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Protection of animals and flora - abstract. Restoration of the animal world Protection of plant and animal resources

1. Depletion of natural resources and the problem of waste.

2. Problems of biodiversity conservation.

3. Specially protected natural areas.

Depletion of natural resources and the problem of waste. The depletion of natural resources is one of the global environmental problems of mankind. Natural Resources (NR)- objects and natural phenomena that are used (or can be used) to meet the material, scientific or cultural needs of society.

By origin, PRs are classified into biological(forests, plants, animals), mineral(minerals) and energy(energy of the sun, ebbs and flows, wind, etc.).

According to the provision of society in a specific period of development, PR is divided into real and potential. Real natural resources - these are those that have been explored, their reserves have been quantified and are actively used by society. As society develops, they change. For example, at the first stage of the formation of industry, whale oil was widely used as a fuel; at the present stage of development of society, one of the leading energy resources is electricity produced by hydro, thermal and nuclear power plants.

Potential natural resources - resources that are this stage development of society have been explored, and often quantified, but are not used for various reasons (poor technical equipment, lack of appropriate processing technology, etc.). For example, desert, mountainous, marshy, saline territories and permafrost zone can be considered as potential land resources. Despite the great need for arable land and land resources, people are unable to develop these lands for agriculture: large investments are needed.

When possible, the use of PR is divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible. Exhaustible natural resources can be used up by mankind in the near or distant future: oil, coal, soil, timber, etc. They provide the needs of human society only for a certain period of time, the duration of which depends on the reserves of the resource and the intensity of its use. Their self-recovery in nature is impossible, the creation by man is excluded, since they arose as a result of the deposition (deposition in stock) of chemical elements that could not be involved by nature in the biogeochemical cycle. This includes, first of all, subsoil resources and wildlife.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into non-renewable and renewable. non-renewable resources completely unrecoverable. These include oil coal and most other minerals, the result of which is their inevitable depletion. Consequently, the protection of non-renewable natural resources consists in their economical, rational, integrated use, providing for the smallest possible losses during their extraction and processing, as well as the replacement of these resources with other natural or artificially created ones.

Renewable natural resources as they are used, they can be restored. These include flora and fauna, a number of mineral resources, such as salt accumulating in lakes, peat deposits, etc. However, for their restoration, it is necessary to create certain conditions (forest planting, animal breeding in wildlife sanctuaries, etc.).

Resources are restored over time in different ways. It takes 300-600 years for the formation of 1 cm of the humus layer of the soil, tens of years for the restoration of a cut down forest, and years for the population of game animals. Consequently, the rate of expenditure of renewable resources must correspond to the rate of their recovery, otherwise renewable PR may become non-renewable - soils erode, animal and plant species will completely disappear.

Inexhaustible resources can be used indefinitely: space, climatic, water, etc. space resources(solar radiation, the energy of sea tides, etc.) are practically inexhaustible, and protecting them, for example, the Sun) cannot be the subject of environmental protection, since humanity does not have such capabilities. However, the supply of solar energy to the Earth's surface depends on the state of the atmosphere, the degree of its pollution, i.e. factors that a person can control.

Climate resources(heat and moisture of the atmosphere, air, wind energy) are also practically inexhaustible. However, the composition of the atmosphere can change significantly as a result of its contamination with mechanical impurities, gases from industry and transport, as well as radioactive substances. The fight for clean air is one of the most important tasks in protecting this natural resource.

Water resources for the biosphere is generally unchanged, but the reserves and quality of fresh water are limited, some regions are already experiencing a lack of it, which is caused by the shallowing of rivers and lakes, as well as its widespread pollution. The waters of the World Ocean remain practically inexhaustible, but they are under the threat of pollution by oil, radioactive and other wastes, which will change the conditions for the existence of the animals and plants inhabiting them.

The problem of the exhaustibility of natural resources is becoming more and more urgent every year, this is due both to the awareness of the fact of their limitation, and to the intensively increasing consumption.

The expenditure of resources leads to significant changes in the biosphere. The premature removal of substances buried in the lithosphere and their introduction into circulation disturbs the optimal balance of the circulation of substances in nature. In addition, the use of non-renewable resources entails a chain of particular consequences that are important for the biosphere: the transformation of landscapes, the withdrawal of areas of natural ecosystems, soil degradation, changes in the distribution of groundwater, etc.

The problem of biodiversity conservation. Under biodiversity understand all kinds of plants, animals, microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems themselves and the ecological processes of which they are part. It is the basis of life on Earth: the more plant and living organisms form an ecosystem, the more stable it is.

Biological resources are the main source of raw materials for industry (people use about 7,000 plant species for food, but 90% of the world's food is produced by only twenty, and three of them (wheat, corn and rice) cover more than half of all needs). Recently, mankind has realized the usefulness of wild species of animals and plants. They not only contribute to the development of agriculture, medicine and industry, but are also beneficial to the environment, being an integral part of natural ecosystems. Even species of organisms that are not included in the human food chain can be useful to him, although they benefit indirectly.

The concept of biodiversity is increasingly placed at the forefront in assessing the state and ecological well-being of ecosystems. The evolutionary processes that took place in different geological periods led to a significant change in the species composition of the inhabitants of the Earth. According to experts, in the next 20-30 years, approximately 25% of the total biodiversity of the Earth will be under serious threat of extinction. The threat to biodiversity is constantly growing. Between 1990 and 2020 5 to 15% of species may disappear. Apparently, about 22,000 species of plants and animals are now threatened with extinction. Of these, 66% of vertebrate species are inhabitants of the continents.

Name four main causes of species extinction :

Habitat loss, fragmentation and modification;

Overexploitation of resources;

Environmental pollution;

Displacement of natural species by introduced exotic species.

In all cases, these causes are anthropogenic in nature. It is estimated that the reduction of 70% of tropical forests leads not only to the extinction of those species that lived in the destroyed areas of the forest, but also to a reduction of up to 30% in the number of species that lived in neighboring areas.

Many marine species are being destroyed due to the commercial exploitation of the sea. Large land animals, in particular the African elephant, are also endangered due to excessive anthropogenic pressure on their natural habitats.

A great danger to the environment is its pollution, especially toxic chemicals and xenobiotics, in particular pesticides.

Climate change as a result of the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, according to experts, can lead to a violation of the species composition of many ecosystems on Earth, as the number of some species will decrease, while others will increase.

The loss of species diversity as a life resource can lead to serious global consequences for humans and even their existence on Earth.

Measures aimed at biodiversity conservation are being developed:

Protection of a special habitat - creation of protected natural areas;

Protection of individual species or groups of organisms from overexploitation;

Conservation of species as a gene pool in botanical gardens or gene banks.

Convention on Biodiversity, adopted by 153 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development in Rio (1992), reflects the severity of the situation and is the result of a long effort to reconcile the conflicting interests of various states.

Specially protected natural areas- these are areas of land or water surface, which, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

They are designed to maintain the ecological balance, preserve the genetic diversity of natural resources, most fully reflect the biogeocenotic diversity of the country's biomes, study the evolution of ecosystems and the impact of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as to solve various economic and social problems. The following categories of specially protected natural areas are distinguished.

State natural reserves - areas of the territory that are completely withdrawn from normal economic use in order to preserve the natural complex in its natural state. The basis of the nature reserve business is based on the following basic principles:

Creation, as in a kind of "standards" of nature, of the conditions necessary for the conservation and development of all species of animals and plants;

Maintaining the ecological balance of landscapes by protecting natural ecosystems;

Possibility to study the evolution of natural ecosystems, both in the regional and in the wider biogeographical plan; solution of many autecological and synecological issues;

The network of protected objects should display latitudinal-meridional, and in mountainous regions - altitudinal patterns of ecosystem distribution;

Inclusion in the sphere of activities of the reserves of socio-economic issues related to the satisfaction of recreational, local history and other needs of the population.

Reserves are considered both as natural complexes withdrawn from economic circulation, and as research institutions that perform scientific, conservation, cultural, educational and other functions.

To smooth out the influence of adjacent territories, especially in areas with a well-developed infrastructure, protected areas are created around the reserves, in which economic activity is limited.

biosphere reserves. This status is assigned by UNESCO to nature reserves, which are used as a background reserve-reference object in the study of biospheric processes. According to statistics, at the end of September 2001, the worldwide network included 411 biosphere territories in 94 countries of the world.

Natural National parks - one of the new forms of protection and use of natural ecosystems. These are relatively large natural territories and water areas, where the emphasis is on such points: environmental (maintaining the ecological balance and preserving natural ecosystems), recreational (regulated tourism and people's recreation) and scientific (development and implementation of methods for preserving the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors) . In national parks there are also zones of economic use.

Natural parks - territories that are of special ecological and aesthetic value, with a relatively mild protection regime and are used mainly for organized recreation of the population. These are non-profit organizations funded by public funds. In their structure, they are simpler than national natural parks.

Reserves - territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) for the preservation or restoration natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. They pay attention to the density of populations of one or more species of animals or plants, as well as natural landscapes, water bodies, etc. There are landscape, forest, ichthyological, ornithological and other types of reserves. After restoration of the population density of animal and plant species, natural landscape, etc. reserves are closed.

Monuments of nature - unique natural objects of scientific, ecological, cultural and aesthetic value. These are caves, small tracts, centuries-old trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc. Sometimes special reserves are created around them to preserve the most valuable natural monuments. On the territory where natural monuments are located, any activity that threatens their safety is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens- collections of trees and shrubs created by man in order not to lose biodiversity and enrich the plant world, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and educational purposes. Here, work is carried out on the introduction and acclimatization of new plants for this region.
Lecture number 6. Ecological monitoring, principles of its organization.

Environmental assessment.

1. The concept of environmental monitoring.

2. Environmental monitoring of the environment.

3. Ecological expertise.

The concept of environmental monitoring. For rational nature management, it is necessary to have information about what kind of environment is optimal for human life. For this purpose, in the United States, for example, a scoring indicator is used, called environmental quality index. Its maximum value for best conditions is 700 points. It is determined based on the results of an expert assessment of the state of water, air, soil, natural resources, etc. It is known that this index in the USA decreased from 406 points in 1969 to 343 points in 1977, but at present it is steadily increasing. Such a scoring makes it possible to determine annually due to which particular factor the index decreases.

It is known that for normal functioning and sustainability of ecosystems and the biosphere should not exceed certain limit loads on them (maximum permissible environmental load). Therefore, it is necessary to search for critical or most sensitive links in ecosystems that characterize their state faster and more accurately. All these activities are included in environmental monitoring system - an integrated system of observations, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic impacts. The term "monitoring" entered the scientific circulation from the English-language literature and comes from the English "monitor" - observation. This concept was first introduced by R. Menn in 1972. at the UN Stockholm Conference on Environmental Protection, since then monitoring problems have been constantly discussed at various international congresses. Its objects are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, soil, land, forest, fish, agricultural and other resources and their use, biota, natural complexes and ecosystems. During the monitoring, the following goals are set:

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the air condition, surface water, soil cover, flora and fauna, as well as constant monitoring of effluents and emissions on industrial enterprises;

Making a forecast about the state of the environment and its possible changes;

Observation of what is happening in the natural environment (physical, chemical, biological processes, the level of pollution of atmospheric air, soils, water bodies, the consequences of its influence on the flora and fauna;

Providing interested organizations and the population with current and emergency information about changes in the natural environment, as well as warning and forecasting its state.

Within the framework of the UNEP program (United Nations environmental program) in 1973-1974. the main provisions for the operation of the Global Environmental Monitoring System were developed, the main task of which is to provide information necessary to protect the health, well-being, safety and freedom of people and manage the environment and its resources. Under this program, the World Maritime Organization provides global monitoring of the oceans. In 1990 The International Center for Scientific Culture (World Laboratory) proposed a project called "Global Ecological Monitoring" using military satellite technology. Since 1992, the Russian Federation, the USA, Ukraine have been participating in this project; Kazakhstan, Lithuania and China - as an observer.

According to the scale of generalization of information, monitoring is distinguished: global - tracking world processes and phenomena in the biosphere with the help of space, aviation technology and a PC and making a forecast of possible changes on Earth. A special case is national monitoring, including similar activities carried out in the territory of a particular country; regional covers individual regions; impact carried out in especially hazardous areas directly adjacent to sources of pollution, for example, in the area of ​​an industrial enterprise.

Ecological and analytical monitoring of the environment.Ecological and analytical monitoring - Monitoring the content of pollutants in water, air and soil using physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods of analysis makes it possible to detect the entry of pollutants into the environment, to establish the influence of anthropogenic factors against the background of natural ones, and to optimize the interaction between man and nature. So, soil monitoring provides for the determination of acidity, salinity of soils and loss of humus.

Chemical monitoring - part of environmental-analytical, it is a system of observations for chemical composition atmosphere, precipitation, surface and ground waters, oceans and seas, soils, bottom sediments, vegetation, animals and control over the dynamics of the spread of chemical pollutants. Its task is to determine the actual level of environmental pollution by highly toxic ingredients; purpose - scientific and technical support of the system of observations and forecasts; identification of sources and factors of pollution, as well as the degree of their impact; monitoring the established sources of pollutants entering the natural environment and the level of its pollution; assessment of actual environmental pollution; forecast for environmental pollution and ways to improve the situation.

Such a system is based on sectoral and regional data and includes elements of these subsystems; it can cover both local areas within one state (national monitoring), and the globe as a whole (global monitoring).

Ecological and biochemical monitoring. The successes of some types of monitoring: chemical, hydrological, hydrobiological, etc. - put on the agenda the development of monitoring of a higher order - ecological and biochemical. The fact is that changes in the metabolism of hydrobionts (for example, fish) occur, as a rule, before the appearance of morphological, physiological, population and other deviations from the norm. Therefore, early diagnostics in the metabolism of aquatic organisms makes it possible to monitor the entry of contaminants into the water even in negligible amounts, i.e. conduct ecological and biochemical monitoring.

As an example, data on the dependence of the activity of fish lysosomal enzymes on the degree of pollution of water bodies can be cited. Thus, the activity of perch and pike liver enzymes significantly decreases with an increase in the level of water pollution. At the same time, the changes are especially pronounced in pike, which are ecologically more attached to the coastal, most polluted parts of water bodies.

The system of ecological and biochemical monitoring is necessary both to control the biological state of the water areas not yet contaminated with toxicants, and to determine the causes of various pathologies arising under the influence of anthropogenic stress and their dynamics over time. It can be used in examinations and arbitrations related to various poisonings of living organisms by industrial and agricultural emissions.

Currently environmental assessment carried out on the basis of the following information:

· data of Kazhydromet on pollution of surface waters, atmospheric air;

· statistical data on emissions, discharges, waste disposal;

· episodic observations of analytical control services of regional departments of environmental protection;

· data obtained as a result of scientific research work commissioned by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

Environmental Monitoring

1) monitoring the state of atmospheric air;

2) monitoring the state of atmospheric precipitation;

3) quality monitoring water resources;

4) soil condition monitoring;

5) meteorological monitoring;

6) radiation monitoring;

7) monitoring of transboundary pollution;

8) background monitoring.

Monitoring of natural resources includes the following types:
1) land monitoring;

2) monitoring of water bodies and their use;

3) subsoil monitoring;

4) monitoring of specially protected natural areas;

5) monitoring of mountain ecosystems and desertification;

6) forest monitoring;

7) monitoring of wildlife;

8) monitoring of flora.

To special types of monitoring relate:

1) monitoring of military test sites;

2) monitoring of the Baikonur rocket and space complex;

3) monitoring of greenhouse gases and consumption of ozone-depleting substances;

4) sanitary and epidemiological monitoring;

5) monitoring of the climate and the ozone layer of the Earth;

6) monitoring of zones of emergency ecological situations and ecological disaster;

7) space monitoring.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. With the adoption in 1997 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Ecological Expertise", an effective legal tool appeared for an objective assessment of the planned economic and other activities in order to prevent the negative consequences of the implementation of the planned activities on the environment and public health. The entry into force of the Law ensured the strengthening of preventive control over the activities of economic subjects.

Environmental expertise covers all types of economic and other activities that can have an impact on the environment, and all stages of decision-making on the implementation of this activity. The list of objects of state environmental expertise also includes draft regulatory legal acts, international treaties and contracts.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, state environmental expertise and public environmental expertise are carried out.

Environmental expertise is carried out in order to:

1) determination and limitation of possible negative consequences of the implementation of the planned management, economic, investment, rule-making and other activities on the environment and public health;

2) maintaining a balance of interests economic development and environmental protection, as well as prevention of damage to third parties in the process of nature management.

Flora protection

With the destruction of the plant world, the quality of life of millions of people is declining. Moreover, as a result of the destruction of vegetation, which served people as a source of energy for domestic needs and many other benefits, the very existence of mankind is threatened. For example, if the destruction of tropical rainforests is not stopped, then from 10 to 20% of the animal and plant life of our planet will be destroyed.

Botanical gardens located in various climatic zones. It is necessary to remove the threat of destruction of these plants and make them available for wide practical use in breeding and crop production. The work of nature reserves and sanctuaries created in different zones of the country for the protection of botanical objects, mainly the flora of forests, meadows, steppes and deserts, including rare endemic plants, which are of undoubted interest for understanding the evolutionary process, is very important.

Due to the fact that today it is said about the need to preserve the biosphere as a whole as the main condition for life on Earth, biosphere reserves play a special role. The concept of a biosphere reserve was adopted in 1971 by the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere". Biosphere reserves are a kind of the highest form of protected areas, involving the creation of a single international network of reserves with a complex purpose: the preservation of ecological and genetic diversity in nature, scientific research, monitoring the state of the environment, environmental education.

Protecting areas of natural vegetation cover not only preserves flora, but also solves a whole range of other important tasks: regulation of the water balance of the territory, protection of soils from erosion, protection of wildlife, preservation of a healthy environment for human life.

The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development endorsed the Principles for Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Development of All Types of Forests. This paper recognized for the first time the important role of non-tropical forests in maintaining the global balance of carbon uptake and oxygen release. The main purpose of the Principles is to promote the rational use, conservation and development of forests and the implementation of their multi-purpose and complementary functions and uses.

The UN Conference on Environment and Development's Statement of Principles on Forests is the first global agreement on forests. It takes into account the needs of both the protection of forests as an environment and cultural environment, and the use of trees and other forms of forest life for economic development.

The forest principles enshrined in the Statement include the following:

all countries should take part in "greening the world" by planting and conserving forests;

countries have the right to use forests for the needs of their socio-economic development. Such use should be based on national policies consistent with sustainable development objectives;

forests should be used in a way that meets the social, economic, environmental, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations;

the benefits of biotechnology products and genetic materials obtained from forests should be shared on mutually agreed terms with the countries in which these forests are located;

planted forests are sustainable sources of renewable energy and industrial raw materials. In developing countries, the use of wood as a fuel is especially important. These needs must be met through the rational use of forests and the planting of new trees;

­ national programs should protect unique forests, including old forests, as well as forests of cultural, spiritual, historical or religious value;

countries need sound forest management plans based on environmentally friendly recommendations.

The purpose of the 1983 International Tropical Timber Agreement is to provide an effective framework for cooperation and consultation between tropical timber producers and consumers, to promote the expansion and diversification of the international trade in tropical timber, to encourage and support research and development for the sustainable management of forests and the development of timber resources, and also encouraging the development of national policies aimed at the long-term use and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources, to maintain the ecological balance in the respective regions.

According to the International Plant Protection Convention of 1951, each member establishes an official plant protection organization for the purpose of:

inspections of cultivated areas and lots of plants in international trade for the presence or occurrence of plant pests or diseases;

issuance of certificates of phytosanitary status and origin of plants and plant products;

conducting research in the field of plant protection, etc.

In accordance with Art. 1 of the Convention, the contracting parties undertake to take legislative, technical and administrative measures to ensure joint and effective action aimed at preventing the introduction and spread of pests that damage plants and plant products, and in order to promote the adoption of appropriate measures aimed at combating with them.

The Parties to the Convention exercise strict control over the import and export of plants and plant products, applying, when necessary, bans, inspections and destruction of shipments.

The 1959 Agreement on Cooperation in the Application of Plant Quarantine and Their Protection from Pests and Diseases authorizes its participants to take the necessary measures against pests, weeds and diseases. They exchange information on plant pests and diseases and their control. States shall cooperate in the application of uniform phytosanitary regulations for the import and export of plant materials from one country to another.

There is the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, established in 1951, whose members are 34 states of Europe, Africa and Asia. Objectives of the organization: implementation of international cooperation in preventing the spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products. The main activity is carried out in the form of information exchange, unification of phytosanitary rules, registration of pesticides and their certification.

The first organizational task for the protection of rare and endangered species is their inventory and accounting both on a global scale and in individual countries. Without this, it is impossible to proceed either to the theoretical development of the problem, or to practical recommendations to save certain species. The task is not easy, and even 30-35 years ago the first attempts were made to compile first regional and then world reports of rare and endangered species of animals and birds. However, the information was either too laconic and contained only a list of rare species, or, on the contrary, very cumbersome, since it included all available data on biology and presented a historical picture of the reduction in their ranges.

In 1948, the IUCN united and headed the work on the protection of wildlife of state, scientific and public organizations in most countries of the world. Among his first decisions in 1949 was the creation of a permanent Species Survival Commission, or, as it is commonly called in Russian-language literature, the Commission on Rare Species.

The tasks of the Commission included the study of the state of rare species of animals and plants that are endangered, the development and preparation of draft international and interethnic conventions and treaties, the compilation of a cadastre of such species and the development of appropriate recommendations for their protection.

The main goal of the Commission was to create a world annotated list (cadastre) of animals that are threatened with extinction for one reason or another. Sir Peter Scott, chairman of the Commission, suggested that the list be called the Red Data Book to give it a defiant and capacious meaning, since red symbolizes a danger signal.

The first edition of the IUCN Red List was published in 1963. It was a "pilot" edition with a small circulation. Its two volumes include information on 211 species and subspecies of mammals and 312 species and subspecies of birds. The Red Book was sent according to the list to prominent statesmen and scientists. As new information was accumulated, as planned, additional sheets were sent to the addressees to replace the outdated ones.

Gradually, the IUCN Red List was improved and replenished. The last, fourth "type" edition, published in 1978-1980, includes 226 species and 79 subspecies of mammals, 181 species and 77 subspecies of birds, 77 species and 21 subspecies of reptiles, 35 species and 5 subspecies of amphibians, 168 species and 25 subspecies of fish . Among them, 7 restored species and subspecies of mammals, 4 - birds, 2 species of reptiles. The reduction in the number of forms in the latest edition of the Red Book was not only due to successful protection, but also as a result of more accurate information received in recent years.

Work on the IUCN Red List continues. This is a permanent document, as the living conditions of animals change and more and more new species can be in a catastrophic situation. At the same time, the efforts made by a person give good results, as evidenced by its green leaves.

The IUCN Red Book, like the Red Lists, is not a legal (legal) document, but is exclusively advisory in nature. It covers the animal world on a global scale and contains protection recommendations addressed to countries and governments in whose territories a threatening situation has developed for animals.

Thus, relations in the field of protection and use of the animal and plant world in order to ensure biological diversity, sustainable existence, preserve the genetic fund of wild animals and protect the animal and plant world are regulated by both universal and bilateral agreements, in most of which our state participates.

The international legal protection of flora and fauna is developing in the following main areas: protection of natural complexes, protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, and ensuring the rational use of natural resources.

The reduction in the number and species diversity of vegetation and animals is one of the features of the global ecological crisis. A person cuts down forests, picks berries, mushrooms, herbs, fishes, gets seafood, hunts fur and other wild animals, birds, as a result of which many natural biocenoses are disturbed or destroyed, and the biological diversity of species has significantly decreased.

According to the UN Forest Department, at present the total forest area of ​​the world is less than 40 million km 2, i.e., during the existence of our civilization, 35% of the forest area has been destroyed, and more than half of this amount has been destroyed over the past 150 years. About 114 thousand km 2 of tropical forests are burned and cut down annually.

Deforestation leads, firstly, to a decrease in biomass and the production potential of the biosphere, and secondly, to a reduction in the global resource of photosynthesis. This leads to a weakening of the gaseous function of the biosphere and its ability to strictly regulate the assimilation of solar energy and the composition of the atmosphere. In addition, the contribution of transpiration to the moisture cycle on land decreases, which leads to a change in the regimes of precipitation and runoff and triggers the mechanisms of land desertification.

It has been established that the gas-productive and dust-absorbing potential of plantations depends on their age, species composition, bonitet, completeness, condition. For example, it has been established by calculation methods that the absorption of CO 2 by pine and linden stands varies within 5–15.8 t/ha per year, and the release of oxygen from 3 to 11.5 t/ha per year. In addition, in forests, the undergrowth and grassy layer can absorb up to 0.7 and 0.6 t/ha of carbon dioxide, respectively, and release 0.5 t/ha of oxygen per year. In green areas, the dust content of the air can be reduced to 40-50%. Multi-row linear planting of trees and shrubs along roads can reduce air pollution levels in transport zones from 4 to 70% and their effectiveness depends on the width, height and planting density.

The forest also serves as a source and biological reservoir for most of the Earth's biocenoses.

One of the most serious negative consequences of the degeneration of the biosphere into the technosphere is the impoverishment of natural ecosystems and the reduction of biological diversity.

Biodiversity is not only a condition for the existence of the ecosphere, but should also be considered as an important resource of the technosphere. Due to the degradation of the natural environment, pollution, destruction of biocenoses, 10-15 thousand biological species, mainly lower forms, disappear annually.

Measures to protect flora and fauna are as follows:

Protecting forests from fires and fighting them;

Protection of plants from pests and diseases;

Field-protective afforestation;

Improving the efficiency of using forest resources;

Protection of certain species of plants and animals;

Monitoring of species biodiversity;

The allocation of specially protected areas without economic activity or its significant restriction.

The most effective forms of protection of flora and fauna, as well as natural ecosystems, include the state system of specially protected natural areas.

Specially protected natural areas(SPNA) - areas of land or water surface, which, due to their environmental and other purposes, are completely or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

PAs include: state nature reserves, including biospheric ones; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; monuments of nature; dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The protection and use of protected areas is carried out on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Specially Protected Natural Territories".

As of 1.01. 2011, the system of protected areas includes 1296 objects, including one reserve (Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve), 4 national parks (Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Braslav Lakes, Narochinsky and Pripyatsky), 85 reserves of republican significance, 353 reserves local importance, 306 nature monuments of republican and 547 local importance. The total area of ​​protected areas in 2010 amounted to 1595.1 thousand hectares or 7.7% of the country's area. Reserves of republican significance remain the priority category of protected areas, they account for 52.8% total area PAs.

In the republic, for the conservation of biodiversity, there is a network of protected areas with international importance. These include 8 Ramsar territories (republican reserves "Olman swamps", "Middle Pripyat", "Zvanets", "Sporovsky", "Osveysky", "Kotra", "Yelnya", "Prostyr"), which are studied and protected swamps; transboundary specially protected natural territories (zakazniks "Pribuzhskoe Polesie" and "Kotra") and biosphere reserves.

Thanks to the creation of all these protected areas, unique landscapes and the species of animals and plants inhabiting them are preserved in the republic. In total, 2,358 habitats and habitats of 355 rare species of animals and plants have been taken under protection in Belarus. In addition, in 2004, 28 new habitats of 20 animal and plant species were taken under protection.

The scheme for the rational allocation of protected areas of republican significance and the National Strategy for the Development and Management of the System of Protected Areas until January 1, 2015 were approved by the Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2007 No. 1919 and 1920.

In accordance with the Decree of the Ministry of Natural Resources of April 16, 2008 No. 38, a register of specially protected territories is maintained in the republic. The main purpose of these documents is the formation of the National Ecological Network. At the same time, protected areas are considered as its main elements. The first automated database of protected areas of republican significance was also developed on the basis of a digital map of M 1:200,000 using GIS technologies (Geo-Information System).

Currently, as a result of negative anthropogenic impact, both due to economic activity and poaching, the issue of protecting animals and birds living in forest and agricultural lands is especially acute.

In connection with the intensification of agricultural production, many machines and mechanisms have appeared that work in the fields, which are the habitat of wild animals and birds. The use of wide-cut high-performance equipment practically deprives the inhabitants of the fields of the opportunity to hide and avoid death. Animals hide and die under the working bodies of the equipment or become easy prey for predators, having lost their shelter.

The use of a large number of powerful agricultural machines, as well as the chemicalization of crop production, have become the main factor in the decline in the number of many species of game animals living in the field. When harrowing, cultivating, haying and harvesting grain crops, a disturbance factor is created in the fields, which usually leads to the death of game, their burrows, lairs and nests are destroyed. Many animals and birds die at night, when the headlights make them hide in the furrows. Even more of them die when haying in meadows and fields with fodder grasses. It has been established that in Belarus, when mowing perennial grasses, 33% of black grouse, 30-45% of partridges with eggs, 25% of corncrakes and 75% of quails die. Most of them die when mowing with dew, as well as when mowing the central section of the field.

Therefore, it is necessary to competently carry out work on haymaking and harvesting grain crops. First of all, it is necessary to abandon the mowing of grasses and the harvesting of grain “into the corral”, and to carry out them “in acceleration”, that is, to start these works from the center of the field to its periphery. Studies have shown that this cleaning technology can save up to 70% of animals and birds. When harvesting grain, the expanding swath method is expedient, in which trucks do not need to go around the paddock to collect grain from the combine bunker, the driver drives up the mowed field from one combine to another. Work is carried out from the edge of the field, and at a distance from it, animals and birds have the opportunity to go to a safe place.

Most effective method protection of animals and birds is recognized as complex with the obligatory presence of forest belts in the center of the field, which provide protection and food, and also protect the soil from water and wind erosion. Forest belts make it possible to start harvesting from the edges of the field to the center along the entire perimeter. It is also advisable to arrange feeders, aviaries, drinkers, sheds in them.

The chemicalization of agricultural production has also significantly affected the flora and fauna. The uncontrolled use of pesticides, as well as an increase in the volume of their use for the extermination of pests of agricultural crops, cause serious damage to both the hunting fauna and the natural enemies of these pests. Reducing the number of natural enemies of agricultural pests leads to their mass reproduction.

Relatively new for the country is the problem of penetration into the territory of Belarus of invasive species of plants and animals and the resulting negative consequences of environmental, economic and social nature. Monitoring data show that in recent decades, in connection with human economic activity, a number of species alien to the fauna and flora of the republic have entered the territory of Belarus.

First of all, it is a polymorphic mussel mussel (now this species is found in more than 80% of the lakes of the republic). An alien species of fish called rotan, which eats the eggs of other fish species, has become rapidly spreading in the country's river basins, causing serious economic damage.

No less harm to the flora of the republic is caused by invasive plant species. They are especially easy to penetrate into cultivated lands, where competition from the cultural flora is negligible. Often in these cases, alien species become malicious weeds, which leads to crop loss and the need to develop new agricultural practices and methods of dealing with them. Characteristic examples of such species are small-flowered galinzoga, Canadian small-flowered and Weirich mountaineer. Some of the alien plant species, such as Sosnowsky's hogweed, many types of poplars, ragweed, have pronounced allergenic properties. The mass distribution of Hogweed Sosnovsky, which displaces most of the native species from plant communities and has poisonous and allergic properties, is observed almost throughout the territory of Belarus.

On the territory of the republic, cases of the negative impact of pesticides on the health of farm animals and humans were noted almost everywhere, especially in areas of open storage of pesticides or their spraying.

It is known that many pesticides can accumulate in the body of warm-blooded animals. Pesticides quickly spread through food chains, causing developmental anomalies or death of individuals that, it would seem, could not come into contact with the poisonous substance.

The accumulation of pesticides and their decay products in the body causes chronic diseases of the liver, genitourinary and reproductive systems in humans, and also adversely affects offspring.

In order to reduce the risk of negative effects of pesticides on biota, rules for their storage and use have been developed. So, plant protection products should be applied in limited areas, spraying should be carried out in a calm time away from bird nesting areas or habitats of animals with young. Treated vegetation is most dangerous immediately after pollination, so birds should be kept away from these areas and patrolled for 48 hours. In addition, it is recommended to abandon the most toxic pesticides for animals.

Storage of pesticides should be organized indoors in a special container. It is forbidden to place warehouses of pesticides in the water protection zone of reservoirs and directly in the residential area. Additional precautions must be observed when pouring or pouring pesticides into special units for pollination and spraying.

Sites for special equipment must be isolated from soil and water bodies. Wash water should be collected in special containers and reused.

The best option Pest control is the application of biological methods. In this case, pests of agricultural plants are destroyed or suppressed with the help of natural enemies. For example, aphids are destroyed by ladybugs, leaf-eating caterpillars by ichneumon larvae, etc.

Recently, much attention has been paid to microbiological methods of combating harmful insects and pathogens using antagonist organisms, which can be viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, there is a risk of losing control over their reproduction. In addition, these organisms, when the corresponding pest species disappear, can switch to other beneficial species of insects, plants and animals. The most problematic is the use of viruses, since they are able to mutate unusually quickly under the influence of external factors, which can lead to the emergence of new unknown diseases.

As a biological method, an artificial increase in the number of small insectivorous birds can be used.

The most correct application of combined methods of protection of agricultural plants and animals, taking into account all available factors.

1. Biological resources of tropical forests

biological forest commercial fish

Tropical forest is a collection of lands with a predominance of woody vegetation, located within the tropical climate zone. Tropics - wide band the globe, extending north and south from the equator, which is characterized by heat air and soil, a large amount of moisture and light. All this forms a significant diversity of the biological resources of tropical forests, that is, soils, flora and fauna. In his modern form tropical forests have existed for at least 100 million years. They can be called the most ancient and most complex ecological systems of the biosphere.

Distinguish:

humid tropical and subtropical forests, also called jungles, hylaea (forests of the Amazon, forests in Brazil and Peru, equatorial Africa, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, Indonesia and Oceania);

deciduous dry tropical forests (dry forests of South America - Bolivia, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, North America - Mexico Guatemala, the Caribbean, India and Southeast Asia, Indonesia);

evergreen tropical forests (hardwood forests of southeastern Eurasia);

foggy forests on mountain ranges.

The vegetation of tropical forests is represented by 4-5 tiers of trees, there are no shrubs, grasses (with the exception of dry forests) and many plants of epiphytes and epiphiles (settling on the body of other plants), lianas. Trees are distinguished by wide trunks with ledges, wide (usually evergreen) leaves, a developed crown, unprotected buds, flowers and fruits, which are located directly on the trunk. They also have continuous vegetation. The leaves of the upper tier of plants, as a rule, are complex in shape, transmitting light, and the lower tiers are simple and wide, oblong, providing good water flow. Due to the fact that tropical forest trees, as producers, consume a lot of nutrients, soils are relatively poor (little humus and nutrient minerals) and quickly turn into deserts after deforestation. Red soils rich in iron and ore minerals are found here. The lack of humus is caused by rapid decay due to the abundance of bacteria, and the accumulation of iron occurs during laterization (the formation of a stony-smooth soil surface during droughts).

Tropical rainforests are the richest in species composition, however, other types of forests, like biomes (sets of unique ecosystems of the region), have a huge biological potential, contribute to the development of plant and animal populations, biological productivity, that is, reproduction organic matter, the circulation of matter and energy in nature, and hence the preservation of life on Earth.

The rainforest is a source of non-renewable resources such as peat, oil, coal, metal ores, renewable resources such as wood, food (berries, mushrooms, etc.), medicinal plants. It contains industrial and hunting resources. But most importantly, tropical forests are considered the "lungs" of the planet, thanks to their active photosynthesis on Earth, an optimal balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained. And this is despite the fact that they occupy only 6% of the land on the planet. Tropical forests are no less successful in accumulating and retaining moisture, redistributing it between different climatic zones. The climate-regulating, anti-erosion and water-protective value of tropical forests is very high.

Half of all animal and plant species on earth live in rainforests. A quarter of the world's medicines are made from rainforest plants and 70% of anti-cancer drugs contain raw materials found only in their ecosystems.

Rainforests are home to the wild ancestors of many crops, allowing scientists and farmers to gain genetic potential for crops.

Unfortunately, as a result of human activities, tropical forests are disappearing very quickly. Every year, 125 thousand square meters are cut down in the world. km of tropical forests. Over the past two hundred summers, their area has halved, with tropical rainforests particularly affected. After deforestation, forests are burned, and a large amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Due to the poverty of soils and the peculiarities of climatic conditions, the economic use of lands of former tropical forests is ineffective. All this leads to the fact that vast territories turn into deserts, many species of plants and animals die, which means that the biological resources of the Earth are depleted.

Scientists have not yet reached a consensus on whether the rapid deforestation of tropical forests causes a greenhouse effect, but they agree that this process negatively affects the climate of the entire planet. Consequently, the destruction of tropical forests leads to the depletion of biological resources in other regions of the world. If tropical forests disappear from the face of the earth, then we will lose over 50% of all plant and animal species and the existence of the biosphere, human life will be in jeopardy.

This means that humanity should reconsider its attitude to tropical forests and do everything possible to protect them and preserve biological diversity.

2. Field-protective and water-protective value of forests

Forests, as unique ecosystems, perform a number of important functions in relation to other natural objects, including the protection function.

The field-protective value of forests lies in the fact that they protect soils, natural objects, incl. agricultural land, roads and infrastructure from the destructive effects of weather factors. Namely: from weathering (erosion), drying, washing out of useful substances, desertification, movement of sands. Thus, it is achieved:

improvement of the microclimate of protected areas;

optimal distribution of moisture, including rain, snow retention;

reducing the strength of water and wind erosion;

reduction of the area of ​​gullies and ravines;

prevention of snow and sand drifts;

animal fencing.

The water conservation value of forests is the ability of forest plantations to retain and regulate the exchange of moisture in the soil and air. With the help of forests and forest plantations, people manage to:

reduce evaporation of moisture from soils and water bodies;

control the level of soil water, the degree of salinity, making drainage more efficient;

protect the shores of reservoirs from falling asleep with sand, overgrowing with weeds.

It can be seen that soil and water protection are closely related. In protected areas, with the help of the unique properties of the forest, not only soils and water bodies are protected, but also all plants and animals living in these biocenoses. It also protects human health from harmful effects. Prevention of accidents and natural disasters is carried out.

Both natural forests and artificial forest plantations can be used for protection. Such plantings are located around cities, agricultural fields, hayfields, pastures, recreational lands, reservoirs, roads, important natural objects.

Among the natural forests in our country grow: deciduous (evergreen and deciduous), mixed and coniferous, marsh and mountain forests. Most of them are spontaneous natural forests with a noticeable anthropogenic influence. Their field protection and water protection significance is great, since they naturally protect soils and water bodies from harmful anthropogenic influence, contribute to the conservation of biological diversity, climate regulation and protection of neighboring modified territories (settlements, agricultural lands, water supply sources, recreational areas).

In the structure of forests, there are: underground layer (rhizomes), litter, moss, grass layer, undergrowth and the stand itself or the forest canopy. Each of these structural components plays a protective role. root system retains and enriches the soil, affects the level of groundwater, soil nutrition, litter - promotes the formation of organic nutrients. Moss, grass layer and undergrowth retain soil moisture. The tree stand protects the territory from the wind, affects the climate through the processes of formation and distribution of organic matter, energy, moisture.

Artificial protective forest plantations are divided into:

state protective forest belts;

shelterbelts on non-irrigated lands (in essence, artificial forests);

protective plantations on irrigated lands;

water-regulating forest belts on the slopes;

riverside and ravine forest belts;

mountain reclamation plantings;

forest plantations around water bodies, along banks and in floodplains;

plantations on sands not used in agriculture;

green forested strips around settlements.

Protective forest belts, as a rule, are of three types: dense - with a small distance between the trunks of trees and shrubs, medium - openwork and light - blown. The choice of design depends on the prevailing weather and climatic conditions in the area. Although the classification of forest belts according to various characteristics is very extensive. The first type of forest belts is found around cities, roads, farms, pastures, the second - around and along the forest-steppe irrigated fields, the third - in areas with high rainfall in winter.

The most important protective value belongs to the forests of national natural parks, protected forest areas, state protective forest belts, forests that are scientific, historical monuments, natural monuments, forests for the sanitary protection of water sources and resorts (the first and second zones), forests around water bodies where spawning valuable commercial fish, anti-erosion forests, fruit, nut-commercial, near-tundry massifs. All of them are under special protection of the forest legislation, their felling is strictly prohibited. They are also carefully protected from contamination.

Final felling is allowed in protective forest belts around roads, in belt forests, forest parks. But this cutting is strictly regulated.

3. Protection and exploitation of commercial fish

The protection and exploitation of commercial fish in our country is regulated by the Federal Law of December 20, 2004 No. 166-FZ (as amended on June 28, 2014) “On Fishing and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources” (Chapter 3 “Fishing”).

It legislates the term industrial fishing. Accordingly, a category of commercial fish is distinguished - fish species subject to industrial catch.

In the world there are several thousand species of fisheries, in the Russian Federation - several hundred. Most of the commercial fish are freshwater fish. But especially valuable are migratory and semi-migratory fish (living both in rivers and in the seas), for example, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, pike perch. Also of great value are the fish of the northern seas - salmon, salmon, whitefish, chum salmon, pink salmon. Commercial fish serve not only as a source of food, but also as a raw material for light, pharmaceutical, industry, and animal feed is made from fish.

Therefore, commercial fish need proper exploitation and protection, which includes:

reproduction of stocks of fish and melioration of reservoirs;

setting a limit on the catch of commercial fish;

limiting the catch of commercial fish in certain periods;

limitation of methods and tools for catching commercial fish.

Reclamation of water bodies is aimed at creating optimal conditions for the life of fish, restoring their population, protecting them from the harmful effects of others. natural factors, incl. anthropogenic. For this purpose, deepening and cleaning the bottom of reservoirs, regulating the water level, planting forest belts around the reservoir, fighting winter time, creation of spawning grounds for fish and temporary reservoirs for young animals. Biological reclamation is the settlement of new species of living organisms in water bodies, for example, special algae, microorganisms, and sometimes other fish that clean the bottom of the reservoir in a natural way.

In order to ensure that the stocks of fisheries are not depleted, spawning grounds are created and fish fry are bred, edible algae and other types of fish food are grown. In some cases, fry grown under artificial conditions are released into a reservoir, in others they are grown up to reproductive age for the purpose of further reproduction and selection. At the same time, it is especially important that the fry receive enough light and nutrient biomass so that clean water constantly circulates in an artificial reservoir, which further affects the quality of caviar (especially in sturgeon fish).

Such reservoirs are equipped at special enterprises for the reproduction of commercial fish. The fish caught in the habitats goes to the site of pre-spawn keeping of the spawners, then to the workshop where the broodstock (spawners) is kept, from there to the incubation workshop, where spawning, fertilization and maturation of eggs take place. Malek enters a special pool. Sick individuals, individuals requiring adaptation can be kept separately. Special requirements are put forward for the careful capture and transportation of spawners. Also, live food for fish is grown at such enterprises. The scientific approach allows not only to reproduce fish populations, but also to carry out their selection, eliminate some defects in the development of fish, and improve their commercial qualities.

To determine the limit of fish catch in a particular reservoir or its area, an ecological expertise is carried out, which establishes the number and structure of the population of commercial fish. The limit can be calculated in kilograms - for individuals and in tons of fish biomass - for legal entities(quotas for industrial catch). The limit assumes that the optimal number of individuals is removed, which will not harm the natural recovery of the population. Limit norms are calculated by scientific and trade councils and submitted for approval to the Fisheries Agency. In addition to the limit, the parameters of the fishing measure are also set: the length, size, weight of fish that are to be caught. A fish that does not reach this size is called off-gauge.

The Federal Agency for Fisheries of the Russian Federation issues permits with an established catch rate and a fishing measure for individuals and legal entities. Violation of the catch rate is a water environmental offense and can be punished by administrative or criminal penalties. Irregular catching of commercial fish, as well as catching fish in water bodies where it is prohibited, and other gross violations of the exploitation of commercial fish, are called poaching. Fish caught in excess of the limit is subject to confiscation from poachers.

It is forbidden to harvest commercial fish by using explosives, poisons, or by forming a kill. For certain species of commercial fish, the sizes of permitted fishing gear, for example, nets, are established. Industrial fishing gear must be registered. Sometimes, due to the inconsistency in the characteristics of fishing gear, oversized fish are caught along with commercial fish. If the number of off-gauge fish exceeds the norm, then the fishing gear must be replaced or the catch should be stopped altogether.

A special legal regime for the protection of fish and water resources is established for nature protection reservoirs. In general, the effectiveness of the protection and exploitation of commercial fish depends on the quality of implementation of water legislation and control by fisheries protection authorities.

4. International agreements aimed at the control and use of biological resources

The main international document aimed at the control and conservation of biological resources is the "Agenda for the XXI century", adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro on June 3-14, 1992. In particular, a special section has been developed in it - Chapter 15 "Conservation of biological diversity". This chapter stipulates that the states that have ratified the Agenda must create national programs for the protection of biological resources, carry out research aimed at the conservation of biological diversity, and organize the rational use of resources together with other states. Governments of states, in cooperation with the UN, are called upon to carry out all these and other measures, using financial instruments, the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, human resources and the natural potential of the country.

Russia, as a member of the UN, is also called upon to comply with the provisions of the Agenda in accordance with international environmental law.

The second significant document is the World Charter for Conservation of Nature. A number of other international agreements have also been adopted:

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Influences;

Declaration on the Environment, which is a summary of the basic principles of international cooperation;

Convention on Biological Diversity;

Convention on Climate Change;

Convention to Combat Desertification.

The Convention on Biological Diversity provides that natural objects must be preserved either in natural ecosystems or in artificial conditions (laboratories, zoos, etc.). In the Russian Federation, the Convention was ratified in 1995. In 2009, it was supplemented by an international protocol for the conservation of genetic resources. Also in 2000, the Cartagena Protocol on the Protection of Biological Diversity from the Negative Consequences of Genetic Modification of Organisms was signed.

By joining these and other international agreements, Russia guarantees that it will unify its legislation and will comply with the terms of the agreements on the territory of its state, as well as cooperate with other countries. In this case, cooperation is especially important, because living organisms, especially animals, are characterized by migration, and many ecosystems are the property of several nations at once.

There are also international documents on resource sectors, for example, regarding the protection of water resources. The first international agreement that established certain obligations of states in the field of the protection of the World Ocean was the London Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Oil of 1954, as amended in 1962.

All issues related to the problems of the World Ocean are dealt with by the International Maritime Organization (IMO - Internatіonal Maritime Organizatіon). It is an international intergovernmental organization that has the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was founded in 1958 with the aim of promoting international cooperation in the field of shipping and maritime trade. It began to function in 1959. The Organization is a forum for the exchange of information between governments on technical issues of international merchant shipping, assists in guaranteeing maritime safety and preventing marine pollution by ships. Many conferences were held within the IMO, which ended with the conclusion of conventions on various aspects of maritime navigation. The International Maritime Organization has adopted a large number of recommendations, codes, guidelines, guidelines, resolutions, including those regarding the conservation of biological diversity in the World Ocean.

More than 190 states, including Russia, are members of the IMO. IMO resolves issues related to ensuring cooperation in shipping and navigation, development of recommendations and draft conventions on maritime and environmental law. The supreme body of the IMO is the Assembly, which consists of all its members and is convened every two years. The protection of the air environment is provided by the 1963 Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

There are other specialized environmental agencies under the UN, as well as the UN Conference on Environment and Development, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, IUCN - the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They work closely with industrial, agricultural and food international organizations.

The biological diversity of plants and animals at the international level is regulated by the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, and the 1979 Convention on the Protection of Wild Fauna and Flora and Natural Habitats. All of them provide that plants and animals, as parts of biological diversity, can be used as objects of aesthetic and recreational complex by all people, and can be used to a limited extent, under license, as objects of hunting, fishing, etc.

List of used literature

1.Bogdanovich I.I. Geoecology with the basics of biogeography. - M.: Flinta, 2011. - 210 p.

.Yeldyshev E.N. Different forests - common problems // Ecology and life. 2010. V. 103. No. 6. pp. 24-27.

.Zverkova Ya.A., Khankhasaev G.F., Belikova E.V. Protection of water and water resources // Bulletin of the ESGUTU. 2009. No. 4 (27). pp. 104-107.

.Ilyasov S.V., Gutsulyak V.N., Pavlov P.N. Scientific and practical commentary to the Federal Law "On Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources". - M.: Center for the Law of the Sea, 2005. - 256 p.

.Kopylov M.N. Introduction to international environmental law. - M.: Publishing house of the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples, 2007. - 267 p.

.Likhatsevich A.P. Golchenko M.G., Mikhailov G.I. Agricultural melioration. - M.: IVTs of the Ministry of Finance, 2010. - 463 p.

.Mashinskiy V.L. The green fund is an integral part of nature. Urban forests and forest parks. Basic principles of organization. - M.: Sputnik +, 2006. - 144 p.

.Moiseenko L.S. Cultivation of fish and crayfish in artificial conditions. - M.: Phoenix, 2013. - 192 p.

.Terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Ed. Matishova G., Tishkova A. - M.: Paulsen, 2011. - 448 p.

.Solntsev A.M. Modern international law on environmental protection and environmental human rights. - M.: Librokom, 2013. - 336 p.

.Fedyaev V.E. On the economic assessment of damage to fish resources // Fishing Issues. 2012. V. 13. No. 3-51. pp. 663-666.

.Tsvetkov V.F. Etudes of forest ecology. - Arkhangelsk, publishing house of ASTU, 2009. - 355 p.

.Shashkina E.Yu. "Agenda for the XXI century" and human rights: the right to participate // Eurasian Law Journal. 2013. No. 1 (56). pp. 116-119.

53. Protection of flora and fauna in international treaties

The international legal protection of the plant world has mainly developed in three directions:

1) the protection of regional natural complexes is expressed in the establishment of a special regime for certain territories: the organization of national parks, nature reserves with a strict regime is envisaged, where hunting, shooting or trapping of animals, as well as collecting collections and destroying flora are prohibited or limited. There are a number of agreements on the protection of the natural environment and wildlife in Asia, Africa, America, and Antarctica. Almost all agreements contain recommendations for states to introduce effective national legislation for the protection of natural resources and wildlife in their territories. Many agreements contain a list of specially protected animals and plants, strictly protected areas, as well as the procedure for importing animals and plants into these areas.

The main provisions on the protection of the Antarctic environment are set out in: the Antarctic Treaty of 1959; in the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, May 20, 1980; in the 1964 Agreed Measures for the Protection of the Fauna and Flora of Antarctica; in the Convention "On the Protection of Antarctic Seals" 1972 National parks of individual states are taken under special international control; this is due to the fact that they are important natural reserves of flora and fauna;

2) regulation of extraction and fisheries, taking into account the protection of the living resources of the sea. The main international rules for harvesting and fishing in the oceans are set out in the 1958 Convention on the High Seas and the 1958 Convention on Fisheries and the Protection of the Living Resources of the Sea. law 1982; the Convention on Fisheries and the Conservation of Living Resources in the Baltic Sea and the Belts of September 13, 1973;

3) protection of rare, endangered species of flora and fauna. Under international protection are: fur seals, polar bears, almost all species of seals, whales, dolphins, etc. The protection of rare, endangered species of flora and fauna is regulated by: Agreement "On the Conservation of Polar Bears" dated November 15, 1973 .; Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals of June 23, 1979; the Convention on Wetlands of February 2, 1971; the International Plant Protection Convention of February 6, 1951; Agreement "On cooperation in the field of quarantine and protection of plants from pests and diseases" of December 14, 1959; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora of March 3, 1973; Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by representatives of over 150 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and entered into force on March 21, 1994.

This text is an introductory piece.

Chapter XIV Security and rational use fauna In Russia, the fauna of vertebrates includes 1513 species, “of which 320 are mammals, 732 are birds, 80 are reptiles, 29 are amphibians, 343 are freshwater fish, 9 are cyclostomes, and up to 1500 species of marine fish are found in the seas of the Russian Federation.

Conservation of objects of the animal world In order to preserve the habitat of objects of the animal world, specially protected natural areas can be created. On the territories of state nature reserves, national parks and other specially protected natural

Article 7.11. Use of objects of the animal world without a permit (license)

Article 8.36. Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world -

Article 8.37. Violation of the rules for the use of objects of the animal world 1. Violation of the rules of hunting - shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of from five to ten times the minimum wage with or without confiscation of hunting tools, or deprivation of the right

Article 23.26. Bodies authorized in the field of protection, control and regulation of the use of wildlife objects classified as hunting objects and their habitat 1. Bodies authorized in the field of protection, control and regulation of the use of animal objects

10. Parties to international treaties Parties to international treaties are subjects of international law that have contractual legal capacity. Each state has the legal capacity to conclude treaties (Article 6 of the Vienna Convention on the Law

38. Fundamentals of the organization of forestry and state control and protection of forests and flora outside the forests

Article 7. 11. Use of objects of the animal world without a permit (license) Use of objects of the animal world without a permit (license), if such a permit (such a license) is obligatory (obligatory), or in violation of the conditions stipulated by the permit

Article 8. 36. Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world -

Article 8. 37. Violation of the rules for the use of objects of the animal world 1. Violation of the rules of hunting - shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of from five to ten times the minimum wage with or without confiscation of hunting tools or deprivation of the right

Article 23

Article 7.11. Use of wildlife objects and aquatic biological resources without a permit (license) Use of wildlife objects or aquatic biological resources without a permit (license), if the permit (license) is mandatory or in violation

Article 8.36. Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world and aquatic biological resources Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world and aquatic biological resources -

Article 23.26. Specially authorized state bodies for the protection, control and regulation of the use of objects of the animal world and their habitat 1. Specially authorized state bodies for the protection, control and regulation of the use of objects

Topic XI. Protection and rational use of wildlife Basic provisions. - Rights and obligations of wildlife users. - Civil Law Principles of Animal Use