Sewerage

Electrical wiring in a wooden house. Installation rules

This article is about the topic. We all know that the fashion for construction wooden houses has always existed, because the tree has huge advantages compared to many building materials claiming to be environmentally friendly. The main disadvantage of wooden houses is their very good susceptibility to burning. That's why, wiring in wooden house first of all, it must meet the building safety criteria. It is not enough to have very good wire it needs to be mounted properly. According to statistics, in 80% of cases, gross errors are made during installation, but this is a tree and any miscalculation here can lead to a fire, and a fire is a loss of property, in some cases, human lives.

In wooden houses, electrical wiring should first of all begin with your serious approach to this issue, since your safety and the safety of your loved ones depend on it. There is a huge variety of protective, electrical materials specially made for wooden houses. In most cases, the main miscalculations are made in ignorance of these materials properly and inability to use them. It’s not even about the owners of wooden houses not knowing them, they are not known or neglected in installation by the electricians themselves, 70% of electricians are self-taught, who do not have the proper education, skills and experience, I know from my own experience in this field. But the worst thing is not this, but the fact that these unfortunate electricians do not even seek to learn the knowledge of this profession, in most cases their knowledge in this area is not much different from yours.

Choosing a wire

start electrician wooden house costs of course from compilation. Next, you need to select a wire. It is for electrical wiring in wooden houses that there are special non-combustible or low-burning wires:

, VVGng-P (A) - a copper wire with a solid core, it can be two, three, four and five cores. It has double insulation. The inner layer consists of polyvinyl chloride insulation, with the use of multi-colored wires. The outer layer consists of a non-combustible plastic composition. Postscript in the brand of wire "ng" - means not subject to combustion. Wire use temperature from +50 to -50 degrees Celsius. The letter (A) - indicates the category of flame retardance in accordance with GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.

Solid wood housing is considered the oldest Russian architectural tradition. Today, too, in the absence of a shortage of modern building materials, most owners of country estates prefer the construction of houses directly from wood, which is incomparable in terms of warmth and comfort.

However, no residential building can do without electrical power, and a wooden house is no exception. At the same time, in order to independently conduct electrical wiring in a wooden house correctly, it is important to know simple rules. By adhering to it, you will not jeopardize the health of your family and fully ensure the maximum safety of property.

Work methodology:

Determining the power of an electrical device and developing project documentation;
Selection of the required cable, sockets, devices;
Entering power into housing, arranging a circuit breaker, as well as connecting a shield, meter;
Installation of electrical devices, lighting devices;
RCD installation, grounding arrangement;
Conduct preventive testing.

Preparation of project documentation

To create a project, it is important to obtain guidance by contacting the appropriate organization. Then we calculate the power of electrical devices for the phased creation of an electrical circuit:

produced technical plan structures. In the electrical wiring diagram in suburban housing, zones for the placement of sockets and other electrical elements with an individual connection are determined;
cable is selected for all electrical points;
the diagram indicates the installation points of junction boxes;
the possibility of all devices is noted;
lighting devices are connected exclusively to one line, while powerful devices are combined into another line;
the distance assumed from the line from which the cable will pass to the window, doorways, as well as the distance from electrical points to floor and ceiling surfaces. In the future, this will prevent damage to the wiring during repairs.

Varieties of electrical wiring

There are several methods for laying electrical wiring in housing from a natural array:

Open type wiring is arranged on insulators. This method was in great demand in the past century, now rooms are again in fashion, equipped in retro style.

Electrical wiring in wires. This is also an open type of wiring that is accessible when necessary, only the wiring is carried out in trays. A variation of such wiring is in skirting boards.

Hidden electrical wiring. It is equipped in a wooden structure if there is a sheathing of the ceiling or wall surface. In this embodiment, the cables are arranged in a corrugated metal sleeve and spread around the perimeter of the house. The wiring is hidden behind the facing materials.

Closed type wiring features

This wiring can be arranged in the process of carrying out repair work or at the construction stage. When laying, there are certain features: each connecting node must be made in metal boxes with easy access. You can not hide them under the finish, since the covers are selected by shade, or placed in inconspicuous areas.

In the process of laying cables, there are no specific requirements for the size of the walls of steel pipes. therefore, it is permissible to lay them in a metal sleeve. This is much more convenient. However, since the wires are not visible to prying eyes, access to them is very limited.

Changing an existing network is considered costly and problematic. It is for this reason that before arranging a cable in a massive structure, carefully study the rules for installing electrical wiring and approach the issue responsibly.

Rules for installing wiring in a timber structure

When equipping a wooden structure, it is important not to forget that the material is combustible, so it is preferable to play it safe.

Wiring in a house from an array, as in the photo, it is not difficult to arrange it yourself, subject to the necessary rules:

First of all, a circuit is formed, the uninterrupted operation of the branches is checked, then it is connected to a special power supply panel.
Installation of wiring in a building from an array is carried out exclusively with solid cable pieces without various twists, as well as various connections.
The wiring is laid in stages with checking the quality of the cable insulation.
In the process of cutting the electrical cable, it is important to leave at least 15 centimeters of margin, so that if necessary, everything can be redone.
Be sure to follow the shade of the wire.

Adhering to these requirements, hand-made wiring in a wooden structure will be reliable and as durable as possible.

Photo of electrical wiring in a wooden house

But the resinous array of dried wood - dangerous object for the appearance of an accidental spark: can turn into a tragedy with technological errors or negligence during installation.

Therefore, for the installation of electricians in a wooden house in a hidden way, you can only take on having basic technical training and having thoroughly studied the rather tough current regulatory documents:

GOST R 50572.1-93;
SNiP 3/01/01-85;
SNiP III-4-80;
SNiP 2.08.01(6.17).
"Rules for the installation of electrical installations" (PUE).

Wouldn't it be better to entrust this crucial stage of construction professionals?

Why is hidden wiring in a wooden house so attractive?

Surely aesthetics of walls and ceilings:

there are no wiring elements that violate the design of the room;
sockets and switches recessed into the wall do not cause inconvenience when arranging furniture;
the surface of the wall is easier to use for wallpapering;
properly executed wiring increases the degree fire safety buildings;
ease of replacing the cable in the pipe;
less risk of mechanical damage to the wiring;
protruding electrical fittings do not collect dust and do not become a support for the web.

What makes hidden wiring an object of increased danger

Inaccessibility for constant revision of the state of insulation and replacement of areas subjected to aging and destruction (microdamages can cause a short circuit);
complications in the work on supplementing the electrical circuit with new points after the expiration of time;
the technical complexity of installation, effective only during the construction of the house;
the need to create false structures that can hide insulating pipes;
the high cost of work, materials;
the cost of a special tool.

What are the features of installing hidden wiring in a wooden house?

You must be prepared for the fact that, according to the wiring diagram, you will pull not only wires and cables, but also meters of steel or copper pipes is a prerequisite for isolation. In a wooden house, even a centimeter of wire should not come into contact with wood. Pulling a cable or wire through a tube is a troublesome task that requires patience.
To introduce insulating pipes into the body of the wall, you will have to ditch, drill, cut down a place for wiring. This work is dusty, dirty, laborious.
Vertical channels are drilled during the laying of the crowns of the log house, horizontal (with a special drill) - after the completion of the walls.
A conductor is laid in the holes - a wire with which the cable will be pulled.
All places for installing wiring elements and transitions from one room to another must be well insulated with metal boxes, sleeves, "glasses", linings, asbestos wrapping or insulation with alabaster plaster.
The number of main channels becomes essential: for a large number, a corrugated pipe of a rather large diameter will be required as insulation, which is difficult to hide in a log wall.
Increasing the importance of the device protective shutdown(RCD), several such devices can be installed with hidden wiring: to turn off the external circuit, the internal circuit and the circuit with the highest power load.

Rules for performing internal wiring in a wooden house

Electrical wiring is carried out only on the basis of a scheme agreed with specialists, with a minimum number of turns and bends.
The electric main is laid exclusively in non-combustible materials.
During installation, priority is given to fire safety tasks, not so important - to aesthetic wishes.
It is advisable to lay channels in the structural recesses of door and window openings, under skirting boards, and false ceiling lining.
Corrugated pipes used as channel insulation are protected from all sides with asbestos gaskets during installation. For the same purposes, taking into account the estimated power of the wiring, alabaster or cement plaster, concreting is used.
Galvanized insulating pipes and boxes are connected by threading, welding. Sharp edges are protected by plastic caps. Copper protective elements in the connection are flared.
The wall thickness of the pipe is selected taking into account the cross-section of the conductors of the wire (example: 2.8 mm - for an aluminum conductor of 10 mm2, or a copper conductor of 4 mm2).
The cable (together with the insulating layer) inside the insulating pipe must occupy up to 40% of the internal volume.
The insulation resistance is measured twice: before and after pulling through the pipe.
Distribution boxes must remain freely accessible.
For concealed wiring, wires and cables with a triple insulating coating and marking "ng" are used.

Wiring in the ceiling of a wooden house

To the virtues wooden floors can be attributed:

high bearing capacity;
resistance to vibration;
preservation of the geometry of the structure;
reducing the overall weight of the structure;
erection speed;
versatility of use;
suitability for floor screeding.

Flaw there will be one, and it will be revealed during the fire:

wooden floors quickly pick up an open fire;
are prone to collapse.

How to be?

Cable protection with pipes.

Therefore, there are no concessions for electrical wiring along floors: only the placement of cables in pipes. By the way, electrical wiring on floors is the most convenient way concealed wiring devices. Gates for pipes to switches and sockets, in this case, descend from the main cables.

Metal tray for complex floor routing.

True, if the change in the direction of the wires is very frequent and at different angles, then it is more rational to use blind copper trays with lids instead of pipes. They can lay out several wires at once and in any direction. They perfectly isolate the wiring from the wood of the floors, and are attached to each other by riveting. Such trays, in order to reduce the cost of work, are also made of galvanized steel.

The process of laying trays is complicated by the need to take into account and bypass the structural elements of the house or cut them with subsequent reinforcement. In this case, you can not do without the skills of performing tin work.

Mandatory grounding of each tray separately will be required. At the turn, the trays can form an angle that is dangerous for the integrity of the cable, therefore, in this place, corrugated insulation is put on it.

Tray insulation with hidden wiring can also be used with inside overlappings, subsequently closing the entire false ceiling structure with drywall or tongue-and-groove board treated with fire retardants.

Risk is not always a noble cause.

The most primitive installation method is electrical wiring on ceilings in layers of alabaster or cement plaster, when one layer is laid down, and after laying the wire, 2-3 cm of a new layer are thrown. This method is very risky for fire safety (due to the likelihood of cracking) and is rarely used.

The type of cable for a wooden house will differ from that used in urban development.
The most suitable cable is NYM, it has triple insulation and a sheath made of non-combustible material (polyvinyl chloride).
The greatest reliability in protecting the electrical network from emergency failures is possessed by difautomatic devices that combine 2 protective devices - automatic switch and RCD (residual current device).
It is worth remembering: grounding each junction box and each pipe will not be superfluous.
The connection of pipes must be reliable: use welding or soldering.
When choosing pipes, give preference to pipes made of copper: they bend better and easily take the shape of a prepared gutter.
To protect the cable from damage when pulling it is necessary to use end sleeves made of plastic.
Settlement of the house should be taken into account to prevent pinching of the highway.
When lining the walls with clapboard or wooden wallpaper, you can do without drilling the walls, passing the main wiring pipes through the slotted grooves.
You can combine hidden wiring with open: in places where wires are connected to sockets or switches.

The technology of electrical wiring in wooden houses has its own characteristics. Not only that, to connect to the network, it will be necessary to pull the cable from the nearest substation, but the wiring inside the premises must be carried out in compliance with special safety standards.

Wiring Requirements

Wood is the most popular material used in the construction of private housing. Despite its merits, wood is a fire hazardous and highly flammable material.

Regardless of the material - brick, gas silicate blocks, concrete, timber in the event of a fire, an open fire spreads to the furniture and interior decoration of the room. First, everything inside the room burns down, and only after that the load-bearing walls, partitions and roofing begin to burn.

Basic requirements for electrical wiring in wooden buildings:

Safety - Wiring must be routed in such a way as to minimize the possibility of overheating and ignition of the cable, as well as to prevent the transmission of open flames to adjacent wooden structures.
Design - specifications and the performance of the wires and components used must correspond to the calculated peak load in a particular section of the electrical network. To prevent heating, the cable cross-section is selected with a margin of 20–30%.
Laying method - it is preferable to carry out electrification of wooden buildings in an open way. This allows you to easily and at regular intervals to diagnose the state of the power grid.
Isolation - the location of the input node (electric panel) must be isolated from the interface with wooden structures. Ideally, if the electrical panel is installed in a room with a partition made of non-combustible materials.
Conductor - as a conductor, it is better to use a three-core copper cable with insulation from non-combustible materials. Laying the cable in PVC corrugation is strictly prohibited.
Automation - an automatic switch must be installed for each group in the electrical network. The circuit breaker current rating is selected in accordance with the load on the site. It is highly not recommended to overestimate the current rating, as this will lead to overheating of the conductor.

It is not recommended to carry out independent laying of a power cable and installation of an electrical network without appropriate experience - this should be done by specialists. But every owner of a private house must know the basic rules of electrification. This will allow him to diagnose the existing wiring, and also make it possible to control the quality of work of hired electricians.

Regulations

Rules for the installation of electrical installations is the main document for the design of electrical wiring

General requirements and rules for electrical wiring are described in the following documents:

PUE, edition 7 - the main document used in the design of the electrical network. It describes in detail the choice of conductor, switchgear, automation and lighting.
SNiP 3.05–06–85 - electrical wiring in old and new houses. Connection methods and rules for entering a power cable into a dwelling.
SNiP 31–02 - requirements for the installation of a power supply system in residential buildings. The document complies with the rules and regulations described in the PUE.

The information contained in these sources is described technical language and may be incomprehensible to an unskilled specialist. For self-study, we recommend that you rely on the "Electrical Installation Rules", since this document most clearly articulates the meanings and concepts necessary for wiring in private homes.

Preparation of a power supply project

An example of two electrical network device diagrams in a wooden house

After consideration of the application by the managing body, an agreement will be prepared and specifications required for connection to the local electrical network. Then you can proceed to the design of the power supply, which is performed in the following sequence:

When drawing up a project, one should be guided by the EMP. According to this document, electrical wiring is laid strictly in a vertical or horizontal direction. The optimal angle of rotation is 90 o .

The socket group, switches and junction boxes should be located in open areas with free access. Usually, switches are mounted 80–150 cm from the floor level, and a socket or socket group - 50–80 cm. The number of sockets varies from 1–6 pieces. The exact amount depends on the size of the room, but not less than one piece per 6m 2.

When designing a cable route, it should be taken into account that the minimum distance from the openings should not be less than 10 cm. If the cable can come into contact with metal elements along the route, then it is removed by 15–30 cm in any convenient direction.

Choice of wire and devices

The cross section of the electrical wiring, taking into account the total power of the electrical network

When arranging private power networks, two types of cables are used: NYM and VVGng. The NYM type cable is a power cable that meets the European standard and is used for laying electrical networks with a rated voltage not exceeding 660 V. VVGng cable is a bare power cable, double vinyl braided, operating in networks with a constant voltage of not more than 1 kW.

The cross section of the cable for laying electrical networks is determined in "mm 2". For designation, the marking is applied to the cable insulation and is indicated by two numbers. The first digit indicates the number of wires inside the single insulation. The second digit is the cross-sectional area of the conductor. For example, when an electrician says that a three-core copper cable is needed one and a half squares, this means - NYM cable 3x1.5 mm.

The easiest way to determine the minimum cross-section of the power cable core for a particular section of the network is a special table. This method is proven, as it is used in the design of electrical networks in apartment buildings. The table for selecting the cross section of the core can be found in the photo above.

As a rule, a copper cable with a cross section of 2.5–4 mm is used for socket groups, and an aluminum cable with a cross section of 1.5–2.5 mm is used for lighting. In the case of wooden houses, it is recommended to use only copper wiring, as this will protect the electrical network from overheating.

Wire of various sections for wiring in a wooden house

According to the PUE, each section of the electrical network is equipped with a residual current device and a circuit breaker designed for the corresponding current indicators. To calculate the current strength, the standard formula is used -I \u003d P / U cosφ, where:

I - current strength;
P is the total power of electrical appliances connected to one section of the power grid;
U - voltage in the mains;
cosφ is a constant coefficient. In household networks, it is almost always equal to 1.

For example, it is required to determine the current strength for the network section to which household equipment with a total power of 3 kW will be connected. I \u003d 3000 / 220 \u003d 13.64 A. Taking into account a small margin and rounding, it turns out that this section will require an RCD and a diphatomat, designed for a rated current of 16A.

To determine the type of circuit breaker, it is necessary to calculate the minimum short-circuit current: I short circuit = 3260 x S / L, where S is the conductor cross section in mm2, L is the conductor length in m. As a rule, in networks with a mixed load, which will be presented in most private houses, type “C” machines are used.

Sockets are selected taking into account the power of electrical appliances. Usually, these are sockets with grounding, rated for 16 A current. It is worth remembering that if it is planned to use several electrical appliances in a particular room, then it is better to install a socket group for 2-3 products than to use a “tee” in the future.

Selection of input cable and automation

On the left - an electric meter, on the left - an RCD with a lead-in cable

Do-it-yourself installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house - step by step instructions

It is optimal if the switchboard is installed in a special room with a concrete partition or wall

The technology for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house will consist of several stages: supplying a power cable to the house, installing a switchboard, laying a cable route, connecting contacts and checking performance.

To carry out the work, you will need to prepare an electric drill with a crown nozzle, a screwdriver, a Phillips and slotted screwdriver, an indicator screwdriver and protective rubberized gloves.

Switchboard installation

Switchboard for a private house for 12-24 modules

The switchboard is a device for entering a power cable and distributing incoming electrical energy. Inside the shield there is electrical equipment responsible for the connection, accounting, safety and correct operation of the power supply system.

Ready-made switchboards from the manufacturer are a plastic, metal or combined box with a door, DIN rail, zero and ground bus. The shield dimensions are selected according to the number of modules used. For wooden houses, a shield for 12–15 modules is enough.

The installation of the shield consists of several stages:

When using a shield for 16–24 modules, as a rule, there are two DIN rails in it. It is better to install an introductory machine, a counter and an RCD on the upper rail in the required quantity.

Circuit breakers will be located on the lower din-rail. This type of distribution of modules will allow faster and more convenient connection. After mounting all the elements, it is recommended to mark the modules according to their group. The shield assembly sequence is shown in the video below.

Cable entry into the room

Laying a power cable to a residential building by air

The input of a power cable into a residential building can be performed in two ways: underground and by air. The first method is more reliable, since an armored cable protected by a corrugated pipe will be used. In this case, the wiring itself will be located under a 30–40 cm layer of earth.

A trench 70–80 cm deep is dug to lay the cable. A 15–20 cm layer of fine-grained sand is poured into the bottom of the trench and it is well compacted. Further, a protective corrugation is laid on the sand cushion, through which an armored cable is passed. Then the corrugated pipe is covered with a 10–15 cm layer of sand. At the end, the pipe is completely walled up in the ground.

Laying a power cable to a residential building underground

Cable routing through the air is carried out in cases where the distance between the house and the substation is too large. For this, a cable with a carrying cable is used, which is pulled between the supporting and residential buildings. If the distance from the post to the house exceeds 20 m, then an intermediate support is installed between them.

When entering the power cable through bearing wall a sleeve made of non-combustible materials is installed at the interface. It is optimal if the cable is introduced in the immediate vicinity of the location of the switchboard.

Installation of overhead switches and sockets

Removing the button and the face of the socket before installation

Overhead switches and sockets are used for both open and hidden wiring. The technology for installing a switch and a socket is similar, so let's take the process of installing a switch from Schneider Electric as an example.

The installation process consists of the following:

In conclusion, the operability of the switch is checked and carried out final assembly. The installation technology of the surface outlet is similar. As a rule, a three-core cable is used to connect sockets, therefore, when connecting, a yellow-green cable (ground) is present, which is connected to the central terminal.

Connection of wires and contacts

When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house, the use of "twists" is not allowed. Ideally, if part of the cable from the difavtomat to the point of consumption is made from a single piece of wire.

To do this, before cutting the cable, it is required to mark the wall surface. Next, using a tape measure, you will need to measure the cable route and only then cut the cable with a margin of 20 cm.

Wago terminal blocks for wiring connection

If a cable connection is unavoidable, then it is better to use:

Terminal block - divided into products with a tightening screw and clamping plates. The latter are more optimal, since a plate is used to contact the cable and the bus, which does not damage the conductive core.
Spring terminal - the most simple and effective method connection in which the core is held and in contact with the plate due to the spring clip. Can be used to connect both aluminum and copper cables.

When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house, we recommend using terminal blocks from Wago. Products are distinguished by high build quality and have a wide range of products for cables of various sections. To connect, it is enough to strip the cable by 10 mm, lift the clamping levers up and lead the cable into the terminal hole.

Methods for open wiring

Exposed retro wiring using ceramic sockets and insulators

Opening wiring is optimal solution for the installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house. The open method of laying the cable from the switchboard to the point of consumption has been used for a long time - previously the cable was located on ceramic insulators. Thus, the wiring did not have direct contact with the wooden wall.

Now this technology is called retro-wiring and is used in rooms where the total peak power is quite small and does not exceed 4 kW. In residential buildings with high peak load, this technology has a lot of disadvantages and limitations.

Open wiring in a wooden house without additional insulation

For an open wiring device, it is customary to use:

Some homeowners use a combination approach. For cable laying in straight sections, a steel straight pipe is used, and metal corrugation is used as rotary elements. This approach is not aesthetically pleasing, but it is quite reliable. For safety reasons, all metal pipes and other elements must be connected to the ground loop.

One of the most important measures in the construction of a wooden house is its electrification in compliance with the rules fire safety. Typically, professional electricians handle the factory in the house and further cabling to each point, although some homeowners tend to take responsibility for this difficult task. To help those who decide to conduct electricity in the house on their own, step-by-step instruction accompanied by rules to be followed.

Rules for laying electrical cables in wooden structures

Before engaging in a wooden house, you should study some of the features of this event, which are typical for buildings made of timber or logs. The rules for the electrification of a wooden structure are different from the wiring and installation of equipment produced in houses built of stone, brick or building blocks. The main difference lies in the combustibility of wood, which causes special care when carrying out all work related to supplying power to each point.

The second feature of a lumber building is its significant shrinkage, the degree of which must be taken into account when laying out electrical wiring. The indicated features of buildings erected from wood building materials dictate following rules, which must be observed when installing electrical wiring with your own hands:

preference is given to an electric cable with a copper power core, as it is more flexible and less susceptible to damage during bending and stretching;
priority is open (external) way of laying wires;
the use of metal (non-combustible) socket boxes and junction boxes;
holes in the walls for laying cables between different rooms and, when entering the house, are fenced off from wood with metal cases (sleeves);
when installing electrical wiring in a closed way, the cable is laid only in a solid metal tube; the use of corrugated cable channels for these purposes is strictly prohibited;
it is recommended to use a wire protected by several layers of non-combustible braid, the outer diameter of which is at least 40% smaller than the inner section of the case or mounting tube;
special attention is paid to protection against short circuits (installation of circuit breakers and RCDs), grounding of all electrical appliances with connection to the appropriate circuit, creation of effective protection against lightning;
the distribution switchboard is mounted to a wooden wall by means of a reliable dielectric non-combustible plate.

These rules will provide you with maximum safety during the operation of the power supply, because more than half of the cases of fires in wooden buildings caused by electrical faults. Due to fire safety, to the detriment of aesthetic preferences, experts recommend using an open cable installation method when wiring around the house.

If, nevertheless, a hidden (internal) laying of wires is preferred, the laying of metal cases for electrical cables must be done during the construction of walls. This is a laborious process, which, moreover, requires accurate calculations when designing power supply in order to minimize the likelihood of channel deformation from pressure. building structures when the house shrinks. For this reason, open wiring in a wooden house is often preferred, as it is safer and more controllable during operation.

With the open method of laying cables, two options for mounting wires are used. The first, considered somewhat outdated, involves fixing the wiring to special dielectric insulators, which are installed with a certain step according to the wiring diagram. This method loses in aesthetics, but at the same time it is the easiest to install, safest and least expensive in terms of material investments. Open wiring on insulators is now used less and less, preferring to lay electrical cables in special lockable cases that are mounted on top of a wooden wall or ceiling. Laying wires in wall cable channels is convenient, functional and allows you to implement complex wiring diagrams that correspond to modern requirements for power supply of private houses.

Power supply design - highlights

Any complex installation work preceded by design, including wiring in a wooden house. But first, it is necessary to coordinate the provision of electricity to housing with an organization providing power supply services, whose specialists must develop technical conditions - the basis for further design. At the same time, the total energy consumption is estimated, a set of necessary electrical equipment for entering a power cable into the house.

For private households, according to the approved standards, it is considered permissible to consume electricity within 15 kW at a time, which corresponds to an input installation of 25 A. If the consumption exceeds the indicated figure, an additional electric current converter must be installed.

The design begins with the designation of the location of electricity consumers on the construction diagram. Some of them will be powered from a common network (lighting and appliances connected to ordinary sockets), others are connected to the switchboard via a separate cable. This is how devices with increased power consumption are connected (electric stoves, hot water boilers, electric boilers heating). Each of the powerful consumers of electricity provides for connection through an individual circuit breaker.

Depending on the number of devices and their power, which will supposedly be powered from a particular room, the number of required sockets and the cross section of the supply cable are calculated. In order to prevent overheating of the conductors, a cable with a core cross section of at least 1.5 mm is used. Lead at least 2.5 mm to sockets. The use of tees and electric carriers is not recommended, it is advisable to install more power consumption points than it is supposed to use electrical appliances.

Also, when designing, the locations of the junction boxes and the ways of communicating them with lighting fixtures, switches and sockets. This takes into account the minimum distances from the laid cable to the door and window openings(at least 10 cm), floor and ceiling. The cable routing scheme, especially with their hidden installation, will help in the future not to damage the wiring during various installation and finishing works.When designing electrical wiring, not only personal ideas about the convenience of the location of electrical points and cables are taken into account, but also the requirements dictated by considerations of safety and expediency, which include such rules:

it is unacceptable to connect power points along the shortest path - cables are laid only vertically and horizontally, forming direction transitions at right angles;
switches are installed in the range of 0.6-1.2 m from the floor surface, for sockets the permissible range of location heights is 0.4-0.8 m;
switches, sockets and junction boxes must be freely accessible for use, revision or repair work;
direct contact of passing wires with metal objects and with each other is excluded (the distance between adjacent cables should not be less than 50 mm).

The connection of copper and aluminum conductors, if any, is prohibited by twisting. To avoid rapid oxidation of such contacts, it is recommended to use special terminal blocks.

Wiring - widely used methods and schemes

Wiring in a wooden house begins with the choice of a wiring diagram and a method for laying cables. But first you need to install external electrical equipment, which includes an electric meter and circuit breakers. Usually the meter and the main machine are installed by specialists of the power supply organization, further wiring is done by hired electricians or independently.

It is recommended to install additional circuit breakers, through one of which the lighting is powered, the other breaks the circuit going to the sockets, the third - for electrical appliances located outside the building . Separate machines are installed on cables supplying electricity to household and technical buildings, as well as high-power electrical appliances installed in the house and powered by individual wires.

The main power cable is brought in through a case mounted in wooden wall, and is brought to the first junction box, where it is connected to the next main wire going to other rooms. When installing open wiring in a wooden house, before wiring from junction boxes to power consumption points, it is necessary to install insulators (in the retro version) or lockable cases (boxes) designed for laying the appropriate number of cables according to the wiring diagram. If the method of mounting the wires in the ducts is chosen, the subsequent steps are performed in that order.

1. In the cases fixed to the walls (fastening pitch 50-60 cm), we lay the wires, one end of which we put into the junction box, the other into the corresponding socket. In the box we leave a supply of cable up to 20 cm, in the socket - about 10 cm. After laying the electrical wires, close the box with a lid.
2. According to the wiring diagram and connection of electric current consumers in the box, we connect the wires. The easiest way is twisting followed by insulation. We clean all the conductors from the braid by about 40 mm, twist them along the entire length of the protected cores, and then isolate them with special caps.
3. A more reliable way to connect wires is using terminal blocks of the appropriate section. We clean the wires by about 7-8 mm, insert the pads into the appropriate connector and clamp with a screw. This method of connection prevents the occurrence of sparking and oxidation of contacts.
4. Next, we connect the contacts of switches, sockets and light sources to the corresponding wires. We install sockets and switches in socket boxes and securely fix them with special unclenching "mustache".
5. Only after installing all the elements of electrical equipment, it is possible to integrate the junction boxes with each other and with the central power cable.

For wires supplying high-power electrical appliances, we lay separate boxes designed for one wire. The cable coming from an electric stove, boiler or other powerful electrical installations must be continuous and open only on an individual circuit breaker installed in the switchboard. For home wiring for individual electrical appliances, you can use the same case as for the main cable of the main wiring. But at the same time, it is necessary to protect each conductor from each other with a dielectric non-combustible material.

This is how open wiring is done in wooden houses, and its installation is available for independent practical implementation. If you want to conduct wiring hidden in the conditions of construction from a log or timber, it is better to contact specialists, since this is a troublesome task, requires accurate calculations and involves a labor-intensive installation process with the installation of complex communication nodes.