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Activities in spiritual culture. Spiritual culture and spiritual life of man

spiritual culture

spiritual culture is a system of knowledge and worldview ideas inherent in a specific cultural and historical unity or humanity as a whole.

The concept of "spiritual culture" goes back to the historical and philosophical ideas of the German philosopher, linguist and statesman Wilhelm von Humboldt. According to his theory of historical knowledge, The World History is the result of the activity of a spiritual force that lies beyond the limits of knowledge, which manifests itself through Creative skills and personal efforts of individuals. The fruits of this co-creation constitute the spiritual culture of mankind.

Spiritual culture arises due to the fact that a person does not limit himself to only sensual-external experience and does not assign primary importance to it, but recognizes the main and guiding spiritual experience from which he lives, loves, believes and evaluates all things. With this inner spiritual experience, a person determines the meaning and the highest goal of the outer, sensory experience.

Spiritual culture is a sphere of human activity, covering various aspects of the spiritual life of a person and society. Spiritual culture includes forms of social consciousness and their embodiment in literary, architectural and other monuments of human activity.

Sources

  • Ilyin I. A. The path to clarity. - M.: Respublika, 1992.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Spiritual Culture" is in other dictionaries:

    1) includes both the totality of the results of spiritual activity and spiritual activity itself 2) includes everything that does not have a direct embodiment (language, ideology, knowledge, values, customs, morality, etc.). Big… … Encyclopedia of cultural studies

    spiritual culture- a way of storing and transferring from generation to generation of generally significant values. In the process of perceiving these values, they are assimilated, that is, the moral self-development of a person ... Source: ORDER of the prefect of the SEAD of Moscow dated December 27, 2007 N ... ... Official terminology

    spiritual culture is a set of moral experience of a person in the field of various areas of his activity - in everyday life and social production, work and leisure, science and art, in the sphere of human relations with the natural world, with God and with oneself. Spiritual… … Fundamentals of spiritual culture (encyclopedic dictionary of a teacher)

    spiritual culture- Part of the general culture of a person, which determines the level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality, in which the main motivational and semantic regulators of its life are the highest human values. D. to. includes such components ... Adaptive Physical Culture. Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary

    SPIRITUAL CULTURE- - (1) The area of ​​human activity that is associated with the production, distribution and consumption of spiritual values, i.e. values ​​related to the sphere of public consciousness (science, art, morality). (2) Set of products… … Terminological juvenile dictionary

    "SPIRITUAL CULTURE"- [bulg. "Spiritual culture"], w. on religion, philosophy, science and art, an organ of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (BOC). The 1st issue was published in June 1920 as a free quarterly supplement to the newspaper. "Church Bulletin". Since 1928 "D. to."… … Orthodox Encyclopedia

    The Spiritual Culture of China is the most detailed encyclopedic publication in the Russian language devoted to Chinese civilization (the total volume is 620 publication sheets). Prepared by a team of authors from all major ... ... Wikipedia

    This page is an information list. "Traditional spiritual culture of the Slavs" Russian-language scientific book series of the Indrik publishing house, in which ... Wikipedia

    - (lat. cultura cultivation, education, veneration) the universe of artificial objects (ideal and material objects; objectified actions and relationships), created by mankind in the process of mastering nature and having structural, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

    CULTURE MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL form of classification of the facts and phenomena of culture, popular in philosophy of the 19th and most of the 20th century. At the same time, material culture is understood as the variety of objects produced by man (tools, machines, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Books

  • Spiritual culture of China Critical analysis and summary of the Encyclopedia Spiritual culture of China in five volumes, Dolgov K .. This small book attempts to reconstruct the most essential layers and elements, methods and categories of the richest content of the encyclopedia "The Spiritual Culture of China" (in 5 ...

Spiritual culture is a culture whose objects are ideology, morality, spiritual communication, artistic creativity (art) and religion.

Spiritual culture grows as an ideal side of material activity. After all, any object or phenomenon of material culture basically has some kind of project, embodies certain knowledge, and by satisfying human needs, they become values. In other words, the products of material culture, before they were created, had to appear with their creators in the form of drawings, a plan of work - undoubted products of spiritual culture.

In other words, material culture is always the embodiment of a certain part of spiritual culture. But a spiritual culture can exist only if it is reified, objectified, and has received this or that material incarnation. This is especially evident in the example of works of art that are part of the spiritual culture.

Thus, cultural objects can change their purpose. Therefore, some criteria must be introduced to distinguish between objects of material and spiritual culture. In this capacity, one can use an assessment of the meaning and purpose of an object - if an object or phenomenon satisfies the primary (biological) needs of a person, it is referred to as material culture, but if it satisfies secondary needs associated with the development of human abilities, it belongs to spiritual culture.

Proceeding from the variety of types of human activity in spiritual culture, four spheres can be distinguished.

The first sphere is generated by the creative activity of the human imagination. It's projective view activities, which offers ideal models of future constructions of the greatest cultural value. The results of this type of activity are ideal models, designs and drawings of technical structures, structures, machines, as well as various models of social transformations, projects of new forms of political structure, new social institutions and institutions. The object of such design can also be the person himself, when he develops models of education. In the history of culture, projective activity gradually turned into a specialized branch of spiritual creativity.

Today, projective activity exists as a specialized activity, it is divided according to the projects of which objects should be created - natural, social or human. Thus, the following types of design are distinguished:

Technical (engineering) - is inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress, which is taking an increasingly important place in culture. Its result is the world of material things that create the body of modern civilization;

Social - associated with the creation of models of social phenomena - new forms state structure, political and legal systems, ways of managing production, school education, etc.;

Pedagogical - focused on the formation of human models, ideal images of children and students, which are created by parents and teachers.

The second sphere of spiritual culture covers the ways of cognitive activities person, and acts as a body of knowledge about nature, society, man, his inner world. Knowledge is the most important structural element in this area of ​​spiritual culture, which can be most adequately represented scientific activity. In any society, a system of obtaining, storing, transferring information and knowledge, independent of the individual, is formed.

Today, knowledge is acquired by a person in all spheres of culture, but their origins go back to three types of cognitive activity that are still inherent in primitive man, - practical, mythological and game knowledge.

Practical knowledge has always had and has a concrete character, is connected with the direct life of a person in nature and in society, is organically woven into his labor activity and everyday life. This knowledge is obtained by each person independently.

Mythological knowledge, although it grew out of practical knowledge, separated from it early. It embodies the generalized ideas of a person about the world, expressed in the fantastic form of a myth.

Game knowledge also appeared at the earliest stages of human history. In the game, the child received the necessary knowledge about "adult" life - both about the methods of activity and about human relationships.

The third sphere of spiritual culture, connected with the value oriented activity. Knowledge-assessment acts as a link with the structural element of spiritual culture named above. Knowledge acts as an evaluative filter; it is inseparable from evaluative activity. The human world is always a world of values, it is filled with meanings and meanings for him.

This area, in turn, can be represented by three subsystems:

Moral culture. It gives a normative-value orientation of the attitude of individuals and social groups to all aspects of life, to each other. Moral culture can also be defined as the level of humanity achieved by society and the individual, humanity in the relations of social subjects, the orientation of the attitude towards the person as a goal and intrinsic value. The moral culture of a person is revealed as a culture of an act: a motive that corresponds to the concepts of good and evil, justice, human dignity and norms specifying concepts; correspondence of the means to the motive, foresight of the value of the result, responsibility for the consequences, etc.;

artistic culture . Her internal structure not yet explored enough. Most often, artistic culture is reduced to the communicative scheme "artist - art - public". This is a kind of self-governing system, the elements of which are artistic creativity, artistic values, artistic consumption.

It should be noted that in art, as in other subsystems of spiritual culture, all its functions are represented. Thus, transformative activity is present in artistic culture in the form artistic creativity. Communicative activity is included in it in the form of consumption of works of art, since their perception is a kind of communication between the public and the author or his work. Value-oriented activity, being part of artistic culture specializing in art appraisals. Cognitive activity is manifested in the form of a specific interest in art studied within the framework of art history sciences. The central link of artistic culture is art as a set of activities within the framework of the artistic creativity of the subject and its results - artistic images;

Religious culture. It is based on religious activity as a person's ascent to God, embodied in cult and religious actions, the meaning of which is determined by the corresponding system of values, the main of which is God as a spiritual and moral absolute. In religious culture, ideological and psychological levels can be distinguished; in general, it embodies a special relationship of man to the world (along with the practical, cognitive, artistic).

The fourth sphere of spiritual culture is aimed at the spiritual communication people in all specific forms of its manifestation. These forms are determined by the characteristics of the subject of communication. Soul contact between two partners, during which information is exchanged, is in this case a high cultural value.

Communication is also possible in a group (family, circle of friends, team). In the process of communication between individuals, they jointly perceive an external object or situation, perceive their own actions, states, and movements.

Spiritual communication can occur not only at the personal level. The most valuable moments of the spiritual life of society constitute the fund of culture, a kind of memory of society. Objectified in speeches, books, works of art, the results of spiritual activity are constantly "consumed", becoming the property of people's consciousness.

So, spiritual culture acts as an activity aimed at the spiritual development of man and society, at the creation of ideas, knowledge, spiritual values ​​- images of social consciousness.

Spiritual culture, closely connected with the material and technical development of society, includes the totality of the results of spiritual activity and spiritual activity itself. The earliest, established types of spiritual culture are religious beliefs, customs, norms and patterns of human behavior that have developed in specific historical social conditions. The elements of spiritual culture also include art, religion, morality, scientific knowledge, political ideals and values, various ideas. It is always the result of the intellectual, spiritual activity of man. Spiritual culture, like material culture, is also created by man to meet his specific needs. Of course, the division of culture into material and spiritual is to a certain extent conditional. After all, culture is the self-generation of man as a species. On the one hand, a person generates culture, on the other hand, he himself acts as its result. But in the interests of analyzing such a multidimensional concept as culture, let's take the starting points: there is material production - the production of things, and there is spiritual production - the production of ideas. From this follows the structural division of culture.

The difference between material and spiritual culture can be traced in various directions. So, for example, the values ​​of spiritual culture (art) do not experience obsolescence, unlike tools, machine tools, etc. In addition, spiritual values ​​can exist not only in an objective form (books, paintings, etc.), but also as acts of activity. For example, the game of a violinist, an actor on stage, etc.

Finally, spiritual values ​​bear the imprint of the personality of their creator: poet, singer, artist, composer. The unique individuality of the author allows us to comprehend not only the content, but also the emotional and sensual essence of works of art, philosophical ideas, religious systems, etc.

Obviously, a person's need for spiritual values ​​is unlimited, in contrast to the level of material well-being, which has limits. Manifestations of spiritual culture are customs, traditions, norms.

The custom is one of the most ancient phenomena of spiritual culture. In primitive society, the first customs were formed as regulators of human behavior.

Customs are formed mainly in the domestic environment, therefore, they are distinguished by stability, longevity, and "survivability". They are present in any developed culture, as habitual patterns of behavior that are little exposed to awareness. ("Let's sit down, friends, before a long journey, let the path seem easy"). A custom is a stereotype in human behavior. Customs are closely related to traditions, which are maintained through ceremonial and ritual actions. As links of one chain, such concepts as custom, rite, ritual should be considered. Often they are defined as a moment of tradition.

Tradition refers to the transmission and preservation of social and cultural experience from generation to generation. Traditions are certain values, norms of behavior, customs, rituals, ideas. Sometimes they are perceived as remnants, they can disappear and then be reborn. The selection of traditions produces time, but there are also eternal traditions: honoring parents, respectful attitude towards women, etc.

The mode of existence of tradition, in addition to customs, is also rites or rituals. A rite is a sequential order of actions that completes a custom. Rituals are usually tied to certain dates or events (initiation rite, initiation into students, wedding ceremonies, rituals associated with the end of the harvest - "dozhinki") and others.

Norms can operate in a spiritual culture. A norm is a generally accepted rule of conduct or action. They (norms) stand out from the customs and acquire an independent existence. Human actions are largely determined by the norms accepted in society. Distinguish norms-prescriptions, norms-prohibitions, norms-samples. The latter reflect the level of culture achieved in society.

Values ​​are a more complex and developed product of spiritual culture. Value implies choice, allows different, even opposite decisions and preferences. Value includes such elements as the interest and need of the individual, duty and ideal, motivation and motive. The types of values ​​are different: moral, religious, artistic and aesthetic, political, vital (associated with in a healthy way life). You can also talk about family-related values, labor, ideological. Often, values ​​in certain cultures are personified in the form of saints, heroes, leaders, classics, etc. A rich set of values ​​of a particular culture indicates the level of the spiritual culture of society, its ability to communicate with other cultures.

The word "culture" means the upbringing, development and education of people. It is considered the result of the life of society. Culture is a holistic system object, consisting of separate important parts. It is divided into spiritual and material.

Spiritual culture of personality

Part of the general cultural system, which takes into account spiritual activity and its results, is called spiritual culture. It implies a combination of literary, scientific, moral and other directions. The spiritual culture of a person is the content of the inner world. According to its development, one can understand the worldview, views and values ​​of the individual and society.

Spiritual culture includes a huge number of elements that form the basic concepts.

  1. General moral principles, scientific justification, richness of language and other elements. It is impossible to influence her.
  2. It is formed thanks to the upbringing of parents and the knowledge gained through self-education and training in various educational institutions. With its help, a person's personality is cultivated, which has its own views on various aspects of life.

Signs of spiritual culture

To better understand how spiritual culture differs from other areas, some features should be taken into account.

  1. Compared to technical and social sphere, the spiritual is selfless and non-utilitarian. Its task is to develop a person and give him happiness, and not to receive benefits.
  2. Spiritual culture is an opportunity to freely express your own.
  3. Spirituality is associated with non-material spheres and exists according to individual laws, therefore its influence on reality cannot be denied.
  4. The spiritual culture of a person is sensitive to any internal and external changes in the individual and society. For example, during reforms or other global changes, everyone forgets about cultural development.

Types of spiritual culture

The first types of spiritual development of a person are religious beliefs, traditions and customs, norms of behavior that have been formed over many years. A spiritual cult includes the results of a person's intellectual or spiritual activity. If we focus on the social component, we can distinguish mass and elite culture. There is a classification based on the fact that culture is perceived as a form of social consciousness, so it exists:

  • political;
  • moral;
  • aesthetic;
  • religious;
  • philosophical and other cultures.

Spheres of spiritual culture

There are a large number of forms through which spiritual culture is expressed and can be attributed to the main options.

  1. Myth- historically the very first form of culture. Man used myths to connect people, nature and society.
  2. Religion as a form of spiritual culture implies the separation of people from nature and purification from passions and elemental forces.
  3. Moral– self-assessment and self-regulation of a person in the sphere of freedom. These include shame, honor and conscience.
  4. Art- expresses the creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. It creates a kind of "second reality" through which a person expresses life experiences.
  5. Philosophy- a special type of worldview. Finding out what the sphere of spiritual culture includes, one should not lose sight of the philosophy that expresses the relationship of man with the world and his values.
  6. The science- is used to reproduce the world using existing patterns. Closely associated with philosophy.

The relationship of material and spiritual culture

As for material culture, it is an object-thing world, which was created by man using his own labor, mind and technology. It may seem to many that material and spiritual culture are two concepts between which there is an abyss, but this is not so.

  1. Any material object was created after a person invented and thought it over, and an idea is a product of spiritual work.
  2. On the other hand, in order for a product of spiritual creativity to become significant and have the ability to influence the activities and lives of people, it must materialize, for example, become an action or be described in a book.
  3. Material and spiritual culture are two interrelated and complementary concepts that are indivisible.

Ways to develop spiritual culture

To understand how a person can develop spiritually, it is worth paying attention to the spheres of influence of this system. Spiritual culture and spiritual life is based on social and personal development in the moral, economic, political, religious and other areas. Obtaining new knowledge in the field of science, art and education gives a person a chance to develop, reaching new cultural heights.

  1. The desire to improve by constantly working on yourself. Elimination of shortcomings and development of positive aspects.
  2. It is necessary to expand your horizons and develop.
  3. Obtaining information, such as from watching a movie or reading a book, for reflection, analysis, and conclusions.

Types of spiritual activity: SPIRITUAL- THEORETICAL- Production (creation) of spiritual values ​​(spiritual goods) activity, the result of which is a change in people's consciousness.


CREATING SPIRITUAL PRICES IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE FEATURES OF SPIRITUAL PRODUCTION, LET'S COMPARE IT WITH MATERIAL PRODUCTION. MATERIAL PRODUCTION - CREATION OF THINGS SPIRITUAL PRODUCTION - CREATION OF IDEAS CREATION OF IDEAS CREATED THINGS - PRODUCT OF WORK CREATED IDEAS - THE RESULT OF ALSO LABOR EFFORT, MOSTLY MENTAL


Spiritual production is carried out, as a rule, by special groups of people whose spiritual activity is professional. These are people who have the appropriate education, who own the skill. Of course, knowledge, mastery of the techniques of this type of activity is not enough. After all, the product of spiritual production is distinguished by novelty, uniqueness, and therefore, it is the result of creative activity.


Important feature spiritual production lies in the fact that its products are created not only to satisfy the existing need in society for certain spiritual goods, but also for the self-realization of a thinker, artist, etc. They satisfy the author’s inner need to manifest, express himself, convey his mood, realize their abilities. For a scientist, musician, artist, poet, the value of labor lies not only in the value of its results, but also in the very process of creating a work. Here is what the English naturalist C. Darwin wrote (): “My main pleasure and only occupation throughout my life was scientific work, and the excitation caused by it allows me to forget for a while or completely eliminates my constant ill health. Charles Darwin


Spiritual production is the activity of people to create spiritual values. Scientific discoveries, inventions - contribute to the development of the production of material goods. Scientific discoveries, inventions - contribute to the development of the production of material goods. Social norms help streamline the life of society Social norms help streamline the life of society Delusions, utopias, false judgments, which are often widespread, can also be the product of spiritual production. However, humanity keeps those ideas and images that embody wisdom, knowledge, and experience. The product of spiritual production can also be delusions, utopias, false judgments, which are often widespread. However, humanity keeps those ideas and images that embody wisdom, knowledge, and experience.


Development of spiritual values ​​Consciousness, preservation and dissemination of spiritual values ​​are aimed at meeting the spiritual needs of people. Consciousness, preservation and dissemination of spiritual values ​​are aimed at meeting the spiritual needs of people. Spiritual consumption is the process of satisfying spiritual needs. The most important spiritual need of a person is in knowledge. Philosophers of different epochs spoke about it. The ancient Greek scientist Aristotle "All people by nature strive for knowledge." And the French thinker of the 16th century M. Montaigne argued: "There is no desire more natural than the desire for knowledge."


Another important spiritual need is aesthetic. A. P. Chekhov’s statement on this subject is widely known: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts ...” The desire to master the world according to the laws of beauty, to see harmony in nature, in people, to feel deeply music, painting, poetry, to improve human relations - all these are the facets of a single aesthetic need


Another spiritual human need is communication. Another spiritual human need is communication. Love for a person, friendship, fellowship are truly human needs. Moral and psychological support, attention to each other, sympathy, empathy, exchange of ideas, joint creativity - these are some of the manifestations of the need for communication. Love for a person, friendship, fellowship are truly human needs. Moral and psychological support, attention to each other, sympathy, empathy, exchange of ideas, joint creativity - these are some of the manifestations of the need for communication.


The foregoing allows us to conclude that spiritual consumption is a special type of activity and, therefore, it has its own focus, requires certain efforts, the use of appropriate means. In many cases, spiritual consumption is greatly influenced by fashion. Some books, theatrical performances, poems and songs can become fashionable. The most common means of familiarizing with spiritual values


Summarize. The spiritual activity of people is diverse, each wide selection its forms and types. Such activity can become his profession: he will be a scientist or a writer, an actor or an artist, a teacher or a librarian, a tour guide or a journalist. He can join amateur spiritual creativity by participating in a folk theater, a literary association, the creation of a folk museum, and amateur art competitions. And most importantly, everyone communicates with books, music, theater and cinema. And on what values ​​a person prefers, what he himself largely depends on.