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What to lay floor slabs on. Rules for installing the floor of a house from slabs

Brick is a classic, durable, wear-resistant material and is used both for the construction of buildings and structures, stoves and fireplaces. it's the same decorative material, used both for outdoor, facing work, and for interesting interior solutions in the style of a loft or a Gothic castle. erection country houses does not do without a brick. Round shapes are used for decorative design wall elements.

For laying a round well, clay bricks are used, which are laid on a cement mortar.

Tools needed for the construction of brick wall structures:

  • trowel - a metal spatula for leveling mortar and seams;
  • spatula for solution - for applying the solution to the wall;
  • jointing - for the formation of seams;
  • pickaxe hammer - for splitting and trimming bricks;
  • plumb line - to determine the verticality of the masonry.

Solution preparation

Solution for brickwork use a mixture of cement and sand in a ratio of 1:3 or 1:4, water is added until a homogeneous mass is obtained.

To prepare a solution with crushed stone, the ratio is as follows: cement - 1 part, crushed stone - 4 parts, sand - 2 parts, water - 1/2 part.

Round brickwork can be the basis for the construction of round furnaces and wells.

Construction of round wells

If the diameter of the well is small, the seams are sealed with mortar. With a large diameter, the seams are split.

If the well is deep, a ladder should be provided, which is a bracket with an anti-corrosion coating that is inserted into the masonry joints every 20 cm. In order to further strengthen the masonry, steel wire 3-5 mm should be laid every 3-5 rows in two rows.

Furnace masonry

For a round furnace, tools and materials are needed:

The laying of a round furnace is a combined system of laying on a rib and a die.

  • simple and refractory bricks;
  • clay ordinary and refractory;
  • sand;
  • furnace door;
  • blower and cleaning door;
  • grate grate;
  • view (valve);
  • metal casing rings;
  • roofing material for waterproofing.

The basis of round masonry is a complex system of combining masonry on the edge and on the die. The foundation does not have to be round, a square will do. Masonry is carried out in an iron casing with a diameter of 1 m, installed above the floor, on which the plinth is laid out in a circle drawn on a foundation with a diameter of 1 m, plus 4-6 cm. The line runs along the outer border of the plinth. Halves of the brick are placed strictly in line on the plate - this is the first row. Next, you should draw a line - the diameter of the circle, on which the midpoints of the back and front walls are marked. To the right and left of these lines, whole bricks, hewn in a rounded shape, are immediately placed on the mortar. The seam between the bricks is leveled using the rule from the end unhewn side. The first row of the plinth is laid, filling the space of the circle. The second row is laid out from whole bricks, hewn with light blows with a pickaxe on pre-planned notches on one and the other.

For laying the 2nd row, it is necessary to scrape bricks. In order for the masonry to be even, it is necessary to calculate the exact number of centimeters of shearing.

The third row of bricks is laid on the circle mark, less than the inner diameter of the casing by 3-4 mm. Laying is done in the same way as in the first row. The bottom ring of the casing is put on the finished third row, while the top row of the base must be level. The space between the casing and brick wall is filled evenly with mortar, the distance must be the same around the entire perimeter, avoiding displacement of the casing. Masonry can be continued after the mortar thickens, soaking into the brick walls.

The laying of the first brick row, adjacent to the casing, deserves special attention. The connection of the casing rings should be between the furnace and blower doors and not coincide with the middle of the doors. The width of the rings applicable for laying round stoves varies from 20 to 50 cm.

Bricks are laid vertically in a circle, with inside bricks form honeycomb different shape polygon. Seams with outside will be wide, they are filled with brick gravel. Doors are better to use radial, that is, curved. Thickness brick wall is up to 7 cm. The internal masonry is made on a die with a dressing adjacent to the wall.

The ordering of the brick is a clear sequence, forming paths for the passage of air.

Arches and brick buildings

The bearing capacity of the entire arch structure depends on the central brick.

Wedge and beam lintels of the walls are built using wedge-shaped seams with a transition from a narrow edge, 5 mm, to a wide one, 25 mm. Formwork is used - a temporary form of walls, which is best made of wood. The lintels are connected to the already built wall on the heel - the lower supporting part of the arch. It is better to use a template to determine the deflection angle. The number of bricks should be odd, the rows are marked on the formwork. The number of rows is counted horizontally. The castle row - an odd central row, should be vertically in the center of the jumper.

Bricks are laid from the heels on both sides to the center, to the castle, that is, the last odd brick fits in last. A wedge-shaped jumper is not allowed in spans of more than 2 m.

To build a smooth brick arch, you need to prepare an arch template in advance.

For a round brick building, you first need to draw a circle, you need to take two pegs, to the upper edges of which tie a rope with the length of the required radius. Stick one peg into the ground, and draw a line with the other by analogy with a compass. Lay out the bricks along the planned line on a dry one and provide for the necessary nuances and adjust the bricks to size. You may need to split the bricks in half somewhere.

When laying a round construction of brick walls, a caliper is used, consisting of a board - a shoulder with a hole at one end, wooden beam one brick thick - a support beam and a sheet of plywood - the base. The support block is fixed on the base. The shoulder moves in a circle on a nail driven into the support bar. Bricks are laid at the same distance from the center of the circle, slightly touching the end of the shoulder, a pointer nail can be driven into it.

For a trowel is used to give a convex shape.

Wells are a multifunctional structure. There are different types of them depending on the purpose, the material of manufacture. What are they? What is the technology of laying brick wells, read the article.

Types of wells

These structures are different, which depends on many factors: purpose, soil composition and much more.

There are the following types of wells:

  • Key- the most economical and simple. They are descending and ascending, depending on the availability of keys.
  • Mine wells. To create them, it is necessary to dig a shaft 10-20 meters deep. The shape of such wells is different: round, rectangular, square.
  • Pipe wells. They are made in a round shape, resembling a pipe. These are durable and hygienic structures.

Wells are laid from various materials. It can be brick, stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, wood.

mine wells

These structures, regardless of type, have the same design - an elongated pit, the depth of which is 5-15 meters. The walls of such a well are reinforced, the head is neatly decorated. The advantages of a shaft-type structure are that there is constant access to drinking water, which is not only preserved here, but also replenished in a natural way. Such a well is extremely rarely completely drained.

brick mine

Different types of shaft wells differ little from each other in their design. The difference between a stone and a brick well, for example, is small. The main difference is in the laying of bricks, where a certain scheme is applied. In order for the walls of the well to be reliable, the width of the masonry should be one to one and a half bricks. The round shape of the shaft is achieved through the use of a stabilizing profile.

If a brick or stone shaft is not reinforced with a frame that forms the skeleton of the entire well structure, it will very soon begin to crumble. For the manufacture of the support frame, a metal profile, fittings or waterproof wood species are used.

pipe well

The laying of a brick well begins with the preparation of frames. Their diameter should be equal to the diameter of the future well. The main one is the bottom frame. For its manufacture, metal, reinforced concrete is used, or since it must be the most durable. The frame is 10 cm thick. The width is equal to the thickness of the masonry. The size of the outer diameter is 5-6 centimeters larger than the outer diameter of the intermediate frames.

The outer edge of the frame around the entire perimeter below has a steel knife. Wooden is both the upper and intermediate frame. They are fastened together with nails. The thickness of these frames is 8 centimeters, and the width is the same or slightly less than the thickness of the masonry.

Along the perimeter of the frames, it is necessary to drill holes under each other, between which there will be the same distance. They are needed in order to insert anchors into them. The bottom frame has six anchors that are tightly secured with a nut and washer. After checking the level, the finished frame is lowered horizontally into the pit, and an intermediate frame is put on it with the help of nuts and washers. To make the structure stronger, it is necessary to strengthen it from above with logs.

Masonry of brick wells

This process is performed in one - one and a half bricks. In this case, the rows can only be bonded or alternate with spoon ones. Necessarily, regardless of the type of masonry, the first two rows are bonded. To maintain the correct round shape, experts recommend using templates that are made in the form of rings with two halves fastened with wedges.

Laying wells with your own hands is not difficult if everything is done correctly. First, a cement mortar 1-1.5 centimeters thick is applied to the main frame and leveled. Bricks of the first row are placed on it, then the second and so on. If the masonry of the wells is round, there will be gaps between the bricks on the outside. They need to be filled with bricks broken into small pieces mixed with mortar.

During masonry, do not forget about the holes for the anchors. They are made in bricks. Gaps need to be filled cement mortar. In order to obtain a solid brick laying, a thin wire should be laid in two layers along the entire length of each fourth row. When the distance between the intermediate frame and the top row becomes 5-6 centimeters, the masonry must be suspended, the anchors fixed on the frame, and the free space filled with mortar. But beforehand, gravel or crushed stone is added to it in a ratio of 1: 3. The solution must be compacted. Suitable for this wooden plank, the width of which coincides with the distance between the frame and the bricks.

When water enters the well through the walls, holes for windows equal to 25x50 centimeters are left in them. They will be equipped with water filters. Reinforcement is applied to the brickwork of the upper row and poured with a cement mortar 20-25 centimeters thick.

Plastering

After the laying of brick wells with their own hands is finished, they begin to plaster their internal and external walls. To facilitate this operation, you need to stock up on beacons, which are smooth, even slats. For this work, six pieces are enough. They are installed at the same distance from each other in those places where the anchors are attached.

The lighthouse is separated from the lighthouse by a wooden semicircle, which is called a malka. Its radius is half the diameter of the inside of the well. Malka moves along the beacons from top to bottom and vice versa, thereby leveling the solution that was previously applied to the wall.

It is impossible to immediately plaster the walls along their entire height, this is done in stripes. Each time, the beacons need to be removed, and the gaps should be sealed with mortar. In order not to clog the bottom with lumps of the falling solution, it is covered with boards.

Plaster the inner and outer surface of the walls of the well in two stages. First, a liquid mortar is sprayed to fill all the cracks in the brickwork, and then a thicker one.

After the first strip of masonry has been plastered, it is necessary to continue sampling the soil and laying the second strip. So you should alternate work until the well is completely dug to the desired depth, which is fixed with concrete slabs placed under the knives of the main frame. The plates should extend beyond the boundaries of the well by about half a meter. After all work is completed, the bottom of the well must be well cleaned and covered with rubble, gravel or sand.

sewer well

The laying of wells of this type is carried out using clay bricks that do not allow water to pass through. In the absence of such, red will do. Laying is carried out in half a brick. Sewer wells are round, rectangular or square. To create them, you will need a lot of bricks, cement, sand, bitumen, greasy clay, crushed stone, as well as a floor slab and a ventilation pipe.

But first you need to choose a place where the laying of brick wells will be carried out. Instructions with safety requirements for the installation and operation of sewer wells must be observed. The arrangement of such structures is carried out at a distance of 30 meters from the source of drinking water.

If the well is intended for the accumulation of waste, it is placed on suburban area so that a sewage pumping machine could drive up to it.

How to calculate the capacity of a sewer well?

This is easy to do. It is necessary to multiply the amount of water consumed per day in the country and the number of days during which sewage accumulates, for the processing of which microorganisms require three days. This must be taken into account when building a treatment plant made of bricks. It should be of such size that there is enough space for the accumulation of waste for several days.

Brick laying of a sewer well

After determining the location of the well, acquiring the right material start construction. Technological process laying brick wells begins with pouring the foundation. The solution is prepared from two parts of sand, one each - gravel and cement. Height 20 centimeters. After pouring, it needs to be given time to harden. Usually one week is enough for this. Every day the foundation must be watered.

Then masonry of wells is done, plastering of the bottom and walls, coating with bitumen in two layers. A ceiling made of a reinforced concrete slab or a tarred wooden shield, a hatch and a pipe for ventilation are installed.

brickwork

Structures of this type are used in water supply and sewerage facilities. it is recommended to place at a distance of at least 3-12 meters from the dwelling. Its owner determines its size individually. The main requirement is the availability of conditions for work related to the maintenance of the pipeline.

Wells can have different shapes. The walls of a round well have a thickness equal to the length of one brick, which is laid with pokes. Rectangular brick laying is carried out according to a two-row system.

For laying bricks in dry soil, a mortar of cement and sand is used in a ratio of 1:4, and in wet soil - 1:3. The seams inside the well are also rubbed with mortar.

If groundwater occurs at the depth of a dug well, it outer surface plastered. The thickness of the layer reaches two centimeters, and the height is half a meter above the level ground water. When laying the walls of the well, brackets made of cast iron or steel are embedded in its seams. The distance between them is 35 centimeters. Staples are arranged vertically in a checkerboard pattern in two rows. They replace steps during the descent and ascent into the mine.

Requirements

There are special requirements for the material from which the well is being built. Brick should not have chips, cracks and be hollow. The solution is taken with a standard formulation. It consists of Portland cement M400 and clean sand with a grain size of no more than two millimeters. The mortar is stronger if it contains less sand. It is easy to find out by the ratio of ingredients. M50 brand solution is considered optimal: one part of cement and four of sand.

Round brick ovens proved to be a reliable source of heat and a beautiful object. home interior. The design of such a hearth allows you to fold it without problems, observing the basic requirements and standards of furnace work.

The round shape of the furnace increases its heat transfer.

Brick ovens differ from other types of this kind of heat sources in a number of positive qualities:

  • drown in any kind solid fuel, except for peat;
  • have a high heat transfer due to gas convection;
  • provide an even distribution of thermal energy around them.

Let's look at these qualities in more detail. The cost of fuel plays an important role, so many owners buy briquetted fuel or pellets. They have good performance for combustion and heat transfer, as well as for ash content. But not every stove is ready for this kind of fuel. Round heat sources made of bricks work well on both traditional wood and modern materials.

This effect is achieved thanks to the device of the firebox and the air duct system. They are designed in such a way that the hot air does not cool for as long as possible and the heat given off by it enters the walls, and does not go into the chimney.

In addition, the brick itself has the ability to gain heat and gradually give it away. Thanks to this, brick stoves continue to warm the room even after the fire in the furnace has gone out. This oven is ideal for heating the garage.

The round shape is ideal for a source of thermal energy. Even being located in the corner of the room or near the wall, such a stove has a maximum heat transfer surface.

Features of round brick kilns

Traditionally, round heat sources are placed in rooms where there is no steam heating system or heat pipes in the walls. They work exclusively for heating one specific room.

A metal case is put on top of the stove of the described type. He plays a dual role. A steel or cast iron casing protects the brick walls from rapid cooling and accumulates hot air, which serves as an additional source of thermal energy. This significantly improves the efficiency of the design.

The radial section allows you to evenly distribute heat flows inside the heating device. This shape is ideal for moving hot air and efficiently distributing the combustion energy of the fuel.

Another feature is the aesthetic appeal of the design. The metal casing of the round brick oven is painted in different colors special heat-resistant paints. Thanks to this, it is possible to fit it into any interior. Such a stove will look equally good in a room with a loft or country design, in addition, in Scandinavian or Mediterranean styles.


When ordering a casing, it is possible to provide a viewing window made of heat-resistant glass in it. Through it, it is so nice to admire the play of flames on autumn or winter evenings!

About materials

In order to build round brick kilns, clinker material is used.

Thanks to special firing at very high temperatures it withstands long heating and does not burst. Clay during the firing process is sintered, which allows the material to retain heat longer and not cool down.

For masonry, it is recommended to use clay mortar. It is able to withstand heat up to 1100 ° C, does not melt and does not pass gases. At high temperatures, the clay sinters, creating additional adhesion between the masonry elements.

Better, but more expensive, is only a clay-chamotte mixture, in which specially prepared sand is used. It withstands heat up to 1300 ° C, so it is used for laying fireboxes.

Cement is used in the construction of the base of the stove, as well as in places where there are no high temperatures.

How does a round stove in a metal casing

The metal casing is assembled from specially made rings.

It is better to entrust the construction of this type of heat source to specialists. However, if a home craftsman wants to try himself in a new role as a stove-maker, it will be useful to get acquainted with the general structure of the structure.

The base for the stove is laid out of three rows of bricks. It should be 10-15 cm larger than the metal casing. In work, in addition to the usual tools of the stove-maker (trowel, hammer and mortar bucket), an adze is also used. With its help, the brick is given the desired shape.

First, lay out the main circle, which is filled with processed blocks. The circumference of the first layer is formed from halves. Hewn brick fragments are laid inside it, tightly adjacent to each other.

On the second row are solid brick elements, the shape of which is adjusted to create an even circle. The central part is again filled with hewn parts. The laying of the basement is done so that there is practically no free space between the elements.


After that, a metal casing is placed on the foundation, inside which masonry is made of vertically standing monoliths. Thanks to this, the space will be filled as efficiently as possible, without voids.

Brick walls are assembled based on the openings in the metal for doors and other technological holes. Opposite the existing holes, voids are created.

The wall and piers with air ducts are laid out in accordance with classical schemes. In the process of work, you should follow the instructions and a clear sequence for the construction of each new level.

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The outer shell consists of metal rings, each of which is put on over the lower one as the inner walls are laid out. The height of the stove is regulated by the size of the room, as well as the amount of heat that needs to be received from it. To do this, you need to make a preliminary calculation, examples of which can also be found in the special literature.

Using this information, the craftsman will be able to build a beautiful round brick oven in his house.

Wall construction technologies, foundations, and roof construction are basically the same as those that are common for building a rectangular house.

Used for walls heavy stone materials(brick, aerated concrete, lightweight concrete) and frame. The smaller the blocks, and the larger the diameter of the building, the less “faceted” the wall surface will turn out.

At the same time, a wall with pronounced flat edges has its own advantage: it is easier to use insulation boards and facade cladding (lining, siding) on ​​it.

Smoothly rounded walls will have to be plastered, and therefore they must be insulated with a rigid material that can hold such a finish (if necessary, cuts are made on the outside of the plates). The use of warm plaster is also effective.

To smoothly "round" the walls frame house, reduce the pitch of the racks to 0.3 m.

Overlappings

Overlappings are performed monolithic or wooden beams. Solutions are possible with support in the center and along the perimeter on the walls, with several supports located depending on the layout of the house. The advantage is the use of a central support: all beams, like the roof rafters, are the same size.

Roof

The roof may have a different slope with highest point in the center or be flat, with an internal drain in the center. For finish coat conical roof fit shingles(bituminous, ceramic, cement-sand, polymer-sand), wooden shingle or sheet metal(with skillful cutting, there will be almost no waste due to the correct and completely symmetrical shape of the roof).

Wide window it is difficult to do in a round house - it is better to place it in the wall of the group narrow windows(60-90 cm). The larger the diameter of the building, the wider the windows can be.

Lintels, vaults, brick arches are today, rather, a tribute to the exterior design of the building. The device of wedge-shaped, arched jumpers allows you to enter modern building in the existing buildings of the past. Arches and vaults are an integral part of many types of stoves and fireplaces. The proposed technology of laying brick openings will help to perform the work efficiently.

Varieties of brick covering of openings

A lintel is a covering of a door or window opening. Reinforced concrete lintels have received the greatest application in construction. They can cover long spans and withstand heavy loads.

Brick lintels are used only for non-load-bearing walls, as they do not have sufficient strength for this. The width of the span in this case should not exceed 1.7 m.

1 - ordinary; 2 - wedge; 3 - bow; 4 - beam arched

Ordinary brick lintels are called ordinary. The brick in them is supported by reinforcement. As an architectural detail of the facades, wedge-shaped, arched, lancet, arched, semi-circular and box lintels are used.

1 - semicircular; 2 - lancet; 3 - box

Their variety is due to the shape of the opening, or rather, the outline of its upper part. According to the principle of an arched lintel, vaults are laid out, which are the overlap of buildings.

Before the invention of concrete (the end of the 19th century), the openings were covered with brick lintels. It was not only a tribute to beauty. The wedge-shaped and arched ceilings of the openings kept the load from the wall due to the thrust, which provided a fan arrangement of the bricks in the masonry.

In temple architecture, arches and vaults, as a way of covering openings and rooms, eventually became the canon of church architecture. Modern brick arched openings and vaulted ceilings are only an architectural solution.

The use of arched or wedge-shaped lintels is necessary in the reconstruction of buildings and structures of the 17th-19th centuries.

Stoves, fireplaces are still being built in almost every country house, where arched or wedge-shaped lintels and barrel vaults are often used in the construction of a pod or ward.

Ordinary jumpers

Ordinary jumpers are made according to the principle of ordinary brickwork. It is also carried out with dressing and ensuring the horizontal and vertical seams. Its difference from simple masonry is the observance of a special quality of work. It is necessary to carefully fill the joints to create a joint work of all the bricks of the opening overlap.

Ordinary lintels, unlike conventional masonry, not only compress under the weight of the overlying wall, but also bend without having support in the opening. The size of the brick lintel is taken from the calculation of its work in the opening for bending. The height is 5, 6 rows of masonry. In length, the size is considered to be the width of the opening plus 500 mm on each side of it.

Due to the special importance of the design of the overlap of any opening, the brick is selected for masonry, the brand of mortar is used at least 25. In an ordinary lintel, the brick rests on reinforcement, which is embedded in a layer of cement-sand mortar.

Reinforcement is assigned by calculation and depends on the magnitude of the load on the opening. With their small values, the reinforcement is installed structurally from round steel with a diameter of 4-6 mm. At the same time, its quantity is - one rod per half brick of the wall. The reinforcement should go into the masonry beyond the edge of the opening by at least 250 mm. Their ends are bent up around the brick.

1 - fittings; 2 - solution; 3 - formwork

For the device of an ordinary jumper, like any other, you will need a tool that is used for ordinary brickwork. To make a reinforced brick support, formwork must be installed. It can be made from boards with a thickness of 40-50 mm.

You can avoid the leakage of the solution and give the bottom of the jumper a more even look by laying any rolled waterproofing or a simple plastic film on the boards. It must be remembered that irregularities on the surface of the formwork will affect appearance the top of the opening.

A mortar layer is spread on the formwork, on which reinforcing bars are laid and sunk into it. Then a second layer of mortar is laid, which covers the reinforcement. It is important to observe the thickness of the protective layer for metal products. It is at least 3 cm.

During hardening, the mortar must gain the necessary strength so that further laying of the jumper can be carried out. The period of keeping it in the formwork is at least 12 days in summer, in autumn - at least 20 days. During the period of negative temperatures, it is necessary to comply with special measures developed for winter masonry.

To support the formwork, bricks are released from the masonry, which are subsequently cut down after gaining full strength with mortar and removing the boards. It is possible to arrange a furrow in the masonry and bring a formwork into it, after removing which a brick with a masonry joint is installed in this place.

1 - formwork; 2 - release of bricks

Large openings (wider than 1.5 m) require the installation of racks under the formwork. You can install the support boards under the flooring for rigidity on the edge.

Wedge jumpers

Wedge lintels do not require reinforced mortar support. Load bearing capacity such a jumper occurs due to the thrust in the wedge-shaped brick installation.

Exists for the variant of the wedge-shaped jumper device:

  • wedge-shaped vertical masonry seam;
  • wedge-shaped brick.

In the case of a wedge-shaped seam, its thickness from below is assumed to be at least 5 mm, and from above - not more than 25 mm. If wedge brick is used, the seam in the masonry is made of the same thickness no more than 10 mm. Wedge lintels are installed using formwork with circles.

If windowed or doorway is placed with quarters, then three circles are required to build a wedge-shaped lintel. One is made shorter and installed at the level of the quarters, the other two are inside the opening. Formwork is laid on longer circles, which can be made from boards.

The wall is laid to the level of the upper part of the lintel with the heel (support) device. In this case, the angle of inclination of the edge of the jumper (bricks) relative to the vertical is immediately determined. Next, you need to mark all the rows on the formwork of the future floor. Their number must be odd. It is important when calculating the device of each row to take into account the thickness of the seam.

The central brick row is inserted vertically and is a lock. It creates compression at the bottom of the lintel and makes it possible to withstand the overlying load without reinforcement.

1 - lock; 2 - heel

They begin laying the wedge-shaped lintel from the heels to the middle from two sides, in order to eventually approach the central brick - the castle. You can maintain the exact direction of each seam by finding the point of intersection of the direction lines of both heels. A nail is driven into this place on the formwork and with the help of a rope tied to the nail, the line of each seam is determined.

Arched lintels, arches and vaults

The principle of the construction of arched ceilings of openings and vaults does not differ from the laying of wedge-shaped lintels. The shape of the arch can be arched, lancet, semicircular, box. Their difference lies in the choice of the center, the size of the segment and the radius of the circle.

In any case, the center line of the seam is perpendicular to the inner surface of the lintel or arch. A curved line is formed by a wedge-shaped seam or a wedge-shaped brick. In the case of an arched opening, the center line of the seam is a continuation of the radius of the curve.

Calculation of the arched lintel: 1 - onion arch; 2 - semicircular arch; h is the height of the arc; s is the width of the window or door opening; r is the radius of the arc

The thickness of the seams is taken, as in wedge-shaped jumpers:

  • at least 5 mm - for the lower part of the vertical seam;
  • maximum - 25 mm - for the upper part.

1 - lintel brick; 2 - wedge-shaped solution; 3 - castle brick; 4 - circled

The shape of the formwork is made in accordance with the chosen shape of the ceiling. Checking the radial direction of the seams and the correctness of the curvature of the arches is carried out with a rope tied to the center of the circle of each section of the jumper. You can make a template-gon for the desired shape of a semicircle or segment.

The arches are laid out according to the principle of an arched lintel. Vaults today are erected in the construction of public buildings, churches or temples. For their device, a continuous formwork of the required shape is made. Cylindrical vaults are often laid out in a "Christmas tree". Masonry is carried out simultaneously parallel to the axis of the vault and in rows at an angle of 45 °.

Wedges are placed under the formwork, which are gradually removed during stripping to ensure its uniform lowering. Fresh masonry is very sensitive to stress. You can not put containers with mortar on it or place bricks for masonry. This can lead to a distortion of the shape of the floor and a violation of the bonding of the brick with the mortar.

Vaults and arches of complex configuration require a highly qualified bricklayer, and it is better to entrust the work to a specialist. Having understood the intricacies of the technology of brick ceilings of openings, the construction of lintels and arches of a simple configuration will not be difficult.

Brick lintels, arches and vaults, which came from the past, today will decorate the facade of the house, fencing, small architectural forms, fireplaces and stoves, harmoniously fitting into the interior or exterior of almost any architectural style.