Typical series of houses. Projects of apartment buildings Layout of a multi-storey residential building
At the end of June at the Moscow Institute of Architecture there was a defense of trial theses of the 4th year (evening department). The students were given the task of developing a project for an apartment building, which is part of a previously completed project for a residential area.
The works were evaluated by the teachers of the Department of Constructions of Buildings and Structures: a member of the Council of the Faculty of Special Training Irina Mikhailovna Yastrebova, Deputy Dean of the Evening Department Olga Yuryevna Suslova, Dean of the Evening Department Petr Mikhailovich Zhuk and Associate Professor of the Department of Structures of Buildings and Structures Vladimir Venyaminovich Guryev. They had to choose from over 100 student evening projects. The works noted by the commission received the highest scores.
We publish the seven best projects of the 4th year students of the evening department of the Moscow Architectural Institute.
Asya Zaripova. 3rd group. The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district of Moscow
Teachers:
Ul'yanov V.I., Ulyanova E.V.
A feature of the layout was the change in the orientation of individual sections: this is how the problem of the monotony of common corridors is solved. The height of individual sections depends on the distance between them. The idea of the project is a harmonious combination of gallery and sectional structures. The project involves the improvement of courtyards, pedestrian and bicycle paths between the houses.
Vilen Galimov. 1 group. The project of an apartment building.
The project of an apartment building. Author: Vilen Galimov, student of the 1st group, 4th year
The project of an apartment building. Author: Vilen Galimov, student of the 1st group, 4th year
The project of an apartment building. Author: Vilen Galimov, student of the 1st group, 4th year
The project of an apartment building.
Alexander Kashin. 1 group. The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district of Moscow
Lecturers: Yastrebova I.M., Lagotska T.V., Istomina E.B., Vorobyov V.A.
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district, Moscow. Author: Alexandra Kashina, student of the 1st group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district, Moscow. Author: Alexandra Kashina, student of the 1st group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district, Moscow. Author: Alexandra Kashina, student of the 1st group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district, Moscow.
Stanislav Krasnoperov. 2 group. The project of an apartment building for Krasnoperekopskydistrict in Yaroslavl.
Teachers: Nabokova T.B., Tulupnikov S.V.
The varying height of the house provides insolation to the yard and streets. The first floor is given over to social apartments and commercial and domestic facilities. Thanks to the multi-level composition, two-story apartments and apartments with roof terraces have been created on the upper floors. Brick and tile were used in the cladding, which allowed the building to fit into the context.
The project of an apartment building for the Krasny Perekop area in the city of Yaroslavl. Author: Stanislav Krasnoperov, student of the 2nd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building for the Krasny Perekop area in the city of Yaroslavl. Author: Stanislav Krasnoperov, student of the 2nd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building for the Krasny Perekop area in the city of Yaroslavl. Author: Stanislav Krasnoperov, student of the 2nd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building for the Krasny Perekop area in the city of Yaroslavl.
Konstantin Pastukhov. 2 group. The project of an apartment building in the area Mitino city Moscow.
Teachers:
Nabokova T. B., Tulupnikov S. V.
There is a 3-level underground parking. The first floor will be occupied by public premises.
The project of an apartment building in the area of SZAO Mitino. Author: Konstantin Pastukhov, student of the 2nd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the area of SZAO Mitino. Author: Konstantin Pastukhov, student of the 2nd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the area of SZAO Mitino.
Vyacheslav Razinkov. 3rd group. Project of an apartment buildingnear the metro station "Water Stadium"in Moscow
Teachers:
Ul'yanov V.I., Ulyanova E.V.
A complex of two tower-type houses has been designed, standing on a 3-storey stylobate: its premises are supposed to be leased for public needs. This is a luxury residential property. In the stylobate part, monolithic reinforced concrete was used, and the high-rise part is supposed to be made using a system of ventilated facades with cladding with aluminum panels of various sizes.
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict of the northern district of Moscow, near the metro station Vodny Stadium. Author: Vyacheslav Razinkov, student of the 3rd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict of the northern district of Moscow, near the metro station Vodny Stadium. Author: Vyacheslav Razinkov, student of the 3rd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict of the northern district of Moscow, near the metro station Vodny Stadium. Author: Vyacheslav Razinkov, student of the 3rd group of the 4th year
The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict of the northern district of Moscow, near the metro station Vodny Stadium.
Anastasia Talikova. 1 group. The project of an apartment building in the microdistrict "Likhoborka", Golovinsky district of Moscow
Lecturers: Yastrebova I.M., Lagotska T.V., Istomina E.B., Vorobyov V.A.
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In urban development, the most common are those consisting of tens and even hundreds of apartments. It is very rare to see one-story or two-story apartment buildings in cities. This is due to a whole range of reasons. Here are the most important ones:
That is why in modern cities they are considered the best solution. Of course, the planning of a multi-storey building is carried out only by competent specialists, each of whom has extensive experience in performing such work. The rooms should be as compact as possible, but at the same time convenient. A very important indicator is the provision of residential premises with a sufficient amount of sunlight. Therefore, all drawings are drawn up and rechecked several times by professionals.
The main difference between the houses is the architectural and planning solution. In other words, it is a kind of apartment layout system. So, the plan of a multi-storey residential building can be of several types.
- Sectional. The most common option. You can see it by visiting almost every five-story building built in the last half century. The floor is a staircase with several adjoining apartments, most often from 2 to 4.
example of a sectional house layout The size and shape of the site can vary significantly. Apartments usually have from 1 to 3 rooms, so that each family can choose the option that suits them. A common entrance to the floor and a separate entrance to each apartment provide not only cost-effectiveness, but also good isolation of the apartments from each other. This is the main reason for the high popularity of sectional planning. The number of entrances in most cases ranges from 4 to 12 and even 16 - depending on the wishes of the developer, the available land and the hardness of the soil.
plan and location on the ground of a 9-storey sectional house - Spot. Such houses, they are also called "towers", are a special kind of sectional houses. The floor plan in them can be exactly the same as in a sectional house. However, unlike sectional houses, point houses consist of only one entrance. With a small free area allocated for construction, as well as when working with complex soils and terrain, point houses justify themselves perfectly if the plan was drawn up correctly.
plan and location of apartments on the floor of an apartment building, consisting of one entrance - Corridor. Houses of this type are much rarer. They differ in that the landing is a long corridor with one (in some cases two) exits to the stairs. The apartments here face the corridor. The main disadvantage of this option is the one-sided orientation of the apartments and not the best isolation of dwellings from each other. Therefore, most often the corridor layout of apartments is found in the construction of hotels, hostels and small-family dwellings.
corridor layout of an apartment building - Gallery. Gallery houses are very similar to corridor houses. The main difference is the presence of open galleries, access to which each of the apartments has. Galleries are located on each floor and stretch along the longitudinal walls of the building. This solution provides high-quality ventilation of each apartment, even the smallest one. They are also economically conditioned: a small number of stairs and elevators (if the building has more than 5 floors) serves a large number of apartments. However, the difficulty of installing high-quality thermal insulation makes gallery-plan houses not very popular in our country, which has a harsh climate. But they are widely used in many Western countries, including France, USA, Holland, England, etc.
Preparation for the construction of an apartment building
Perhaps, any person, even not related to construction, will agree that the construction of a multi-storey building in which hundreds or even thousands of people will live is a very difficult and responsible task. And it starts with cadastral works.
They are carried out by the cadastral chamber, usually it takes up to one month. To obtain the necessary data, the applicant must collect the following package of documents:
- The decision of the authorities to grant a certain land plot to private ownership (2 copies);
- Statement;
- Documentation payment receipt.
The applicant can receive a completed certificate from the land registry in person or by mail. This note is the requested cadastral plan. The application must indicate how many copies the applicant wants to receive. It should be borne in mind that the institutions of justice usually have to provide at least two copies. To receive this document in person or by mail, you must provide a passport.
Upon receipt of the documents, the applicant must examine them as carefully as possible. All instances must contain the same data. Each sheet of the extract is assigned a unique serial number, which is certified by a specialist from the cadastral chamber.
The finished cadastral extract contains the following data:
- Cadastral number - a unique number that was assigned to a particular land plot, and by which it will subsequently pass through all archives and lists;
- The name of the site. Most often, this line simply states “land use”;
- Location within the cadastre quarter;
- land category. In some cases, it may be marked "not installed";
- The purpose of the provision;
- Square. The data is taken from the documents on the resolution on the clarifications and land surveying;
- Special marks. Various data are specified here, for example, information about the rights of the applicant.
Sample cadastral extract How the material used affects the design of the house
As mentioned above, the technical plan of an apartment building can be drawn up by an experienced specialist from any serious and long-known design company in the service market. However, before contacting specialists, it is worth deciding what material will be used in construction. A lot depends on this.
During construction, different building materials can be used, differing in size, weight, thermal insulation characteristics and a number of others.
Therefore, the plan of a 9-storey building made of reinforced concrete slabs will differ significantly from the plan of the same building built of brick.
So, how does the building depend on the material used?
Reinforced concrete slabs have strictly standardized dimensions, optimal in terms of strength, weight and thermal insulation properties. Therefore, designers have to build on existing data, creating house projects according to strictly standardized sizes.
an example of the layout of a multi-storey building made of reinforced concrete slabs The situation is a little simpler if a brick building is being drafted, whether it be a three- or nine-story house. Although brick sizes are also strictly standardized, its small size (compared to slabs) gives much more room for imagination.
drawing and sample of the original apartment building, which can be made of brick And finally, monolithic houses. Despite the long construction time (compared to panel) and not the best technical characteristics (compared to brick), they give the greatest scope for design.
a sample layout suitable for both brick and monolithic multi-storey buildings The thickness and length of the walls here can depend only on the tensile strength of the material, which means that you do not have to adjust every centimeter to the requirements of the materials.
The development of a project for an apartment building is very important, since the future building must not only comply with building codes, but also meet the needs of residents, be safe and reliable. The Mosproekt company offers ready-made solutions for houses and complexes of different heights, as well as administrative, educational and other buildings. In addition, we carry out complex design according to the technical specifications of the customer. This can be found in the section "".
Types of apartment buildings
According to the type of frame, MKD is usually divided into the following groups:
- Monolithic
The building is created from a rigid metal frame, inside of which concrete is poured. Differ in the fast speed of construction, long term of operation. The walls of this type of premises are characterized by the absence of seams, which increases thermal insulation and strength. A variation of this type are brick-monolithic objects. They consist of a monolithic concrete frame, and the outer walls are finished with brick.
- Block
Built from solid reinforced concrete blocks. They are characterized by poor soundproofing performance, but large redevelopment options due to the absence of load-bearing walls.
- Panel
As a material for the frame of such multi-storey buildings, sandwich panels are used, which are a three-layer block of concrete layers with soundproofing material. They are delivered to the construction site, where they are assembled into a single structure.
- brick
As the name implies, they are made of bricks. They have high heat-saving properties, good sound insulation. The construction time is longer, and the cost is more than that of the above types. Most often, such a frame is used in the construction of five-story houses.
In addition, the projects of multi-storey buildings differ in the space-planning structure:
- sectional
- tower
- bellboys
- gallery
- corridor-sectional
- blocked.
The main direction of urban housing development are multi-storey residential buildings. Projects of multi-storey buildings embody the look and style of the era, bear its imprint, so we can easily see in any city where standard projects of multi-storey residential buildings were used, characteristic of a certain period of development, and where individual or redesigned architectural solutions were used.
Multi-storey residential buildings are extremely diverse in their design. The tradition of their construction is actually equal to the length of the very history of human civilization. Already in the time of the Sumerians, people were able to build buildings with a height of more than one floor. In ancient Rome, there were residential buildings with about seven floors. And in Rus' there is an ancient tradition of multi-storey construction, for example, the ancient Pskov chambers, well preserved to this day.
Modern construction, of course, is much larger.
Modern urban development, one way or another, uses standard designs of multi-storey buildings. A rational approach to design allows you to combine the unity of design and planning solutions, tested and honed in a wide series, with a certain plasticity of the layout of standard blocks and a variety of certain elements of the architectural appearance. This allows you to optimize the design costs, unify the technological cycles of the construction of facilities and, as a result, achieve a certain reduction in the cost of construction.
Modern standard project of a multi-storey residential building In conditions of dense urban development, which dictates extremely high costs for the construction of buildings, acceptable savings that do not affect the quality of the erected object often become the determining factor when making a decision to build or when choosing a finished multi-storey building project.
Multi-storey buildings can be divided into two categories: buildings with load-bearing walls and frame houses. Bearing walls are the most familiar and common solution for building old buildings; according to this scheme, structures are built from bricks and small-piece blocks with panels or floor beams resting directly on the walls.
Read also
Construction of private houses from cinder blocks
Frame high-rise buildings
Today, houses made according to the frame scheme are becoming increasingly popular, in which the loads from the weight of the structure, external factors, and operational characteristics are assumed by a rigid frame frame, which transfers them through the foundations to the supporting base. An important factor is the fact that with unified structural units, projects of frame multi-storey buildings can differ significantly in architectural layout, avoiding the monotony of panel housing construction and the inexpressiveness of buildings with load-bearing external walls.
The project of a frame multi-storey building This advantage is determined by the fact that with a frame scheme, external fences are not load-bearing, they are either self-supporting or hinged, which allows you to significantly diversify and use modern finishing materials and elements, for example, solid display windows of facades. The independence of the thermal conductivity of hinged fences from loads makes it easy to vary the climatic region of the applied variety of the project, the bearing part of the building can be used with minimal changes, while the fence is selected according to the required level of thermal protection.
The frames of multi-storey buildings are usually made of precast or cast-in-place reinforced concrete or steel structures.
1. Steel frames are more manufacturable at the construction site, but more expensive and may contain elements that are difficult to transport.
Technical plan of an apartment building- an electronic document that allows you to individualize and coordinate a building, accurately determining its characteristics and location. It is compiled and certified by a cadastral engineer and contains descriptive and graphic parts.
When you need a technical plan for an apartment building
Technical plan of an apartment building is a mandatory document for putting the building on the cadastral register. It will also be required when commissioning a new building. As long as the object is not included in the Register and an address is not assigned to it, the developer does not have the right to dispose of it, for example, to sell apartments and make other transactions.
The technical plan of an apartment building is drawn up:
- For a new building.
- The building after reconstruction.
The preparation of a technical plan for a residential building is also necessary if not the entire building was reconstructed, but only part of it.
There are situations when a technical plan is drawn up for old, previously registered apartment buildings. The most common of them can be considered:
- Detection of errors in the inventory.
- Trial.
Legislative regulation
Despite the fact that the legal framework governing the preparation of the technical plan is on the path of unification in the preparation of these documents, there are still discrepancies in it. So, for example, the basis for drawing up a technical plan for a new building is permission to put it into operation. But to obtain it, you will need to provide a technical plan.
There are other features in the preparation of technical plans for multi-apartment residential buildings. Before starting the preparation of technical documentation for the house, it is necessary to put the land plot on the cadastral register. A feature of an apartment building is that its premises (apartments) are independent units. By law, they must also be put on the cadastral register, which means they require a technical plan with reference to the floor plans of the house.
Attention!!! When registering a new building for cadastral registration, technical documentation for the buildings and the premises included in it is provided simultaneously.
Stages of preparation of the technical plan of an apartment building
In order to avoid the difficulties associated with the peculiarities of legislative regulation, the preparation of the technical plan is carried out in two stages:
- First, the cadastral engineer prepares a technical plan for the house, which is necessary to obtain permission to put the building into operation.
- After obtaining a permit, the specialist will prepare technical plans for individual premises and draw up a single document required for registration actions.
The preparation of the technical plan is carried out by a cadastral engineer. The specialist must be included in the State Register of Cadastral Engineers, have a license and permission from the SRO. Otherwise, the technical plan will not be valid. The engineer carries out all the work regulated by law, fills in the sections of the technical plan, and prepares a conclusion. The document is certified by its EDS. If further errors are found in the document, the engineer will be responsible for them.
Documents required for the technical plan
To develop a technical plan for a multi-storey building for cadastral registration, we need the following documents:
- Permission to put the facility into operation
- Project documentation
- Positive conclusion on the compliance of the object with the requirements of technical regulations and project documentation (AIA)
