual assignments

for day and distance learning all directions

and specialties TPU

Supporting Department - Ecology and Life Safety

UDC 658.382.3.001.24075

Calculation of artificial lighting. Guidelines for the implementation of individual tasks for full-time and part-time students of all areas and specialties of TPU. - Tomsk: Ed. TPU, 2008. - 20 p.

Compiled by Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences ABOUT. Nazarenko

"____" ________________ 2008

Head Department of EBJ

prof., d.t.s. __________________ V.F. Panin

Approved by the Methodological Committee of the IEF

pres. method. commissions

Associate Professor, Ph.D. A.G. Dashkovsky

"____" ______________ 2008

CALCULATION OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Properly designed and rationally executed lighting industrial premises has a positive impact on workers, improves efficiency and safety, reduces fatigue and injuries, maintains high performance.

The main task of lighting calculations for artificial lighting is to determine the required power of an electric lighting installation to create a given illumination.

The following questions should be answered in the calculation task:

Choice of lighting system;

Choice of light sources;

Selection of fixtures and their placement;

The choice of normalized illumination;

Calculation of illumination by the coefficient method luminous flux.

1. SELECTION OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM

For industrial premises of all purposes, systems of general (uniform or localized) and combined (general and local) lighting are used. The choice between uniform and localized lighting is made taking into account the characteristics of the production process and placement. technological equipment. The combined lighting system is used for industrial premises in which precise visual work is performed. The use of one local lighting at workplaces is not allowed.

In this calculation task, the total uniform illumination is calculated for all rooms.

2. SELECTION OF LIGHT SOURCES

Light sources used for artificial lighting are divided into two groups - gas discharge lamps and incandescent lamps.

For general lighting, as a rule, gas-discharge lamps are used as they are more energy efficient and have a longer service life. The most common are fluorescent lamps. According to the spectral composition of visible light, daylight (LD), cold white (LHB), warm white (LTB) and white (LB) lamps are distinguished. The most widely used lamp type LB. With increased requirements for the transmission of colors by lighting, lamps of the LHB, LD type are used. The LTB type lamp is used for the correct color rendering of the human face. Characteristics of fluorescent lamps are given in table. one.

Table 1

Main characteristics of fluorescent lamps

In addition to fluorescent discharge lamps (low pressure), gas discharge lamps are used for industrial lighting. high pressure, for example, DRL lamps (arc mercury fluorescent), etc., which are recommended for lighting higher rooms (6–10 m). The main characteristics of DRL lamps are given in table. 2.

table 2

The main characteristics of DRL lamps

The use of incandescent lamps is allowed in the production of rough work or general supervision of the operation of equipment, especially if these premises are not intended for people to stay, as well as in case of impossibility or technical and economic inexpediency of using gas discharge lamps. In explosive and fire hazardous rooms, damp, dusty, with a chemically active environment, where the air temperature can be less than +10 ºС and the mains voltage drops below 90% of the nominal, incandescent lamps should be preferred. Characteristics of incandescent lamps are given in table. 3.

Table 3

The main characteristics of incandescent lamps

3. SELECTION OF LIGHTS AND THEIR PLACEMENT

When choosing the type of luminaires, lighting requirements should be taken into account, economic indicators, environmental conditions.

The most common types of lamps for fluorescent lamps are:

Open two-lamp luminaires type OD, ODOR, SHOD, ODO, OOD- for normal rooms with good reflection of the ceiling and walls, are allowed at moderate humidity and dustiness.

PVL lamp- is dust and moisture protected, suitable for some fire hazardous premises: lamp power 2x40W.

Ceiling lamps for general lighting of closed dry rooms :

L71B03 - lamp power 10x30W;

L71B84 - lamp power 8x40W.

The main characteristics of luminaires with fluorescent lamps are given in table. four.

For incandescent lamps and DRL lamps the following types of lamps are used:

Universal (U)– for lamps up to 500 W; applicable for general and local lighting under normal conditions.

Milk glass ball (SHM)– for lamps up to 1000 W; designed for normal rooms with high reflection of ceilings and walls (precise assembly rooms, design rooms).

"Lucetta" (LC)– for lamps up to 300 W; designed for the same rooms as the CMM.

Deep emitter with medium flux concentration (GS)- for lamps 500, 1000 W; it is steady in the conditions of dampness and the environment with the increased chemical activity.

Table 4

The main characteristics of some lamps

with fluorescent lamps

The placement of fixtures in the room is determined by the following parameters, m (Fig. 1):

H- the height of the room;

h c is the distance of the fixtures from the ceiling (overhang);

h n= H – h c - the height of the lamp above the floor, the height of the suspension;

h pp - the height of the working surface above the floor;

h = h n- h pp - estimated height, the height of the lamp above the working surface.

To create favorable visual conditions at the workplace, to combat the blinding effect of light sources, requirements have been introduced to limit the minimum height of lamps above the floor (Tables 5 and 6);

L- the distance between adjacent lamps or rows (if the distances are different along the length (A) and width (B) of the room, then they are indicated L A and L B)

l- the distance from the extreme lamps or rows to the wall.

Optimal Distance l from the extreme row of fixtures to the wall, it is recommended to take equal L /3.

Table 6

The smallest permissible height of the suspension of fixtures

with incandescent lamps

best options uniform placement of lamps are staggered placement and on the sides of the square (the distances between the lamps in a row and between the rows of lamps are equal) (Fig. 2).

Rice. 3. Layout of fixtures in the room for fluorescent lamps

The integral criterion for the optimal location of luminaires is the value l = L /h, a decrease in which increases the cost of the installation and maintenance of lighting, and an excessive increase leads to a sharp uneven illumination. In table. 7 shows the values of l for different lamps.

Table 7

The most advantageous arrangement of lamps

Distance between lamps L defined as:

L = l × h

It is necessary to draw the plan of the room on a scale in accordance with the initial data, indicate the location of the lamps on it (see example, Fig. 4) and determine their number.

4. SELECTION OF THE RATED ILLUMINATION

The main requirements and values of the normalized illumination of working surfaces are set out in SNiP 23-05-95. The choice of illumination is carried out depending on the size of the volume of distinction (line thickness, risks, height of the letter), the contrast of the object with the background, and the characteristics of the background. The necessary information for choosing the normalized illumination of industrial premises is given in Table. eight.

Table 8

Illumination standards at workplaces of industrial premises

under artificial lighting (according to SNiP 23-05-95)

Characteristics of visual work	The smallest size of the object of distinction,	Discharge of visual work	Subcategory of visual work	Object Contrast	Characteristic	artificial lighting
						Illumination, lx
						With a combined lighting system		With a general lighting system
							including from the general	With a general lighting system

highest precision



accuracy



high precision


accuracy



accuracy



Coarse (very low precision)			Regardless of the characteristics of the background and the contrast of the object with the background

5. CALCULATION OF TOTAL UNIFORM ILLUMINATION

The calculation of the general uniform artificial illumination of a horizontal work surface is carried out using the luminous flux coefficient method, which takes into account the luminous flux reflected from the ceiling and walls.

The luminous flux of the lamp is determined by the formula:

where E n - normalized minimum illumination according to SNiP 23-05-95, lx;

S- area of the illuminated room, m 2;

K h - safety factor that takes into account the pollution of the lamp (light source, lighting fixtures, walls, etc., i.e. reflective surfaces), the presence of smoke and dust in the workshop atmosphere (Table 9);

Z- coefficient of uneven illumination, ratio E Wed / E min. For fluorescent lamps in the calculations is taken equal to 1.1;

N- the number of lamps in the room;

h is the utilization factor of the luminous flux.

The luminous flux utilization coefficient shows what part of the luminous flux of the lamps falls on the working surface. It depends on the room index. i, type of luminaire, height of luminaires above the working surface h and reflection coefficients of walls r c and ceiling r n .

The room index is determined by the formula:

i = S / h(A+B)

Reflection coefficients are evaluated subjectively (Table 10).

The values of the luminous flux utilization factor h of luminaires for the most common combinations of reflection coefficients and room indices are given in Table. 11 and 12.

Having calculated the luminous flux F, knowing the type of lamp, according to Table. 1-3, the nearest standard lamp is selected and the electrical power of the entire lighting system is determined. If the required lamp flux is out of range (–10 ¸ +20%), then the number of luminaires or the height of the luminaire suspension is corrected.

Table 9

Safety factor for luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Table 10

The value of the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls

Coefficients of utilization of the luminous flux of luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Luminaire type

Utilization ratios, %

Continuation of the table. eleven

Table 12

Coefficients of use of the luminous flux of luminaires with incandescent lamps η, %

Luminaire type

Given a room with dimensions: length A = 24 m, width B = 12 m, height H= 4.5 m. Work surface height h rp = 0.8 m. It is required to create illumination E = 300 lux.

Wall reflectivity R c = 30%, ceiling R n = 50%. Safety factor k = 1.5, non-uniformity factor Z = 1.1.

We calculate the system of general fluorescent lighting.

We choose fixtures of the OD type, l = 1.4.

Having accepted h c = 0.5 m, we get

h\u003d 4.5 - 0.5 - 0.8 \u003d 3.2 m;

L= 1.4 × 3.2 = 4.5 m;

L/3 = 1.5 m.

Rice. 4. Plan of the premises and placement of luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Literature

1. Dolin P.A. Safety Handbook. – M.: Energoatomizdat, 1982. – 800 p.

2. Knorring G.M. Lighting installations. - L .: Energy, 1981. - 412 p.

3. Reference book for the design of electric lighting / Ed. G.M. Knorring. - St. Petersburg: Energoatomizdat, 1992. - 448 p.

4. SNiP 23-05-95. Natural and artificial lighting.

5. GOST 6825-91. Luminescent tubular lamps for general lighting.

6. GOST 2239-79. General purpose incandescent lamps.

Life safety.

Calculation of artificial lighting.

Guidelines for the implementation of individual tasks for full-time and correspondence students of all directions

K category: Electrical Questions

Luminaire type

Quantity and power

Application area

Dimensions, mm

Lighting of industrial premises with normal conditions environments

For fire hazardous premises with dust and moisture emissions

Similar to OD

The PVL-1 luminaire is designed for two fluorescent lamps with a power of 40 W each at a voltage of 220 V. The main parts of the luminaire: body, reflector, opal glass diffuser and suspension unit. In the upper part of the housing there is a two-lamp ballast type 2 2UBK-40/220 for starter ignition of lamps. The lamp is suspended on cables or rods.

Rice. 1. Lamp FM-60: 1 - housing; 2 - cartridge; 3 - protective flask

Rice. 2. Lamp СХМ-100: 1 - reflector; 2 - cartridge; 3 - body; 4 - head; 5 - suspension

The luminaire PVLP-2 X X40 is designed to work with two fluorescent lamps with a power of 40 W each. Its components are: housing 2, reflector 5, diffuser 3 and suspension unit 4. Control gears are located in the housing.

Rice. 3. Luminaire PNP-2XYu0: 1 - diffuser; 2 - body; 3 - cartridge

Luminaire ODR-2X40 (Fig. 15) consists of a reflector, housing, suspension and shielding grid. A two-lamp ballast type 2UBK-40/220 is mounted in the housing for starter ignition of fluorescent lamps. To illuminate the ceiling and the upper part of the walls, holes are made in the reflector of the ODO and ODOR lamps, through which 10 ... 15% of the luminous flux of the lamps is directed to the upper hemisphere. The suspension unit allows you to place the lamp on a pipe, cable or rod, as well as place lamps on the main lighting box in any quantity. Figure 16 shows the electrical circuit of the ODR-2X40 lamp.

Rice. 4. Luminaire PVL-1: 1- housing; 2-ballast; 3 - suspension unit; 4 - reflector; 5 - diffuser

Rice. 5. Luminaire PVLP-2X40: 1 - ballast; 2 - body; 3 - diffuser; 4 - suspension unit; 5 - reflector

Rice. 6. Lamp ODR-2X40: 1 - reflector; 2 - body; 3 - suspension unit; 4 - lattice

Rice. 7. Electric circuit of the lamp ODR-2X40

Luminaire type	Number and power of lamps, W	Mains voltage, V	Efficiency, %	Dimensions, mm	Mass, kg
length	ksh width	height
OD, ODR	2 x 40		72 (65)				10,5
2 x 80	Same	Same				13,5
ODO, ODOR	2 x 40		75 (68)				10,5
2 x 80	Same	Same				13,0
Note. In parentheses are the values of the efficiency of luminaires with a grate

Table 15

Luminous flux utilization factor

Lamp	OD	ODOR	NOGL	At	UPD-DRL	PVL-1
r p, %
r s, %
Room index i	Utilization factor, h
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,25
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0

The utilization factor of a lighting installation is the ratio of the luminous flux incident on the working surface to the total luminous flux of light sources. Its value depends on the efficiency of the lamp, the luminous intensity curve, the color of the walls and ceiling, and the index of the room.

Room index i is determined by the formula:

where L and B are the length and width of the room, respectively, m;

H p - the estimated height of the suspension of the lamp, m.

In all cases, i is rounded up to the nearest tabular value, with i greater than 5, i = 5 is taken, since a change in the room index over five has almost no effect on the utilization factor.

The number of lamps is chosen based on the size of the room. The distance from the wall to the first and last row of fixtures should be l \u003d (0.3 ... 0.5) l a, where
l a - the distance between the rows of fixtures, is taken from the condition of ensuring uniformity of illumination: l a /H p £ z. If the work surfaces are located directly against the walls, then
l \u003d 0.3l a, and in the absence of working surfaces near the walls
l = (0.4…0.5)l a .

The light source and lamp are selected from the conditions of economic and technological requirements, taking into account environmental conditions (table 16, fig. 9).

On fig. 9 open fixtures in which the lamp is not separated from the external environment include pos. b, c, d, k, l, m, p. In protected lamps (pos. a, o), the lamp is protected by a shell that provides air exchange with the external environment. The housing of the waterproof luminaire (pos. i) ensures the reliability of the electrical insulation of the wires. Dust-proof fixtures (d, e, n) protect the lamp and socket from dust penetration. Explosion-proof lamps (g, h) ensure the safety of premises and outdoor installations with a high concentration of combustible vapors, gases and dust in them.

Lamps are placed in rows parallel to walls with windows (for fluorescent lamps), in a checkerboard pattern and at the corners of the squares into which the ceiling area is divided (for incandescent lamps).

After calculating the required luminous flux of the luminaire, a standard lamp is selected. The luminous flux of the lamp may differ from the calculated value by 10 ... 20% (table
ts 17, 18, 19).

Table 16

Rice. 9. Types of lamps:

a - Universal (Uz-200); b and c - deep emitters (Ge, Gs); wide emitter (CO);

e - dustproof (PPR PPD); f - dustproof (PSKh-75);

g - explosion-proof (VZG-200AM); h - increased reliability against

explosion (NZ-N4B); and – for a chemically active medium (SH); fluorescent k - OD

and ODOR; (l) LD and LDOR; m - LRP-2X40; n - PVL-1-2X40; o - VLO;

p - for outdoor lighting (spo-200)

Table 17

Light characteristics of fluorescent lamps

Table 18

Light characteristics of 220 V general purpose incandescent lamps

Currently, the most common is electric lighting. Light sources for it are incandescent lamps and high-pressure discharge lamps - DRL and low pressure - fluorescent lamps. To create rational lighting, light sources are placed in Lighting fixtures, the main purpose of which is to redistribute the luminous flux, protect the eyes from the glare of open lamps, protect the light source from exposure environment. The source of light in a lighting fixture is called a luminaire.

Depending on the nature of the distribution of light, lamps are divided into three groups:
1. Fixtures of direct light, which direct at least 90% of the light flux to the lower zone of the room. They have fittings in the form of an opaque (metal) cap, as a result of which, when using these lamps, the ceiling and the upper part of the walls of the room remain dimly lit. Direct light fixtures include: deep emitter, "generalists", oblique light. "alpha", type OD, type PVL (Fig. 30); they are used most often in industrial premises.

Rice. thirty. different types lamps. a - universal; b - enameled deep emitter; c - mirror deep emitter; g - oblique light; d - whole glass lucetta; e - lucetta team; oh - milk glass ball; h - lamp of local lighting "alpha".

2. Reflected light luminaires that emit at least 90% of the light flux into the upper zone, which, reflected from the ceiling and the upper part of the walls, is evenly distributed throughout the room. At the same time, it is necessary that the ceiling and walls have a light color and reflect at least 60-70% of the light flux. From a hygienic point of view, reflected lighting is the most appropriate, as it provides uniform, shadow-free illumination without glare. Reflected light fixtures include ring fixtures (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Ring lamp.

3. Diffused light fixtures that distribute the luminous flux both to the upper and lower zones of the room and are most often used to illuminate public buildings. They create diffused lighting in the room, the shadows are soft. This class of lamps includes: milk ball, whole milk glass lucetta, team lucetta (see Fig. 30).

In industrial premises with high air humidity or intense dust content, luminaires with moisture- or dust-proof fittings are used for lighting, and rooms where there is a risk of explosion are equipped with special luminaires with explosion-proof fittings.

Currently, fluorescent lamps are increasingly used to illuminate public and industrial buildings, which have great advantages over incandescent lamps: thanks to their favorable spectral characteristics, they can be used to create artificial daylight and diffused light distribution in rooms. In addition, they are economically more profitable, since they create higher illumination at the same cost of electricity. Fluorescent lamps are glass tubes(Fig. 32), inside which there are mercury vapor, when passing through them electric current(electrodes are soldered into the tube at both ends) gas discharges occur, resulting in ultraviolet radiation. A layer of so-called phosphors, mineral substances (zinc silicate, cadmium tungstate, etc.), which have the ability to glow under the action of ultraviolet rays, is deposited on the tube wall from the inside. The ultraviolet radiation arising in the tube is absorbed by them and transformed into visible light, which enters the surrounding space. Since each phosphor has its own characteristic emission color (green, orange, red, etc.), by selecting different mixtures, it is possible to obtain lamps of various shades of white light, for example, daylight (LD), the spectrum of which approximately corresponds to light light blue sky, white light (LB), having a spectrum close to the light of the sky covered with light clouds, etc. Fluorescent lamps can be connected directly to the 127-220 V network using special starting devices. The main type of lighting fittings for fluorescent lamps, the most rational for lighting schools, offices, drawing offices, etc., is a lamp of the OD type, the SOD type (Fig. 33). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it has a shielding grille with metal strips in the lower part, which protects the eyes from the glare of the lamps and creates a diffuse light distribution.

For most light sources, the radiation of the luminous flux occurs more or less evenly in all directions. For the device of a rational lighting installation, it is necessary to direct the luminous flux in such a way that its main part falls on the specified surfaces. This is achieved with the help of light fixtures that redistribute the luminous flux.

The redistribution of the luminous flux of the light source is the main, but not the only function of the armature. The armature must also protect the eyes from the brilliance of the light source, protect the lamp from environmental influences and mechanical damage, etc. In some cases, lighting fixtures are also required to ensure tightness and explosion safety. A set of fittings and a light source is called a lamp.

An important function of lighting fittings is to protect the eyes from glare. The degree of protection against glare is characterized by the value of the protective angle γ (Fig. 55), which is understood as the angle formed by the horizontal passing through the heating body and the plane passing through the edge of the reinforcement.

Rice. 55. Protective corner of luminaires:

a and b - with incandescent lamps made of transparent and milky glass; c - with two fluorescent lamps

To provide a protective angle in luminaires with tubular fluorescent lamps, longitudinal and transverse shielding strips are used, which together form a shielding grid.

Within the protective angle, the lamp is completely closed from the eyes of the worker by the edge of the armature or by a shielding grille 1 .

1 The use of exposed fluorescent lamps that are not shielded by a grating or otherwise is generally not permitted.

According to the nature of the light distribution, luminaires differ depending on what part of the light flux coming out of the luminaire is directed up and down from the luminaire or into the upper and lower hemispheres. There are five groups of luminaires that use incandescent lamps; each group has its own area of application.

Direct light luminaires emit at least 90% of the total luminous flux emitted by the lamp into the lower hemisphere. They are used in rooms with dark, poorly reflecting ceilings and walls, for example, in workshops with metal trusses, skylights, in foundries, forges, mechanical and other workshops,. where a lot of dust, smoke, soot and various fumes are emitted. Direct light fixtures produce rather sharp shadows that are not smoothed out by light reflected from walls and ceilings.

Rice. 56. Fixtures:

a - "Universal" ordinary; b - "Universal" in a dustproof design; c - "Deep emitter"; d - mostly direct light

For direct light fixtures, first of all, fixtures of the "Universal" and "Deep emitter" types should be attributed.

The "Universal" lamp (Fig. 56, a and b) is advisable to use in those rooms whose height does not exceed 6-8 m, and the "Deep emitter" lamp (Fig. 56, c) - in rooms of greater height ("Enameled Deep Emitter" 8-12 m, "Deep emitter mirror" 15-30 m).

Due to the fact that the largest part of the light flux is directed directly to the illuminated surfaces, direct light fixtures are the most economical in terms of energy consumption.

Lamps of predominantly direct light, emitting from 60 to 90% of the total luminous flux into the lower hemisphere, are installed in workshops with walls and ceilings that reflect light well. These lamps (Fig. 56, d) have a metal case with a small reflector. The lamp is covered with light-diffusing glass.

Lights give quite soft shadows, which has great importance for many workshops and types of work, especially in the absence of local lighting.

Diffused light fixtures (Fig. 57, a and b) emit from 40 to 60% of the total luminous flux into each hemisphere. They are used in those shops where it is necessary to create high levels illumination by diffused light, as well as in office and household premises with light ceilings and walls.

Rice. 57. Diffused and predominantly reflected light luminaires:

a - "Lucetta"; b - "Milk ball"; c - type PM-1; d - type SK-300

Lamps of predominantly reflected light (Fig. 57, c and d) emit from 60 to 90% of the total flux into the upper hemisphere, and reflected light lamps - at least 90% of the total flux. Luminaires of these types are necessary in cases where, due to the nature of the work, even slight shadows are undesirable (for example, in drawing and design offices). Reflected light luminaires are less economical than luminaires of direct or diffuse light groups.

Rice. 58. Luminaires for fluorescent lamps: a - ODR; b - ODOR; c - PVL: g - WOD

Luminaires with fluorescent lamps, as a rule, are made of two-lamp or multi-lamp and can be direct light - type OD (general diffuse lighting), ODR (general diffuse lighting with a screening grate, Fig. 58, a), predominantly direct light - type ODO (general diffuse lighting with holes in the upper part of the reflector), ODOR (general diffuse lighting with holes in the upper part of the reflector and with a screening grid, Fig. 58, b), diffused light - type PVL (dust and moisture-proof luminescent, Fig. 58, c).

In addition to pendant lamps, ceiling-mounted lamps are also produced for lighting industrial premises. Of the latter, the most widely used lamp is the VOD (built-in diffuse general lighting, Fig. 58, d).

According to the degree of protection of luminaires from environmental influences, the penetration of vapors, dust, etc., luminaires are divided into the following types:

1) open (Fig. 56, d; 57, a; 58, a and b), in which the lamp is not separated from the external environment;

2) protected (Fig. 56, a and c; 57, b and 58, c), in which the lamp and cartridge are closed with a protective, light-transmitting cap attached to the lamp body without sealing, which does not prevent air exchange between the internal parts of the lamp and environment;

3) waterproof (Fig. 56, b and 58, d), the body and cartridge of which tolerate moisture well; in such lamps, the insulation of the wires inserted into them is well preserved;

4) dust-tight (Fig. 59, a), having a body and a protective cap that prevent fine dust from penetrating into the lamp and cartridge;

5) explosion-proof (Fig. 59, b), intended for installation in explosive premises.

According to the place of application, luminaires are divided into general lighting luminaires and local lighting luminaires.