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How to reduce noise levels in an apartment, hotel, office. Sanitary norms and rules (SNiP) for the operation of boiler houses Determining the source of noise in the boiler room

Ph.D. L.V. Rodionov, head of support department scientific research; Ph.D. S.A. Gafurov, senior researcher; Ph.D. V.S. Melentiev, Senior Researcher; Ph.D. A.S. Gvozdev, Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Koroleva, Samara

To provide hot water and heating of modern apartment buildings (MKD), roof boiler houses are sometimes laid in projects. This solution is in some cases cost-effective. At the same time, often, when installing boilers on foundations, proper vibration isolation is not provided. As a result, residents upper floors exposed to constant noise.

According to the sanitary standards in force in Russia, the sound pressure level in residential premises should not exceed 40 dBA - during the day and 30 dBA - at night (dBA - acoustic decibel, a unit of noise level, taking into account human perception of sound. - Approx. ed.).

Specialists of the Institute of Machine Acoustics at the Samara State Aerospace University (IAM at SSAU) measured the sound pressure level in the living room of an apartment located under the roof boiler house of a residential building. It turned out that the equipment of the rooftop boiler house was the source of the noise. Despite the fact that this apartment is separated from the roof boiler house by a technical floor, the results of measurements showed an excess of daily sanitary standards, both in terms of the equivalent level and at an octave frequency of 63 Hz (Fig. 1).

The measurements were taken in the daytime. At night, the operating mode of the boiler room practically does not change, and the background noise level may be lower. Since it turned out that the “problem” is already present during the day, it was decided not to carry out measurements at night.

Picture 1 . The level of sound pressure in the apartment in comparison with sanitary standards.

Noise and vibration source localization

To more accurately determine the “problem” frequency, sound pressure levels were measured in the apartment, the boiler room and on the technical floor in different operating modes of the equipment.

The most characteristic operating mode of the equipment, in which a tonal frequency appears in the low-frequency region, is the simultaneous operation of three boilers (Fig. 2). It is known that the frequency of working processes of boilers (burning inside) is quite low and falls in the range of 30-70 Hz.

Figure 2. Sound pressure level in various premises when three boilers work at the same time

From fig. 2 shows that the frequency of 50 Hz dominates in all measured spectra. Thus, boilers make the main contribution to the spectra of sound pressure levels in the premises under study.

The level of background noise in the apartment does not change much when the boiler equipment is turned on (except for a frequency of 50 Hz), so we can conclude that the sound insulation of the two floors that separate the boiler room from the living rooms is sufficient to reduce the level of airborne noise produced by boiler equipment to sanitary standards. Therefore, one should look for other (not direct) ways of noise (vibration) propagation. Probably, high level sound pressure at 50 Hz is due to structure-borne noise.

In order to localize the source of structural noise in residential premises, as well as to identify vibration propagation paths, additional measurements of vibration acceleration were carried out in the boiler room, on the technical floor, as well as in the living room of the apartment on the top floor.

The measurements were carried out at various operating modes of the boiler equipment. On fig. Figure 3 shows the vibration acceleration spectra for the mode in which all three boilers operate.

Based on the results of the measurements, the following conclusions were made:

- in the apartment on the top floor under the boiler room, sanitary standards are not met;

- the main source of increased noise in residential premises is the working process of combustion in boilers. The prevailing harmonic in the noise and vibration spectra is the frequency of 50 Hz.

- the lack of proper vibration isolation of the boiler from the foundation leads to the transmission of structural noise to the floor and walls of the boiler room. Vibration spreads both through the boiler supports and through pipes with transmission from them to the walls, as well as the floor, i.e. in places of rigid connection.

- Measures should be developed to combat noise and vibration in the path of their propagation from the boiler.

a) b)
in)

Figure 3 . Vibration acceleration spectra: a - on the support and foundation of the boiler, on the floor of the boiler room; b - on the support of the boiler exhaust pipe and on the floor near the boiler exhaust pipe; c - on the wall of the boiler room, on the wall of the technical floor and in the living room of the apartment.

Development of a vibration protection system

Based on a preliminary analysis of the mass distribution of the structure of the gas boiler and equipment, cable vibration isolators VMT-120 and VMT-60 with a nominal load per vibration isolator (VI) of 120 and 60 kg, respectively, were selected for the project. The scheme of the vibration isolator is shown in fig. four.

Figure 4 3D model of cable vibration isolator model range TDC.


Figure 5 Schemes for fixing vibration isolators: a) support; b) hanging; c) lateral.

Three variants of the scheme for fixing vibration isolators have been developed: support, suspension and side (Fig. 5).

Calculations have shown that the side scheme of the installation can be implemented using 33 VMT-120 vibration isolators (for each boiler), which is not economically feasible. In addition, very serious welding work is expected.

When implementing a suspended scheme, the entire structure becomes more complicated, since it is necessary to weld wide and rather long corners to the boiler frame, which will also be welded from several profiles (to provide the necessary mounting surface).

In addition, the technology of installing the boiler frame on these skids with VI is complicated (it is inconvenient to fix the VI, it is inconvenient to place and center the boiler, etc.). Another disadvantage of such a scheme is the free movement of the boiler in lateral directions (swinging in the transverse plane on the VI). The number of vibration isolators VMT-120 for this scheme is 14.

The frequency of the vibration protection system (VZS) is about 8.2 Hz.

The third, most promising and technologically simpler option is with a standard reference circuit. It will require 18 VMT-120 vibration isolators.

The calculated frequency of the VZS is 4.3 Hz. In addition, the design of the VIs themselves (part of the cable rings is located at an angle) and their competent placement along the perimeter (Fig. 6) makes it possible to perceive with such a scheme a lateral load, the value of which will be about 60 kgf for each VI, while the vertical load on each VI is about 160 kgf.


Figure 6 Placement of vibration isolators on the frame with a reference scheme.

Vibration protection system design

Based on the data of the conducted static tests and the dynamic calculation of the VI parameters, a vibration protection system for the boiler house of a residential building was developed (Fig. 7).

The object of vibration protection includes three boilers of the same design 1 installed on concrete foundations with metal ties; piping system 2 for the supply of cold and the removal of heated water, as well as the removal of combustion products; pipe system 3 for supplying gas to the burners of the boilers.

The created vibration protection system includes external vibration protection supports for boilers 4 designed to support pipelines 2 ; internal vibration protection belt of boilers 5 designed to isolate the vibration of boilers from the floor; external anti-vibration supports 6 for gas pipes 3.


Figure 7 General view of the boiler house with the vibration protection system installed.

The main design parameters of the vibration protection system:

1. The height from the floor to which it is necessary to raise the load-bearing frames of the boilers is 2 cm (installation tolerance minus 5 mm).

2. The number of vibration isolators per one boiler: 19 VMT-120 (18 in the inner belt bearing the weight of the boiler, and 1 on the external support for damping vibrations of the water pipeline), as well as 2 VMT-60 vibration isolators on external supports - for vibration protection of the gas pipeline.

3. The “support” type loading scheme works in compression, providing good vibration isolation. The natural frequency of the system is in the range of 5.1-7.9 Hz, which provides effective vibration protection in the region above 10 Hz.

4. The damping coefficient of the vibration protection system is 0.4-0.5, which provides an amplification at resonance of no more than 2.6 (oscillation amplitude no more than 1 mm with an input signal amplitude of 0.4 mm).

5. To adjust the horizontal position of the boilers on the sides of the boiler in the U-shaped profiles, there are nine seats for vibration isolators of the same type. Only five are nominally installed.

During installation, it is possible to place the vibration isolators in any order in any of the nine places provided to achieve the alignment of the center of mass of the boiler and the center of rigidity of the vibration protection system.

6. Advantages of the developed anti-vibration system: simplicity of design and installation, insignificant amount of boilers lifting above the floor, good damping characteristics of the system, possibility of adjustment.

The effect of using the developed vibration protection system

With the introduction of the developed vibration protection system, the sound pressure level in the living quarters of the apartments on the upper floors decreased to an acceptable level (Fig. 8) . The measurements were also made at night.

From the graph in Fig. 8 it can be seen that in the normalized frequency range and in terms of the equivalent sound level, sanitary standards in the living room are met.

The efficiency of the developed vibration protection system when measured in a residential area at a frequency of 50 Hz is 26.5 dB, and 15 dBA in terms of the equivalent sound level (Fig. 9).


Figure 8 . The level of sound pressure in the apartment in comparison with sanitary standards, taking into account developed vibration protection system.


Figure 9 Sound pressure level in one-third octave frequency bands in a residential area when three boilers are operating simultaneously.

Conclusion

The created vibration protection system makes it possible to protect a residential building equipped with a roof boiler from vibrations created by the operation of gas boilers, as well as to ensure a normal vibration mode of operation for the gas equipment together with the piping system, increasing the service life and reducing the likelihood of accidents.

The main advantages of the developed vibration protection system are simplicity of design and installation, low cost compared to other types of vibration isolators, resistance to temperatures and pollution, a small amount of boiler elevation above the floor, good damping characteristics of the system, and the ability to adjust.

The vibration protection system prevents the spread of structural noise from the equipment of the roof boiler through the building structure, thereby reducing the sound pressure level in residential premises to an acceptable level.

Literature

1. Igolkin, A.A. Reducing noise in a residential area through the use of vibration isolators [Text] / A.A. Igolkin, L.V. Rodionov, E.V. Chess // Security in the technosphere. No. 4. 2008. S. 40-43.

2. SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96 "Noise at workplaces, in the premises of residential, public buildings and on the territory of residential development", 1996, 8 p.

3. GOST 23337-78 “Noise. Methods for measuring noise in a residential area and in residential and public buildings”, 1978, 18 p.

4. Shakhmatov, E.V. A comprehensive solution to the problems of vibroacoustics of mechanical engineering and aerospace products [Text] / E.V. Chess // LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH&CO.KG. 2012. 81 p.

From the editor. On October 27, 2017, Rospotrebnadzor published information on its official website "On the impact of physical factors, including noise, on public health", in which he notes that in the structure of citizens' complaints about various physical factors, the largest share (over 60%) is made up of complaints about noise. The main of them are complaints of residents, including acoustic discomfort from ventilation systems and refrigeration equipment, noise and vibration during the operation of heating equipment.

The reasons for the increased noise level generated by these sources are the insufficiency of noise protection measures at the design stage, the installation of equipment with deviation from design solutions without assessing the generated noise and vibration levels, the unsatisfactory implementation of noise protection measures at the commissioning stage, the placement of equipment not provided for by the project, and also unsatisfactory control over the operation of equipment.

The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare draws the attention of citizens to the fact that under the adverse effects of physical factors, incl. noise, you should contact the territorial Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the subject of the Russian Federation.

Russian Ministry of Health

Moscow

1. Developed by the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Suvorov G.A., Shkarinov L.N., Prokopenko L.V., Kravchenko O.K.), Moscow Research Institute of Hygiene. F.F. Erisman (Karagodina I.L., Smirnova T.G.).

2. Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated October 31, 1996 N 36.

3. Introduced instead of "Sanitary norms for permissible noise levels at workplaces" N 3223-85, "Sanitary norms for permissible noise in the premises of residential and public buildings and on the territory of residential development" N 3077-84, "Hygienic recommendations for establishing noise levels at workers places, taking into account the intensity and severity of labor "N 2411-81.

APPROVED
Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision
Russia dated October 31, 1996 N 36
Date of introduction since approval

1. Scope and general provisions

1.1. These sanitary norms establish the classification of noise; normalized parameters and maximum permissible noise levels at workplaces, permissible noise levels in the premises of residential, public buildings and in residential areas.

1.2. Sanitary standards are mandatory for all organizations and legal entities within the territory of Russian Federation regardless of the form of ownership, subordination and affiliation and individuals, regardless of citizenship.

1.3. References and requirements of sanitary standards should be taken into account in the State standards and in all regulatory and technical documents regulating planning, design, technological, certification, operational requirements for production facilities, residential, public buildings, technological, engineering, sanitary equipment and machines, vehicles, household appliances.

1.4. Responsibility for fulfilling the requirements of the Sanitary Norms is assigned in the manner prescribed by law to the heads and officials of enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens.

1.5. Control over the implementation of the Sanitary Standards is carried out by the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" dated April 19, 1991 and taking into account the requirements of the current sanitary rules and norms.

1.6. Measurement and hygienic assessment of noise, as well as preventive actions should be carried out in accordance with the guideline 2.2.4/2.1.8-96 "Hygienic assessment of the physical factors of the production and environment" (under approval).

1.7. With the approval of these sanitary standards, the “Sanitary standards for permissible noise levels at workplaces” N 3223-85, “Sanitary standards for permissible noise in the premises of residential and public buildings and on the territory of residential development” N 3077-84, “Hygienic recommendations for setting levels noise at workplaces, taking into account the intensity and severity of labor "N 2411-81.

2.1. Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" dated 19.04.91.

2.2. Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" dated 12/19/91.

2.3. Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights" dated 07.02.92.

2.4. Law of the Russian Federation "On certification of products and services" dated 10.06.93.

2.5. "Regulations on the procedure for the development, approval, publication, implementation of federal, republican and local sanitary rules, as well as on the procedure for the operation of all-Union sanitary rules on the territory of the RSFSR", approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of 01.07.91 N 375.

2.6. Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia "Regulations on the procedure for issuing hygienic certificates for products" dated 05.01.93 N 1.

3. Terms and definitions

3.1. Sound pressure is a variable component of air or gas pressure resulting from sound vibrations, Pa.

3.2. Equivalent / energy / sound level, LA.eq., dBA, intermittent noise - the sound level of constant broadband noise, which has the same RMS sound pressure as this intermittent noise for a certain period of time.

3.3. The maximum permissible level (MPL) of noise is the level of a factor that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with the noise limit does not exclude health problems in hypersensitive individuals.

3.4. The permissible noise level is the level that does not cause significant concern to a person and significant changes in the indicators of the functional state of noise-sensitive systems and analyzers.

3.5. Maximum sound level, LА.max., dBA - sound level corresponding to the maximum indicator of a measuring, direct-reading instrument (sound level meter) during visual reading, or the sound level value exceeded for 1% of the measurement time during registration by an automatic device.

4. Classification of noise affecting a person

4.1. According to the nature of the noise spectrum, there are:

  • broadband noise with a continuous spectrum more than 1 octave wide;
  • tonal noise, in the spectrum of which there are pronounced tones. The tonal nature of the noise for practical purposes is established by measuring in 1/3 octave frequency bands by exceeding the level in one band over the neighboring ones by at least 10 dB.

4.2. According to the temporal characteristics of noise, there are:

  • constant noise, the sound level of which during an 8-hour working day or during the measurement time in the premises of residential and public buildings, on the territory of residential development changes in time by no more than 5 dBA when measured on the time characteristic of the sound level meter “slowly”;
  • intermittent noise, the level of which during an 8-hour working day, a work shift or during measurements in the premises of residential and public buildings, on the territory of residential development changes over time by more than 5 dBA when measured on the time characteristic of the sound level meter "slowly".

4.3. Intermittent noises are divided into:

  • time-varying noise, the sound level of which changes continuously over time;
  • intermittent noise, the sound level of which changes stepwise (by 5 dBA or more), and the duration of the intervals during which the level remains constant is 1 s or more;
  • impulse noise consisting of one or more audio signals, each of less than 1 s duration, while the sound levels in dBAI and dBA, measured respectively on the “impulse” and “slow” time characteristics, differ by at least 7 dB.

5. Normalized parameters and maximum permissible noise levels at workplaces

5.1. Characteristics of constant noise at workplaces are sound pressure levels in dB in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000 Hz, determined by the formula:

Where P is the root mean square value of sound pressure, Pa;
P0 is the initial value of the sound pressure in the air equal to 2 10-5Pa.

5.1.1. It is allowed to take as a characteristic of constant broadband noise at workplaces the sound level in dBA, measured on the “slow” time characteristic of the sound level meter, determined by the formula:

Where RA is the root mean square value of the sound pressure, taking into account the correction "A" of the sound level meter, Pa.

5.2. A characteristic of intermittent noise at workplaces is the equivalent (in terms of energy) sound level in dBA.

5.3. Maximum permissible sound levels and equivalent sound levels at workplaces, taking into account the intensity and severity of labor activity.

Quantify severity and tension labor process should be carried out in accordance with Guideline 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, severity, intensity of the labor process."

6. Rated parameters and permissible noise levels in the premises of residential, public buildings and residential areas

6.1. Normalized constant noise parameters are sound pressure levels L, dB, in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies: 31.5; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000 Hz. For an approximate assessment, it is allowed to use sound levels LA, dBA.

6.2. The normalized parameters of intermittent noise are equivalent (in terms of energy) sound levels LAeq, dBA, and maximum sound levels LAmax, dBA.

Evaluation of non-permanent noise for compliance with permissible levels should be carried out simultaneously on the equivalent and maximum sound levels. Exceeding one of the indicators should be considered as non-compliance with these sanitary standards.

6.3. Permissible values ​​of sound pressure levels in octave frequency bands, equivalent and maximum sound levels of penetrating noise in the premises of residential and public buildings and noise in residential areas.

Bibliography

  • Guideline 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.000-95 "Hygienic assessment of the physical factors of the production and environment."
  • Guideline 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, severity, intensity of the labor process."
  • Suvorov G. A., Denisov E. I., Shkarinov L. N. Hygienic regulation of industrial noise and vibrations. — M.: Medicine, 1984. — 240 p.
  • Suvorov G. A., Prokopenko L. V., Yakimova L. D. Noise and health (environmental and hygienic problems). - M: Soyuz, 1996. - 150 p.
  • Permissible levels of noise, vibration and sound insulation requirements in residential and public buildings. MGSN 2.04.97 (Moscow city building codes). - M., 1997. - 37 p.

The number of appeals from citizens received by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Tyumen region about the deterioration of living conditions due to exposure to excess noise levels is increasing every year.

In 2013, 362 appeals were received (in total for violations of peace and quiet, accommodation and noise), in 2014 - 416 appeals, in 2015 80 appeals have already been received.

According to the established practice, after the request of residents, the Department appoints measurements of noise and vibration levels in a residential building. If necessary, measurements are carried out in organizations located near apartments, where, for example, “noisy” equipment is operated - a source of noise (restaurant, cafe, shop, etc.). If noise and vibration levels are found to exceed the permissible values, in accordance with SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 "Noise at workplaces, in residential, public buildings and on the territory of residential development", to the owners of noise sources - legal entities, individual entrepreneurs - the Department issues an order to eliminate the identified violations of sanitary legislation.

How can the noise from the equipment listed above be reduced so that there are no complaints from the residents of the house during its operation? Of course, the ideal option is to provide for the necessary measures at the design stage of a residential building, then the development of noise reduction measures is always possible, and their implementation during construction is ten times cheaper than in those houses that have already been built.

The situation is quite different if the building has already been built and there are noise sources in it that exceed the current standards. Then, most often, noisy units are replaced with less noisy ones and measures are taken to isolate the units and the communications leading to them. Next, we will look at specific sources of noise and vibration isolation measures for equipment.

NOISE FROM THE AIR CONDITIONER

The use of three-link vibration isolation, when the air conditioner is installed on the frame through the vibration isolator, and the frame - on reinforced concrete slab through rubber pads (in this case, a reinforced concrete slab is installed on spring vibration isolators on the roof of the building), leads to a decrease in penetrating structural noise to levels permissible in residential premises.

To reduce noise, in addition to strengthening the noise and vibration isolation of the air duct walls and installing a silencer on the air duct of the ventilation unit (from the side of the premises), it is necessary to fasten the expansion chamber and air ducts to the ceiling through vibration isolating hangers or gaskets.

NOISE FROM THE BOILER ROOM ON THE ROOF

To protect against noise from the boiler house located on the roof of the house, the foundation plate of the roof boiler house is installed on spring vibration isolators or a vibration isolation mat made of special material. The pumps and boiler units equipped in the boiler room are installed on vibration isolators and soft inserts are used.

The pumps in the boiler room must not be placed with the motor downwards! They must be mounted in such a way that the load from the pipelines is not transferred to the pump casing. In addition, the noise level is higher with a higher power pump or if several pumps are installed. To reduce noise, the foundation plate of the boiler room can also be placed on spring dampers or high-strength multilayer rubber and rubber-metal vibration isolators.

The current regulations do not allow the placement of a roof boiler directly on the ceiling of residential premises (the ceiling of a residential premises cannot serve as the base of the boiler room floor), as well as adjacent to residential premises. It is not allowed to design roof boiler houses on the buildings of preschool and school institutions, medical buildings of polyclinics and hospitals with round-the-clock stay of patients, on the sleeping buildings of sanatoriums and recreation facilities. When installing equipment on roofs and ceilings, it is desirable to place it in places farthest from the protected objects.


NOISE FROM INTERNET EQUIPMENT

According to the recommendations for the design of communication systems, informatization and dispatching of housing construction objects, it is recommended to install cellular antenna amplifiers in a metal cabinet with a locking device on technical floors, attics or stairwells of upper floors. If it is necessary to install house amplifiers on different floors of multi-storey buildings, they should be installed in metal cabinets in the immediate vicinity of the riser under the ceiling, usually at a height of at least 2 m from the bottom of the cabinet to the floor.

When installing amplifiers on technical floors and attics, in order to eliminate vibration transmission of a metal cabinet with a locking device, the latter must be installed on vibration isolators.

OUTPUT - VIBRATION ISOLATORS AND FLOATING FLOORS

For ventilation, refrigeration equipment on the upper, lower and intermediate technical floors of residential buildings, hotels, multifunctional complexes or in the vicinity of noise-rated rooms where people constantly stay, you can install the units on factory vibration isolators on a reinforced concrete slab. This slab is mounted on a vibration-isolated layer or springs on a "floating" floor (an additional reinforced concrete slab on a vibration-isolation layer) in a technical room. Please note that fans, outdoor capacitor blocks, which are now produced, are equipped with vibration isolators only at the request of the customer.

"Floating" floors without special vibration isolators can only be used with equipment that has an operating frequency of more than 45-50 Hz. These are, as a rule, small machines, the vibration isolation of which can be provided in other ways. Efficiency of floors on an elastic basis on such low frequencies small, therefore they are used exclusively in combination with other types of vibration isolators, which provides high vibration isolation at low frequencies (due to vibration isolators), as well as at medium and high frequencies (due to vibration isolators and a “floating” floor).

The floating floor screed must be carefully isolated from the walls and the supporting floor slab, since the formation of even small rigid bridges between them can significantly impair its vibration isolation properties. In places where the "floating" floor adjoins the walls, there must be a seam made of non-hardening materials that does not allow water to pass through.

NOISE FROM THE GARBAGE DUCT

To reduce noise, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the norms and not design the trunk of the garbage chute adjacent to residential premises. The trunk of the garbage chute should not adjoin or be located in the walls enclosing residential or service premises with normalized noise levels.

The most common measures to reduce noise from garbage chutes are as follows:

  • in the premises for collecting garbage, a “floating” floor is provided;
  • with the consent of the residents of all apartments in the entrance, the garbage chute is welded (or liquidated) with the placement of wheelchair garbage chambers, concierge rooms, etc. in the room. (the positive point is that in addition to noise, odors disappear, the possibility of rats and insects, the likelihood of fires, dirt, etc. is eliminated);
  • the loading valve bucket is mounted with framed rubber or magnetic seals;
  • decorative heat and noise protective lining of the trunk of the garbage chute made of building materials separates from building structures buildings with soundproofing pads.

Today, many construction companies offer their services, various designs to increase the sound insulation of walls and promise complete silence. It should be noted that, in fact, no structures can remove the structural noise transmitted through the floors, ceilings and walls when dumping municipal solid waste into the garbage chute.

NOISE FROM ELEVATORS

In SP 51.13330.2011 “Noise protection. Updated edition of SNiP 23-03-2003 "says that it is advisable to locate elevator shafts in stairwell between flights of stairs(clause 11.8). In the architectural and planning solution of a residential building, it should be provided that the built-in elevator shaft adjoins premises that do not require increased protection against noise and vibration (halls, corridors, kitchens, sanitary facilities). All elevator shafts, regardless of the planning solution, must be self-supporting and have an independent foundation.

Shafts should be separated from other building structures with an acoustic joint of 40-50 mm or vibration-isolating pads. Acoustic boards are recommended as the material of the elastic layer. mineral wool on a basalt or fiberglass basis and various foamed polymer roll materials.

To protect against structural noise of an elevator installation, its drive motor with a gearbox and a winch, usually mounted on one common frame, is vibration isolated from the supporting surface. Modern elevator drive units are equipped with appropriate vibration isolators installed under metal frames, on which engines, gearboxes and winches are rigidly mounted, and therefore additional vibration isolation of the drive unit is usually not required. At the same time, it is additionally recommended to make a two-stage (two-link) vibration isolation system by installing the support frame through vibration isolators on a reinforced concrete slab, which is also separated from the floor by vibration isolators.

The operation of lift winches installed on two-stage vibration isolation systems showed that the noise levels from them do not exceed the standard values ​​in the nearest residential premises (through 1-2 walls). For practical purposes, care must be taken to ensure that vibration isolation is not disturbed by random rigid bridges between the metal frame and the supporting surface. The supply cables must have sufficiently long flexible loops. However, the operation of other elements of elevator installations (control panels, transformers, car and counterweight shoes, etc.) may be accompanied by noise above the normative values.

It is forbidden to design the floor of the elevator engine room as a continuation of the floor slab of the ceiling of the living room of the upper floor.

NOISE FROM TRANSFORMERSUBSTATIONSON THE GROUND FLOOR

To protect against noise transformer substations of residential and other premises with standardized noise levels, the following conditions must be observed:

  • premises of built-in transformer substations;
  • should not be adjacent to noise-protected rooms;
  • built-in transformer substations should
  • located in basements or on the first floors of buildings;
  • transformers must be installed on vibration isolators designed in an appropriate way;
  • electrical panels containing electromagnetic communication devices, and separately installed oil circuit breakers with electric drive must be mounted on rubber vibration isolators (air disconnectors do not require vibration isolation);
  • ventilation devices premises of built-in transformer substations must be equipped with noise suppressors.

To further reduce noise from the built-in transformer substation, it is advisable to treat its ceilings and internal walls with sound-absorbing lining.

Embedded transformer substations protection against electromagnetic radiation must be made (a grid of special material with grounding to reduce the level of radiation of the electrical component and a steel sheet for the magnetic component).

NOISE FROM ATTACHED BOILERS,BASEMENT PUMPS AND PIPES

Boiler room equipment (pumps and pipelines, ventilation units, air ducts, gas boilers etc.) must be vibration-isolated using vibration foundations and soft inserts. Ventilation units are equipped with silencers.

In order to isolate the pumps located in the basements, elevator units in individual heating points (ITP), ventilation units, refrigeration chambers, the specified equipment is installed on vibration foundations. Pipelines and air ducts are vibroisolated from the structures of the house, since the predominant noise in the apartments located above may not be the base noise from the equipment in the basement, but the one that is transmitted to the building envelope through the vibration of pipelines and equipment foundations. It is forbidden to arrange built-in boiler rooms in residential buildings.

In piping systems connected to the pump, it is necessary to use flexible inserts - rubber-fabric sleeves or rubber-fabric sleeves reinforced with metal spirals, depending on the hydraulic pressure in the network, 700-900 mm long. If there are pipe sections between the pump and the flexible connector, the sections should be fixed to the walls and ceilings of the room on vibration-isolating supports, hangers or through shock-absorbing pads. Flexible connectors should be located as close as possible to the pumping unit, both on the discharge line and on the suction line.

To reduce noise and vibration levels in residential buildings from the operation of heat and water supply systems, it is necessary to isolate the distribution pipelines of all systems from the building structures of the building at the points of their passage through the supporting structures (input into and out of residential buildings). The gap between the pipeline and the foundation at the inlet and outlet must be at least 30 mm.


Prepared based on the materials of the journal Sanitary and epidemiological interlocutor (No. 1 (149), 2015

V.B. Tupov
Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University)

ANNOTATION

The original MPEI developments on noise reduction from the power equipment of thermal power plants and boiler houses are considered. Examples of noise reduction from the most intense noise sources are given, namely from steam emissions, combined-cycle plants, draft machines, hot water boilers, transformers and cooling towers, taking into account the requirements and specifics of their operation at energy facilities. The test results of silencers are given. The given data allow us to recommend MPEI mufflers for wide use at the country's energy facilities.

1. INTRODUCTION

Solutions of environmental issues in the operation of power equipment are a priority. Noise is one of the important contributors to polluting environment, the reduction of the negative impact of which on the environment is required by the laws "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" and "On the Protection of the Environment", and sanitary standards SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96 establish permissible noise levels at workplaces and residential areas.

The operation of power equipment in the normal mode is associated with noise emission, which exceeds sanitary standards not only on the territory of power facilities, but also on the territory of the surrounding area. This is especially important for energy facilities located in major cities close to residential areas. The use of combined cycle plants (CCGT) and gas turbine plants (GTP), as well as equipment of higher technical parameters, is associated with an increase in sound pressure levels in the surrounding area.

Some power equipment has tonal components in its emission spectrum. The round-the-clock cycle of operation of power equipment causes a special danger of noise exposure for the population at night.

In accordance with sanitary standards, sanitary protection zones (SPZ) of TPPs with an equivalent electric power of 600 MW and above, using coal and fuel oil as fuel, must have a SPZ of at least 1000 m, operating on gas and oil gas fuel - at least 500 m. CHPPs and district boiler houses with a thermal capacity of 200 Gcal and above, operating on coal and fuel oil, the SPZ is at least 500 m, and for those operating on gas and reserve oil fuel - at least 300 m.

Sanitary norms and rules establish the minimum dimensions of the sanitary zone, and the actual dimensions may be larger. Excess of permissible norms from constantly operating equipment of thermal power plants (TPP) can reach for working areas - 25-32 dB; for territories of residential areas - 20-25 dB at a distance of 500 m from a powerful thermal power plant (TPP) and 15-20 dB at a distance of 100 m from a large district thermal plant (RTS) or quarterly thermal power plant (KTS). Therefore, the problem of reducing the noise impact from energy facilities is relevant, and in the near future its importance will increase.

2. EXPERIENCE IN REDUCING NOISE FROM POWER EQUIPMENT

2.1. Main areas of work

The excess of sanitary standards in the surrounding area is formed, as a rule, by a group of sources, the development of noise reduction measures, which are given great attention both abroad and in our country. Works on noise suppression of power equipment of such companies as Industrial acoustic company (IAC), BB-Acustic, Gerb and others are known abroad, and in our country, the developments of YuzhVTI, NPO CKTI, ORGRES, VZPI (Open University), NIISF, VNIAM, etc. . .

Since 1982, the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University) has also been carrying out a set of works to solve this problem. Here, in recent years, new effective silencers have been developed and implemented at large and small power facilities for the most intense noise sources from:

steam emissions;

combined-cycle plants;

draft machines (smoke exhausters and draft fans);

hot water boilers;

transformers;

cooling towers and other sources.

Below are examples of noise reduction from power equipment developed by MPEI. The work on their implementation has a high social significance, which consists in reducing the noise impact to sanitary standards for a large number of the population and personnel of energy facilities.

2.2. Examples of noise reduction from power equipment

Discharges of steam from power boilers into the atmosphere is the most intense, albeit short-term, source of noise both for the territory of the enterprise and for the surrounding area.

Acoustic measurements show that at a distance of 1 - 15 m from the steam emission of a power boiler, sound levels exceed not only the permissible, but also the maximum permissible sound level (110 dBA) by 6 - 28 dBA.

Therefore, the development of new efficient steam silencers is an urgent task. A steam emission silencer (MPEI silencer) was developed.

The steam silencer has various modifications depending on the required emission noise reduction and steam characteristics.

Currently, MPEI steam silencers have been introduced at a number of power facilities: Saransk Thermal Power Plant No. 2 (CHP-2) of JSC Territorial Generating Company-6, OKG-180 boiler of JSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, CHPP-9, CHPP-11 of JSC " Mosenergo. Steam flow rates through silencers ranged from 154 t/h at Saransk CHPP-2 to 16 t/h at CHPP-7 of OAO Mosenergo.

MEI mufflers were installed on the exhaust pipelines after the CHP of boilers st. No. 1, 2 of CHPP-7 of the CHPP-12 branch of OAO Mosenergo. The efficiency of this noise suppressor, obtained from the measurement results, was 1.3 - 32.8 dB in the entire spectrum of normalized octave bands with geometric mean frequencies from 31.5 to 8000 Hz.

On the boilers Nos. 4, 5 at CHPP-9 of Mosenergo, several MEI mufflers were installed at the steam outlet after the main safety valves(GPK). The tests carried out here showed that the acoustic efficiency was 16.6 - 40.6 dB in the entire spectrum of normalized octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 - 8000 Hz, and in terms of sound level - 38.3 dBA.

MPEI mufflers, in comparison with foreign and other domestic analogues, have high specific characteristics, which allow achieving the maximum acoustic effect with a minimum muffler weight and maximum steam flow through the muffler.

MPEI steam silencers can be used to reduce the noise of overheated and wet steam discharges into the atmosphere, natural gas etc. The design of the muffler can be operated in a wide range of discharged steam parameters and used both on units with subcritical parameters and on units with supercritical parameters. The experience of using MPEI steam silencers showed the necessary acoustic efficiency and reliability of silencers at various facilities.

When developing noise suppression measures for gas turbines, the main attention was paid to the development of silencers for gas paths.

According to the recommendations of the MPEI, the designs of silencers for gas paths of waste heat boilers of the following brands were made: machine building plant” (JSC PMZ) for Kirishskaya GRES, P-111 manufactured by JSC PMZ for CHPP-9 of OJSC Mosenergo, waste heat boiler under license from Nooter / Eriksen for power unit CCGT-220 of Ufimskaya CHPP-5, KGT -45/4.0-430-13/0.53-240 for the Novy Urengoy Gas Chemical Complex (GCC).

For the GTU-CHP "Severny Settlement" a set of works was carried out to reduce the noise of gas paths.

The Severny Settlement GTU-CHPP contains a double-hull CHP unit designed by OAO Dorogobuzhkotlomash, which is installed after two FT-8.3 gas turbines from Pratt & Whitney Power Systems. The evacuation of flue gases from the boiler is carried out through one chimney.

Conducted acoustic calculations showed that in order to comply with sanitary standards in a residential area at a distance of 300 m from the chimney mouth, it is necessary to reduce noise in the range from 7.8 dB to 27.3 dB at geometric mean frequencies of 63-8000 Hz.

The dissipative lamellar noise silencer developed by MPEI to reduce the exhaust noise of gas turbine units with CU is located in two metal ducts of noise attenuation of the CU with dimensions of 6000x6054x5638 mm above the convective packs in front of the confusers.

Kirishskaya GRES is currently implementing a CCGT-800 combined-cycle unit with a P-132 horizontal unit and a SGT5-400F gas turbine (Siemens).

The calculations performed showed that the required reduction in the noise level from the gas turbine exhaust tract is 12.6 dBA to ensure a sound level of 95 dBA at 1 m from the mouth of the chimney.

To reduce noise in the gas paths of the KU P-132 of the Kirishskaya GRES, a cylindrical muffler was developed, which is located in the chimney with an internal diameter of 8000 mm.

The muffler consists of four cylindrical elements placed evenly in the chimney, while the relative flow area of ​​the muffler is 60%.

The calculated efficiency of the silencer is 4.0-25.5 dB in the range of octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 - 4000 Hz, which corresponds to an acoustic efficiency in terms of sound level of 20 dBA.

The use of silencers to reduce noise from smoke exhausters using the example of Mosenergo's CHPP-26 in horizontal sections is given in.

In 2009, to reduce the noise of the gas path behind the centrifugal smoke exhausters D-21.5x2 of the TGM-84 boiler st. No. 4 of CHPP-9, a plate noise silencer was installed on a straight vertical section of the boiler flue behind the smoke exhausters in front of the entrance to the chimney at the level of 23.63 m.

The lamellar silencer for the flue of the TGM CHP-9 boiler is a two-stage design.

Each stage of the muffler consists of five plates 200 mm thick and 2500 mm long, placed evenly in the flue with dimensions 3750x2150 mm. The distance between the plates is 550 mm, the distance between the outer plates and the flue wall is 275 mm. With this arrangement of plates, the relative flow area is 73.3%. The length of one silencer stage without fairings is 2500 mm, the distance between the stages of the silencer is 2000 mm, inside the plates there is a non-flammable, non-hygroscopic sound-absorbing material, which is protected from blowing by glass cloth and perforated metal sheet. The muffler has an aerodynamic resistance of about 130 Pa. The weight of the silencer structure is about 2.7 tons. According to the test results, the acoustic efficiency of the silencer is 22-24 dB at geometric mean frequencies of 1000-8000 Hz.

An example of a comprehensive study of noise suppression measures is the MPEI's development to reduce noise from smoke exhausters at Mosenergo's HPP-1. Here, high demands were placed on the aerodynamic resistance of silencers, which had to be placed in the existing gas ducts of the station.

To reduce the noise of gas paths of boilers st. No. 6, 7 HPP-1 of the branch of JSC "Mosenergo" MPEI has developed a whole system of noise suppression. The noise suppression system consists of the following elements: a plate silencer, gas path turns lined with sound-absorbing material, a dividing sound-absorbing partition and a ramp. The presence of a separating sound-absorbing partition, a ramp and sound-absorbing lining of the turns of the boiler gas ducts, in addition to reducing noise levels, helps to reduce the aerodynamic resistance of the gas paths of power boilers st. No. 6, 7 as a result of eliminating the collision of flue gas flows at their junction, organizing smoother turns of flue gases in gas paths. Aerodynamic measurements showed that the total aerodynamic resistance of the gas paths of the boilers downstream of the smoke exhausters did not practically increase due to the installation of a noise suppression system. The total weight of the noise suppression system was about 2.23 tons.

The experience of reducing the noise level from the air intakes of the draft fans of boilers is given in. The article considers examples of reducing the noise of air intakes of boilers with mufflers designed by MPEI. Here are the mufflers for the air intake of the VDN-25x2K blower fan of the BKZ-420-140 NGM st. No. 10 CHPP-12 JSC "Mosenergo" and hot water boilers through underground mines (on the example of boilers

PTVM-120 RTS "South Butovo") and through the channels located in the wall of the boiler building (for example, boilers PTVM-30 RTS "Solntsevo"). The first two cases of air duct layout are quite typical for power and hot water boilers, and the feature of the third case is the absence of areas where a silencer can be installed and high air flow rates in the channels.

Measures were developed and implemented in 2009 to reduce noise with the help of sound-absorbing screens from four communication transformers of the brand TTs TN-63000/110 at CHPP-16 of OAO Mosenergo. Sound-absorbing screens are installed at a distance of 3 m from the transformers. The height of each sound-absorbing screen is 4.5 m, and the length varies from 8 to 11 m. The sound-absorbing screen consists of separate panels installed in special racks. Steel panels with sound-absorbing cladding are used as screen panels. The panel on the front side is closed with a corrugated metal sheet, and on the side of the transformers - with a perforated metal sheet with a perforation ratio of 25%. Inside the screen panels is a non-flammable, non-hygroscopic sound-absorbing material.

The test results showed that the sound pressure levels after installing the screen decreased at the control points to 10-12 dB.

At present, projects have been developed to reduce noise from cooling towers and transformers at CHPP-23 and from cooling towers at CHPP-16 of OAO Mosenergo using screens.

Active implementation of MPEI noise suppressors for hot water boilers continued. Over the past three years alone, silencers have been installed on boilers PTVM-50, PTVM-60, PTVM-100 and PTVM-120 at RTS Rublevo, Strogino, Kozhukhovo, Volkhonka-ZIL, Biryulyovo, Khimki -Khovrino, Krasny Stroitel, Chertanovo, Tushino-1, Tushino-2, Tushino-5, Novomoskovsk, Babushkinskaya-1, Babushkinskaya-2, Krasnaya Presnya ”, KTS-11, KTS-18, KTS-24 of Moscow, etc.

Tests of all installed silencers have shown high acoustic efficiency and reliability, which is confirmed by implementation certificates. More than 200 silencers are currently in operation.

The introduction of MPEI mufflers continues.

In 2009, an agreement was signed between MPEI and the Central Repair Plant (TsRMZ, Moscow) in the field of supply of integrated solutions to reduce noise impact from power equipment. This will make it possible to more widely implement MPEI developments at the country's energy facilities. CONCLUSION

The MPEI muffler complex designed to reduce noise from various power equipment has shown the necessary acoustic efficiency and takes into account the specifics of work at power facilities. Silencers have passed long-term operational approbation.

The reviewed experience of their application makes it possible to recommend MPEI mufflers for wide use at the country's energy facilities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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3. Fight against noise in production / ed. E.Ya. Yudin. M.: Mashinostroenie. 1985. - 400 p.

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Sound insulation of a boiler room. In this publication, we will consider the causes of increased noise and vibration levels from gas boilers and boiler rooms, as well as ways to eliminate them in order to achieve standard indicators and the level of comfort of residents.

Installation of autonomous modular gas boilers on the roofs of apartment buildings is becoming increasingly popular among developers. The advantages of such a boiler house are obvious. Among them

    No need to erect a separate building for boiler room equipment

    Reduction of heat losses by 20% due to the small number of heating mains in comparison with heating from the central heating network

    Savings on the installation of communications from the coolant to the consumer

    Absence of necessity forced ventilation

    The possibility of full automation of the system with a minimum of staff

One of the disadvantages of a rooftop boiler is vibrations from the boiler and pumps. As a rule, they are the result of shortcomings in the design, construction and installation of boiler room equipment. Therefore, the responsibility for eliminating the increased noise level and soundproofing the boiler room lies with the developer or housing management company.

The noise from the boiler house is low-frequency and is transmitted through the structural elements of the building directly from the source and through communications. Its intensity in a room equipped for a boiler room is 85-90dB. Noise insulation of a rooftop boiler room is justified if it is produced from the source side, and not in the apartment. Soundproofing the ceiling and walls in an apartment with such noise is expensive and ineffective.

Causes of increased noise level in the rooftop boiler room.

    Insufficient thickness and massiveness of the base on which the boiler room equipment stands. This leads to the penetration of airborne noise into the apartments through the floor slab and the technical floor.

    Lack of proper vibration isolation of the boiler. At the same time, vibrations are transmitted to ceilings and walls, which radiate sound into apartments.

    Rigid fastening of pipelines, communications and their supports is also a source of structural noise. Normally, pipes should pass through building envelopes in an elastic sleeve, surrounded by a layer of sound-absorbing material.

    Insufficient thickness of the pipeline, as a design error, leading to high water velocity and the creation of an increased level of hydrodynamic noise.

Soundproofing of the rooftop boiler room. List of events.

    Installation of vibration isolating supports under the equipment of the boiler room. The calculation of materials for vibration isolation is made taking into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe support and the weight of the equipment;

    Elimination of "hard links" in the places of fastening of pipeline supports with the help of material silomer, thermosound insulation or installation of vibration fasteners on studs fixing communications;

    In the absence of elastic sleeves, expansion of the pipeline passage through the supporting structures, wrapping with elastic material (k-flex, vibrostack, etc.) and a heat-resistant layer (basalt cardboard);

    Wrapping the pipeline with a material that reduces heat loss and has sound insulation properties: , Texound 2ft AL;

    Additional sound insulation of enclosing structures of the roof boiler room;

    Installation of rubber compensators to reduce the transmission of vibrations through the pipeline;

    Installation of silencers in the exhaust gas duct;

    Installation of noise-absorbing materials based on basalt (Stopsound BP) or fiberglass (Acustiline fiber) allows you to reduce background noise in the boiler room by 3-5dB.

SOUND INSULATION OF A BOILER IN A WOODEN HOUSE.

Rules building codes and fire safety dictate the installation of the boiler in a special room equipped with a separate entrance. As a rule, it is located in the basement or basement. With this arrangement, complaints about an increased noise level from the boiler are rare.

Boiler installed on the same floor with living rooms, having high rates according to the noise level with complete silence in country house may cause inconvenience to residents. Therefore, the soundproofing of the boiler may be relevant.

The reasons for the increased noise level can be similar to those of a rooftop boiler, but on a smaller scale. They also include

    Features of the design of the outer box of the boiler. In most models of boilers, the burner and fan are closed with a separate damper, which reduces the noise produced by the burner. If the only soundproofing protection is the plastic box of the boiler, the noise from the burner can be noticeable.

    Noisy fan from the manufacturer.

    Unbalance of the fan, dirt sticking due to dust from outside and neglect of maintenance measures.

    Air entering the heating system.

    Incorrect gas burner setting.

    Rigid system for fastening the boiler and outlet pipes.

The soundproofing of the boiler begins with identifying the causes of the increased noise level and is associated with the work of the gas service employees serving it or the company involved in soundproofing the premises.

If the operation of the boiler and the system is adjusted, then

    We mount the boiler on a vibration-isolated platform on mounts with a force meter

    We install rubber compensators in the places where the pipes exit from the boiler body

    We purchase a noise-protective casing for the boiler

    We make additional soundproofing of the walls of the boiler room

    To reduce background noise in the boiler room

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