"Do not want! I won't! No need! I myself!” – Crisis of the age of three: signs of a crisis and how to overcome it. Crisis of three years in a child Development of the nervous system in a child of three years

When a child reaches the age of 3 years, many parents are faced with a problem that they did not know about before - frequent. Ignorance and misunderstanding of the reasons for the hysterical behavior of children, as well as a dead end, how to behave at such moments and stop the frightening behavior of the baby - causes the panic of many mothers and fathers. The advice of a psychologist will help you figure out what is the reason for this behavior in children of 3 years old, how to deal with tantrums and prevent them in the future.

In raising such a child, parents need to be patient, constantly praise him, hug and caress him, communicate on an equal footing, listen and involve him in household chores.

Strong

The processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain of such children are balanced. A child with a strong type nervous system almost always cheerful and cheerful, easily communicates with others, and for the appearance of hysterical behavior, he needs a weighty reason.

Conflict situations with parents and peers are extremely rare for such children, they sleep and eat well, willingly engage in various circles, but often change hobbies, because having figured out something, they immediately lose interest in the old hobby. The negative aspects in the nature of such children are inconstancy, frequent violations of their promises, difficulties in observing the daily routine.

Unbalanced

The processes of excitation of the nervous system of such a child in the brain prevail over the processes of inhibition, so he is quick-tempered, easily excitable and emotionally unstable. A new toy or a bright event can put a child into a state of excitement. Therefore, such children sleep poorly and not soundly, often wake up and cry at night.

In the circle of peers, an unbalanced child tries to seize leadership, to be in the center of attention and events. These kids don't know how to finish what they start. Being engaged in any business, they cannot stand even the slightest criticism, they can flare up, give up everything and leave, while getting angry and showing aggression. Parents of such children can be advised to be more flexible and patient, to teach the baby to bring everything to the end, to be restrained and obligatory.

Slow

This type of nervous system is characterized by delayed excitation and the predominance of the process of inhibition. Children with a slow type of nervous system eat and sleep well from birth, they are calm, can be alone for a long time and do not suffer from this, finding entertainment on their own.

Parents of such children are often surprised by their restraint, prudence and predictability. The child is slow, brings any started business to completion and does not like a sudden change of scenery. He is restrained in emotions, so it is often difficult for parents to understand his mood. The advice is to encourage the child to be active, developing motor and speech activity.

Children with weak and unbalanced types of the nervous system are most prone to tantrums at the age of 3 years. To exclude pathologies and congenital diseases of the nervous system, parents are advised to show the baby to a pediatric neurologist.

Causes

The older the child becomes, the more he has needs and desires that are not always supported by parents. It is at the age of 3 that the child begins to violently show emotions and respond to prohibitions with tantrums.

You need to know about the main factors that cause violent, hysterical protest in children:

Even if parents establish the true cause of frequent tantrums in their child at the age of 3, they must understand that the emotional sphere of the baby is not sufficiently developed to stop in time and suppress the storm of unrest. The child cannot control his emotions, he does not act up on purpose, but any misunderstanding or provoking factor can cause whims that develop into hysterical seizures.

The main difference between hysteria and whims in a child is that the baby begins to act up consciously. With the help of whims, the little manipulator tries to get his way, he can stomp his feet, scream and throw objects, but he controls himself, continuing to manipulate until he gets what he wants or is punished.

Hysteria occurs in a child involuntarily, emotions cause a whole storm of indignation, in a state of seizure the child beats his head against the walls and floor, screams, sobs, many children are prone to the appearance of a convulsive syndrome during a tantrum. Such convulsions acquired their name "hysterical bridge" because of the child's posture - during a tantrum, he arches.

Tantrum stages

Children's hysterical seizures are characterized by the following staging:

1. Screams. This is the initial stage of hysteria, the child stops hearing anyone, he screams loudly, frightening his parents, while making no demands.
2. Motor excitement. Manifested by falling to the floor, hitting the head against objects, pulling out hair, etc. The baby does not feel pain during this stage of hysteria.
3. Sobs - the child cries loudly, sobbing and without stopping for a long time. His whole appearance expresses resentment and discontent. Since it is difficult for a child to cope with emotions, after the sobbing stage, he will sob for a long time, and the emotional state can be described as emptiness. After a tantrum, the baby may fall asleep during the daytime, the night's sleep will be shallow and intermittent.

You can fight hysteria at the initial stage - the stage of screams. If the child has stepped over stage 2 or 3, conversations and attempts to calm usually do not bring results.

How to stop an attack

Many inexperienced parents who first encountered a similar situation are interested in how to quickly stop a tantrum in a child at the age of 3 years. The famous pediatrician Komarovsky claims that the tactics of behavior during a seizure should be as follows:

Do not spank on the butt, yell at the child and chastise him for bad behavior during a tantrum. He still will not understand anything, it will only increase the explosion of emotions. The tactic of talking will work only after the seizure is over. If the child becomes hysterical during admission to Kindergarten, and does not want to part with his mother in any way - you do not need to hold him in your arms for a long time and say goodbye, it is recommended to leave the child with the caregiver and leave faster. So the time for children's hysteria will be reduced.

Tantrums at night

Many parents notice that the baby began to arrange night tantrums at the age of 3 years, which were not observed before. The baby wakes up at night, screams, refuses to drink or go to the potty, and often the mother cannot even understand whether the child is sleeping during the cry or is conscious.

There may be several reasons:

To establish a night's sleep and prevent tantrums, you need to deal with the reasons that provoke them. It will not be superfluous to show the baby to a child psychologist.

Prevention

Now it remains to figure out how to deal with tantrums in a 3-year-old child in order to reduce their frequency and level of emotions during attacks. It is recommended to take the following measures:

Immediately after the end of the hysterical attack, you need to hug the child and try to explain to him that the mother is upset by such behavior (but not by the child himself!). The kid must understand that parents want to be proud of their child, and it is impossible to be proud of such ugly behavior. It is important that the child understands that his mother still loves him, despite his bad behavior and strives to minimize whims.

It is impossible to completely prevent the development of tantrums in a baby at the age of 3 years; every child must go through this stage of emotional maturation. But you can reduce the frequency of attacks by paying him due attention, taking into account his opinion and teaching him patience and self-control.

Much depends on the behavior of the parents - they must be attentive to the child, and at the slightest deviation from the norm (severe seizures, cessation of breathing during a tantrum, convulsive syndrome), contact a pediatric neurologist and psychologist.

Most modern parents pay a lot of attention to the early development of children, realizing that up to three years the child learns easily during the game, and after that it becomes much more difficult for him to learn new information without a good initial base. And many adults face the question: what should a child know at 3 years old? The answer to it, as well as everything about the developmental features of children at this age, you will learn from this article.

Caution: crisis of three years

It is considered one of the first of a child, it proceeds differently for everyone, but it still takes place. It is connected with the fact that at this age the process of becoming a baby's self-awareness begins - the old picture of reality becomes obsolete, and a new one comes in its place. In order to avoid unnecessary conflicts, stress and know how to help a child during this period, it is important to understand the following age characteristics of 3-year-old children:

• There is a need to separate from adults, and reality, previously limited mainly by objects and the family circle, becomes the world of adults.
• The child begins to oppose himself to adults, ceases to obey and protests against the norms of behavior instilled earlier.
• It is during this period that the baby learns the difference between "I want" and "should", and deliberate actions begin to prevail over impulsive ones.
• At this age, self-esteem is actively developing, which is greatly influenced by the attitude of adults.

New opportunities

But in addition to the complexities of behavior, useful features of a 3-year-old child appear that increase the ability to learn:

• Communicative readiness: the child begins to interact with other people, guided by rules and norms.
• Cognitive readiness: is formed by which children are able to think about objects and make comparative analysis, even when they cannot see them.
• Emotional development: the child begins to manage emotions, including coping with aggression.
• The ability to count and read appears.

Interacting with the surrounding reality, the child learns the world and develops, the task of adults is to help him. When teaching, it is important to take into account and use something a child can do with the help of adults, and what he has learned to do on his own should become a passed stage in time.

Assessment of speech development

Up to five years, speech develops very intensively, so it is important to control whether the child is lagging behind, and if necessary, help him. To assess the development of speech, there is the following list of what a child should know at 3 years old:

• The vocabulary is about a thousand words.
• When designating objects, people and animals, full words are practically used, and not sounds or abbreviated versions.
• Distinguishes and correctly uses prefixed verbs (ran, ran, ran out).
• He knows how to name objects using generalizing words ("fruit" instead of "pear" and "apple").
• Masters the names of the details of objects (can say that the pan has a bottom and handles).
• Matches words and understands what synonyms are.
• Invents his own words from those already known to him.
• Draws attention to the incorrect pronunciation of other children, while the sounds themselves can also be pronounced incorrectly.
• Can speak in a way that any adult can understand.

How to develop connected speech

The next 3 years include: increasing vocabulary, practicing the correct pronunciation of sounds and building sentences. The main goal of all classes is to improve coherent meaningful speech. To do this, you can engage in special magazines with colorful pictures and exercises.

Unfortunately, you can’t count on a child’s perseverance for a long time, but you can remember the main tasks for children of 3 years old and perform them using concepts from real life:

• At home, you can name objects and pick up on the example of toys, shoes, dishes and any other things.
• On a walk, you can tell the child adjectives and ask them to find objects that correspond to them, for example, "high" (the baby points to the house) or "red" (maybe a car). The advantage of this exercise is that the baby can find in real world Much more matching items than in the pictures.
• On the street and at home, you can ask the child questions about the objects that he sees, for example, where they are, what color, why others are needed.

Learn poetry

At three years old, a child should be able to memorize and repeat 3-4 words that an adult said. Thanks to this ability, you can begin to learn poetry. They train memory, attention, develop speech, enrich vocabulary, expand ideas about the world, and also help the child grow purposeful and be able to complete the work begun.

A rhyme for children 3 years old should not be too long: two quatrains are enough. Before starting to learn a poem, an adult should expressly tell it and discuss the content with the child. If desired, you can draw pictures to the text. Each quatrain learns according to the same pattern: an adult slowly pronounces the first line and asks the child to repeat after him until he remembers it. Then the second line is learned and connected to the first, then the third is added to the first two. Then the last one is remembered, and the first quatrain is ready. When the two parts are memorized, they are combined and the verse is read in its entirety.

Easy rhyme for children 3 years old about the onset of winter:

In the morning I went to the window
Surprised: "Well, well!
I went to sleep in autumn
The world changed overnight!

Wearing white coats
Both trees and houses.
This means, in fact
Winter came to us at night!"

The earliest mathematical concepts

The first acquaintance with mathematics begins much earlier than it seems, and the further relationship of the child with this complex science depends on how successful it is. The following list of what a 3-year-old child should know in the field of mathematics will help to assess the completeness of the ideas:

• Be able to compare objects by width, length, thickness and height.
• Use the concepts of "many" and "one" in speech, correctly coordinate them with nouns.
• Learn to count up to three on your fingers.
• Know and name the main geometric figures: square, circle, triangle and compare objects by shape.
• Know and use in speech the concepts: small, big, less and more.
• Be able to compare the number of items.
• Be able to find a pair of an object according to a given attribute.

Checking knowledge about the world around

Some parents underestimate the capabilities of their three-year-old children and do not give the required amount of load, and intensive classes begin during the period of preparation for school and face the child’s reluctance to study, because cognitive activity has already faded away. To prevent such problems, it is important to find out in time what a child of 3 years old should know about the world around him, and, if necessary, fill in the gaps.

A child at this age should:

• Know what domestic and wild animals look like and are called.
• Understand who birds, insects and fish are, and be able to name three or four representatives of each class.
• Know three or four names of trees and flowers.
• Be able to distinguish between fruits, vegetables, mushrooms and berries, as well as know their basic names.
• Have an idea about such natural phenomena as wind, rain, rainbow, snow.
• Know and be able to name parts of the day.
• Have an understanding of the materials from which the surrounding things are made.

We evaluate the development of thinking and motor skills

A three year old child should be able to do the following:

• collect an image from 2-4 parts;
• see and explain the discrepancy in the picture;
• determine an extra item and justify your choice;
• explain how objects are similar and how they differ;
• cut paper with scissors;
• separate pieces from plasticine and make sausages and balls out of them;
• draw dots, circles and various types of lines;
• do finger exercises.

How to develop fine motor skills

Modeling for children of 3 years old is considered the most useful for the development of motor skills, but the child begins to show interest in it much earlier, for example, when he enthusiastically smears porridge on the table. You can sculpt from plasticine or puff pastry. Classes also help to develop speech and consolidate existing ideas about the world. You can sculpt if you wish, at least every day, but twice a week is enough. In order to make classes more fun and not too difficult for the child, you can make blanks from paper bases and select suitable stories or poems.

The purpose of the first experience with plasticine: to teach the child to tear off pieces from it and sculpt them on paper, you can draw trees and decorate them with colorful leaves. In the second lesson, you need to learn how to roll balls, you can decorate the Christmas tree with New Year's toys. During the third lesson, the child practices rolling sausages, it will be possible to make a rainbow out of them or For the age of three, these simple tricks are quite enough.

Of course, all children are individual and have different levels of ability. But it depends on the parents how these abilities will be used. It is important to closely monitor the progress of the child, assess his level of development and constantly give new and more complex, but no less interesting tasks for children of 3 years old in a playful way.

The body changes its size and proportions, the child no longer looks like a chubby baby. Gross and fine motor skills are intensively developed, motor activity reaches a maximum.

The rapid development of the brain leads to the expansion of the intellectual capabilities of the child. There is a transition from visual-effective thinking to figurative, speech is enriched, memory and imagination develop.

In a fairly short time, the personality of the child changes completely. These changes affect his character, his main activities and relationships with other people - adults and peers. It is at the age of three that the foundations of the image of his “I” are formed and the attitude to the world around him is determined.

In connection with such a global "restructuring" of the inner world, the child quite often becomes capricious and difficult.

Physiology

Compared to more younger age, there are no special changes in the diet and daily routine (unless you enroll the baby in kindergarten). Long night sleep, one daytime sleep, four meals a day. On the third birthday, you can introduce the child to the sweet.

Skills

A child of this age is characterized by extremely high need in move.Three-year-olds are constantly improving their motor skills. Development comes first gross motor skills- the ability to perform movements that require the participation of the whole body (running, jumping, squatting, turning).

Three year old child:

♦ Moves quite smoothly and dexterously, maintains balance well.

♦ Easily changes direction and stops on the go.

♦ Able to walk on toes, stand on one leg.

♦ Confidently jumps, including over small obstacles.

♦ Catches and kicks the ball.

♦ Goes up and down the stairs, holding on to the railing and even without support.

♦ Riding a tricycle.

During this period, improvements fine motor skills although the child still has difficulty making precise movements.

However, a three-year-old child is able to:

♦ Putting on and taking off simple clothes, unfastening buttons and handling large zippers, taking off Velcro shoes.

♦ Use cutlery correctly, eat and drink carefully.

♦ Hold the pencil with your index finger and thumb, make balls and rollers out of plasticine, cut the paper with scissors.

♦ Can draw a circle, horizontal and vertical lines, the first little men appear.

Thus, the child becomes more and more independent in carrying out daily activities.

How speech develops

By the age of three, the child's speech activity increases many times over. The vocabulary of the baby is approximately 1000-1500 words, he uses almost all parts of speech, speaks in sentences of 3-6 words and generally learns the grammatical structure of the language.

In general, by the end of the third year of life, the child's social circle expands significantly: he talks a lot both with close adults and with strangers, with peers.

The child's speech often accompanies his independent activity, the baby comments on his actions with objects (“threw the ball”) and turns to toys (“eat, doll”).

A three-year-old listens with pleasure to audio recordings, fairy tales and poems performed by an adult, easily memorizes them and reproduces them almost verbatim. In addition, he actively “plays” with the language, experiments with rhymes, and invents non-existent words.

If the child is already three years old, but he does not speak in phrases or is completely silent, then consultation of specialists is necessary - a speech therapist, neuropathologist, psychologist.

How to play

At this age, the type of play activity of the child also changes dramatically. Previously, the game was like a disparate set of activities with toys. For example, an adult showed how to feed and put the doll to bed, the child simply repeated after him. Such games were reduced to a simple manipulation of objects (the kid loads the cubes into the machine and immediately pours out).

Now the child is emotionally involved in the game, its duration and variability increase. A plot appears in the game, all actions become logically connected and consistent. The child takes bricks to the construction site, builds a house there and inhabits it, sets up a garden nearby and feeds vegetables to the new settlers.

But the most important thing is that substitutions appear in the child's play.Most three-year-olds easily “turn” one object into another and give them the appropriate names. A bucket becomes a hat, a felt-tip pen becomes a thermometer, balls become apples. The appearance of such symbols in the game indicates that the child is now able to go beyond the specific situation using his own imagination.

Now the game is the most important part of a child's life, an activity in which his emotional and intellectual development takes place.

Psychological features

At the age of three, the desire for separation from the adult sharply increases in the child. The kid increasingly says: “I myself”, “I want”, “I won’t”, and demonstrates his independence fromloved ones. This period is called the "crisis of three years."

The child acts contrary to any suggestions of an adult, becomes stubborn and throws tantrums “from scratch”. He strives to do everything the other way around, opposes the will of the elders;rejects what he used to do daily. At the same time, ohHe tries to independently do something for which he is objectively not yet ready.

Not all children have a crisis manifested in such acute negative forms. Someone reacts not so violently or very briefly in time. However, relationships with close adults and with oneself undergo significant changes in any case. There is a formation of own "I" of the child.

As the crisis emerges, the child ceases to oppose himself so desperately to the adult. He has a different way of self-affirmation: now he strives to achieve a result in his activity, and having achieved the desired one, he tries to demonstrate his successes to an adult and get his approval.

The child does not just put a cube on a cube - it is important for him to build the highest possible tower and hear praise from the parent: “What a tall tower! You did great!" Now the child looks at himself through the eyes of an adult, he becomes extremely sensitive to how others evaluate his achievements. This is how self-esteem and self-respect begin to form.

Tips for parents of a three-year-old

« » –test for the whole family. It is very important to go through it “correctly”, because the future of the child depends on how the parent-child relationship develops during this period.

There is no single recipe for how to respond to the tantrums of a three-year-old. The main thing is to make him understand that conflicts can be resolved in different ways.

The parent categorically prohibits some things, and the child will have to put up with it. You can’t run away from your mother near the roadway, it’s life-threatening, and there can be no way to show independence. A toddler may violently protest against the restriction of his freedom - scream and break out, however, in matters of health and safety, the reaction of an adult should be unequivocal.

If we are talking about less serious disagreements, then you can use different tactics of behavior.

Sometimes it is necessary to distract the child - by talking or playing, to arrange a competition. For example, to offer a stubborn three-year-old to play "who will put on the jacket faster." In a playful way, you can collect toys for speed or brush your teeth with the doll.

Sometimes you can give in to the child, because he also has the right to his opinion and personal preferences. Doesn't want to eat semolina? Offer a choice of buckwheat or rice. Refusing to go to bed now? Read the book for another fifteen minutes. We are not talking about indulging the slightest whims, but sometimes it is worthwhile to meet halfway, showing respect for the desires and needs of the child.

In some situations, the baby needs to be given the opportunity to throw out his emotions, relieve stress and accept the situation as it is. If you decide not to buy a tenth car for your son, and he throws a scandal in the store, then there is nothing left but to wait out the storm. The demands to "shut your mouth" and "calm down now" will have the exact opposite effect. You just need to be there, hug, wipe your tears. You can even say nothing, much more important - tactile contact and attention.

In such situations, the adult himself must remain calm and try not to look at others, because most often the parents yell at the child, because they are “ashamed in front of people”.

When the child has cried and calmed down, you need to tell how to behave, explain why you did it this way and not otherwise. Educational conversations will be effective only if they take place in an atmosphere of calm and trust.

Important! It is at the age of three that the child realizes that his desires do not always coincide with the desire of others. If you do not extinguish every conflict situation with screams and, moreover, slaps, then the child masters different strategies of behavior and learns to reckon with the will of other people.

The crisis of three years will end sooner or later, but what the child learns as a result will remain with him for many years.

So three years have flown by! Bright, saturated, unique! Your child has turned into a full-fledged personality with his own character, habits, temperament, he has his own peculiarities of figure and behavior. He is a good conversationalist, he can tell how his day went, where he was, what he saw. Children at the age of 3 begin to realize themselves as separate individuals, with their own desires, interests and preferences. Over the years, the baby has noticeably grown up, mastered new skills and abilities, has become dexterous, active and inquisitive. Vocabulary at 3 years old is up to 1000 words, in his speech the baby successfully uses numbers, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, in children's questions you can often hear “how?” and why?" Sometimes his many questions baffle you, and sometimes your head is spinning from their number. Be patient, you should not interrupt the child, his desire to learn new things in the world around him is natural, and your harshness can suppress his cognitive aspirations in the baby, and this can adversely affect the further development of the crumbs. The kid wants to be good, we are waiting for approval and praise from an adult. Increasingly more self-reliant and independent. At this age, it is very important for a child to be appreciated and praised.

What's new

At three years old, a child should know and name correctly four primary colors and some shades of colors.

At this age, the baby is able to collect successively (that is, from smallest to largest) caps, a pyramid, molds, a matryoshka of 4-6 components.

Able to pick up geometric shapes according to the sample, can also pick up the corresponding shapes according to the shape of the hole in the developmental aid (game).

Can name familiar geometric shapes. Collects a pyramid of 10 rings (in size, for example, in descending order, in color, in shape).

Distinguishes objects by size - small, medium, large. Can distinguish an object by texture - soft, hard.

Drawing skills are improving, so the kid can complete the missing details to the adult’s drawing - for example, a leaf to a branch, a stem to a flower, smoke to a steam locomotive.

He tries to paint over, draws ovals, circles, draws lines.

While drawing, the baby can imitate the writing of an adult. During modeling, he can pinch off a piece of plasticine, roll it in his palms, and connect the parts. He tries to sculpt simple shapes - sausage, ball, bagel and others.

At three years old, a child is able to master rather complex skills, such as riding a tricycle, swinging, sledding. By the age of three, many kids are no longer afraid to swim. The child is good at jumping over obstacles, walks on an inclined plane, jumps in length from a place on two legs, can jump from a small height. At this age, children can perform two actions at the same time (for example, stomp and clap, jump and raise their arms to the sides). With ease, the child throws, rolls, catches the ball.

Three-year-old children enjoy playing and communicating with their peers, exchanging toys, “driving” companies.

He is also capable of long games with a toy that has attracted his attention, play story games, look at pictures and listen to fairy tales. Focuses on tasks for longer periods of time.

The development of the nervous system in a child at three years old

From three to six years, the final myelination of the fibers occurs, the child's brain is almost mature, vital skills are formed. By the age of six, the mental development of a child reaches such a degree that, in the absence of adults, this little person can fully provide for his life.

From 3 to 6 years in a child's life - the preschool period. Preschool age occupies a place between early and primary school age (from 3 to 6-7 years) and is extremely important for the development of the child's psyche and personality. The leading activity of this age is the game, so it is no coincidence that it is also called the “age of the game”. Within the preschool age, 3 periods are distinguished:

• Junior preschool age 3-4 years.


• Average 4–5 years.


• Senior 5–6/7 years.

At the younger preschool age, the child, playing, reproduces actions with objects that are familiar to him. But these actions do not lead to the development of the plot of the game, however, the child does not have such a goal.

On average, the main content of the game is the relationship between people. Children play so-called role-playing games. Here, actions are no longer performed for the sake of actions, they are a means of realizing the role, contributing to the development of the plot. The introduction of a plot and a play role significantly increases the child's capabilities in many areas of mental life.

In older preschool age, role-playing is gradually replaced by a game with rules. The main content of the game is the implementation of the rules arising from the role taken on. Game actions are reduced, generalized and become conditional.

From a scientific point of view, games are of great importance for the mental development of a child. At this age, the mental development of a preschooler is almost ready for the start of a systematic educational process in educational institutions.

Children are offered games that:

• Develop fine motor skills of fingers.


• Increase the associative array.


• They help to solve logical problems of low complexity.


• Develop attention.

In the game, the child learns to communicate with peers, learns to control his behavior, obeying the rules of the game. What is relatively easy for a child in the game, much worse is obtained with the corresponding requirements of adults. In the game, the child shows miracles of patience, perseverance, discipline. Develops creativity, ingenuity, volitional qualities, moral attitudes. It is in the game that the child realizes his desire for independence, simulating the life of adults. He discovers this world of human relations, different types activities, social functions of people.

In addition to play, other forms of activity are also characteristic of preschool age: designing, drawing, modeling, perception of fairy tales and stories, etc. The child gradually masters the coordination of small hand movements. This gives him the opportunity to improve his visual activity. Most children of this age draw with great enthusiasm. The visual activity of a child of this age period is different in that the result is completely unimportant for him. The process of creating a drawing comes to the fore. Therefore, once a drawing is completed, children often throw it away. And only by the end of preschool age the child begins to pay attention to the drawing itself, that is, to evaluate the result of his work. From a psychological point of view, drawing is regarded as a kind of children's speech and as a preparatory stage for written speech. In the drawing, the child expresses his attitude to reality, in it you can immediately see what is the main thing for the child, and what is secondary.

Be sure to read fairy tales and poems to your baby, and then ask them to retell them.

Do not be too lazy to devote the maximum amount of time to the neuropsychic development of the child. Do not shift the responsibility to the nanny, garden, school. Even if something goes wrong, children are like plasticine: in early age a lot of things can be corrected.

Crisis of three years

The crises that your child will overcome (and has already overcome) are actually not so few: this is a neonatal crisis, a crisis of one year, three years, seven years, the well-known crisis of adolescence. It should be noted that the names of crises (except, perhaps, newborns) are very conditional, and the time of their occurrence depends on the particular child and the conditions of his life.

By the age of three, parents often find that the baby is not so easy to handle. He suddenly ceases to obey, and what he recently took for granted now causes him a storm of protest. Why is this happening? And how to call the baby to order and tranquility?

Three years is the age when a child so wants to feel like an adult and independent, at this age children already have their own “want” and are ready to defend it in front of adults. This is the time of discoveries and finds, the age of awakening fantasy and awareness of oneself as a person. A pronounced feature of this period is the crisis of three years. In babies, it can manifest itself in different ways, but the main "symptoms" are extreme stubbornness, negativism and self-will.

All this is explained by the fact that at the age of 3-5 years the child is trying to take his place among people. He is trying to realize his individuality and his differences from other children. He feels like a person and does everything so that adults perceive him as an equal. It is at this time that a small person is trying to find those activities that he likes. He wants to be like adults in everything, and the fact that they always help him in everything leads him to negativity. By changing behavior, character and strong-willed qualities are formed. There is pride in their successes, a desire to help, independence, a sense of duty. And the point is not even how this period proceeds, but what changes it will entail in the character of the child. But how long the process will last and how painful it is for the child depends directly on the parents, their methods of education. Punishments and prohibitions for no reason, limitation of independence, suppression of initiative can be the reason for the acute flow of this period.

Good to know

The crisis of 3 years in children is a serious test for parents, but the child at this time has an even harder time. He does not understand what is happening to him, and is not able to control his behavior. And he needs your support.

Signs of a crisis 3 years

1. Negativism. In a general sense, negativism means the desire to contradict, to do the opposite of what he is told. The child may be very hungry, or really want to listen to a fairy tale, but he will refuse only because you, or some other adult, offers it to him. Negativism must be distinguished from ordinary disobedience. After all, the child does not obey you, not because he wants to, but because in this moment cannot do otherwise. By refusing your offer or request, he "defends" his "I".


2. Stubbornness. Having expressed his own point of view or asked for something, the little three-year-old stubborn will bend his line with all his might. Does he really want the execution of the "application"? May be. But, most likely, not very much, or in general for a long time lost desire. But how will the baby understand that his point of view is considered, that his opinion is listened to if you do it your way?


3. Obstinacy. Obstinacy, unlike negativism, is a general protest against the usual way of life, the norms of upbringing. The child is dissatisfied with everything that is offered to him.


4. Willfulness. The little headstrong three-year-old accepts only what he has decided and conceived for himself. This is a kind of tendency towards independence, but hypertrophied and inadequate to the capabilities of the child. It is not difficult to guess that such behavior causes conflicts and quarrels with others.


5. Depreciation. Everything that used to be interesting, familiar, expensive is depreciating. Favorite toys during this period become bad, affectionate grandmother - nasty, parents - angry. The child may begin to swear, call names (there is a depreciation of old norms of behavior), break a favorite toy or tear a book (attachments to previously expensive objects are depreciated), etc.


6. Protest riot. This condition can best be described in the words of the famous psychologist L.S. Vygotsky: "The child is at war with others, in constant conflict with them."


7. Despotism. Until recently, affectionate, a baby at the age of three often turns into a real family despot. He dictates to everyone around him the norms and rules of behavior: what to feed him, what to wear, who can leave the room and who can’t, what to do for one family member and what for the rest. If there are still children in the family, despotism begins to take on the features of heightened jealousy. Indeed, from the point of view of a three-year-old peanut, his brothers or sisters do not have any rights in the family at all.

The crisis of 3 years in a child is not at all a manifestation of harmfulness or negative heredity, but a natural need to test oneself, to consolidate a sense of willpower and self-importance. This is a life stage, without which the formation of a child's personality is impossible. The crisis of three years is one of the most famous and studied crises in the development of a little man. And this is good: you can find a lot of information, learn different points of view, carefully prepare for such a period in the life of your baby.

Good to know

The crisis of three years in children should simply be waited out like a storm, experienced like an earthquake and endured like a disease. So your motto for this year is patience, patience and patience!

Calm, only calm

The main manifestations of the crisis, disturbing parents, usually consist in the so-called "affective outbursts" - tantrums, tears, whims. Recommendations for behavior in such situations will be the same: do nothing and do not decide until the baby is completely calm. However, there are many babies who are able to "fight in hysterics" for a long time, and few mother's hearts can withstand this picture. Therefore, it may be useful to "pity" the child: hug, put on his knees, pat on the head. This method usually works flawlessly, but you should not abuse it. After all, the child gets used to the fact that his tears and whims are followed by “positive reinforcement”. And once he gets used to it, he will use this opportunity to get an additional "portion" of affection and attention. It is best to stop the beginning tantrum by simply switching attention. At the age of three, babies are very receptive to everything new, and a new toy, cartoon, or offer to do something interesting can stop the conflict and save your nerves.

Trial and error method

Let your child make mistakes now, before your very eyes. This will help him avoid many serious problems in the future. But for this, you yourself must see in your baby, yesterday's baby, an independent person who has the right to go his own way and be understood. It was found that if parents limit the manifestations of the child's independence, punish or ridicule his attempts at independence, then the development of the little man is disturbed: and instead of will, independence, a heightened sense of shame and insecurity is formed. Of course, the path of freedom is not the path of connivance. Define for yourself those boundaries that the child does not have the right to go beyond. For example, you can't play on the roadway, you can't skip naps, you can't walk through the forest without a hat, etc. You must adhere to these boundaries under any circumstances. In other situations, give the baby the freedom to act on his own mind.

freedom of choice

The right to make your own decision is one of the main signs of how free we feel in a given situation. A three-year-old kid has the same perception of reality. This will allow the child to form the qualities necessary in life, and you will be able to cope with some of the negative manifestations of the crisis of three years. Does the kid say “no”, “I won’t”, “I don’t want” to everything? Then don't force it! Offer him two options to choose from: draw with felt-tip pens or pencils, walk in the yard or in the park, eat from a blue or green plate. You will save your nerves, and the child will enjoy and be sure that his opinion is taken into account. The kid is stubborn, and you can’t convince him in any way? Try to "stage" such situations in "safe" conditions. For example, when you are not in a hurry and can choose from several options. After all, if the kid manages to defend his point of view, he gets confidence in his abilities, the significance of his own opinion. Stubbornness is the beginning of the development of the will, the achievement of the goal. And it is in your power to direct it in this direction, and not make it a source of "donkey" character traits for life. It is also worth mentioning the “do the opposite” technique known to some parents. Tired of the endless “no”, “I don’t want” and “I won’t”, the mother begins to energetically convince her baby of the opposite of what she is trying to achieve. For example, "under no circumstances go to bed", "you must not sleep", "do not eat this soup". With a small stubborn three-year-old, this method often works. However, is it worth using it? Even from the outside, it looks very unethical: a child is the same person as you, however, using your position, experience, knowledge, you deceive and manipulate him. In addition to the issue of ethics, here we can recall another point: the crisis serves the development of the individual, the formation of character. Will a child who is constantly "cheated" in this way learn something new? Will he develop the necessary qualities in himself? This can only be doubted.

A game

Increased independence is one of the features of the three-year crisis. Parents can really help the child overcome the crisis faster, make it less painful for the baby himself and for everyone around him. This can be done in the game. It was her great psychologist and expert on child development, Eric Erikson, who compared it with a “safe island”, where the baby can “develop and test his independence, independence.” The world learns through games. Don't forget about it. With the help of the game, you can not only teach him etiquette or rules of conduct, but also make him do what he does not want. For example, if he refuses to eat, then offer to feed toys that will only eat with him. Use it.

The age crisis is a turning point in a child's life. He will need your love, care and tenderness more than ever. Therefore, do not be stingy, let him feel that he is loved by you.

Physical development of a child at 3 years old

Can stand on tiptoe (socks) for a few seconds. Walks on tiptoe for at least 3 meters. Must be able to stand on one leg for at least 3-4 seconds.

Jumps over a line on the floor. By the age of three, and often even earlier, he independently climbs the stairs, alternating legs: he puts one foot on each step when climbing up. He descends more carefully, placing two feet on each step. Can jump down the last step by keeping both feet together.

Throws and catches the ball. At 3.5 years old, all children must catch a ball thrown from a distance of 2 meters.

He rides a tricycle, pedaling. If the baby does not have a bicycle, you can check the coordination using a test.

Test
If shown and explained well, the baby can perform two different actions at the same time - stomp their feet and clap their hands.

3 year old skills

He dresses and wears himself. Fastens buttons, except for inconvenient ones, for example, on the back. Some children can be taught to tie their shoelaces. Undresses independently. Knows how to fold his clothes before going to bed.

Notices the mess in his clothes. Knows how to use a handkerchief and napkin as needed without being reminded. Knows how to wipe his feet at the entrance to the apartment. Self-washes hands with soap and dries them with a towel. Some children brush their own teeth, but most still need help squeezing toothpaste onto the brush. Inserts a key into door lock(from two years old), turns the key in the door lock. In the daily life of the family, he is active: he likes to help adults with cleaning the house, shopping, working in the garden and garden. You can entrust the child to carry the dishes and set the table.

Regulates its physiological needs- goes to the toilet on time. Does everything on his own (undressing, sitting down, dressing), except for using toilet paper.

Eats carefully with a spoon and fork. Holds them by the end of the handle.

3 year old child play

Assembles a pyramid of eight to ten rings according to a pattern or pattern (in descending order of size, in size and color, in shape and size). Builds a tower of eight to nine cubes.

Selects flat geometric shapes to the sample (circle, rectangle, triangle, trapezium, oval, square). Some of them are called: circle, triangle, square, etc.

At the show, at the request of an adult, or in an independent game, he collects sequentially (puts the smaller one into the larger one) nesting dolls, bowls, molds, caps from four to five components (that is, he can put 3-4 nesting dolls into each other). When nesting shapes, you should no longer use brute force. He understands well how to insert an object, which part or side of it to bring to another object. But you may also need help to close the matryoshka and combine the patterns on its two halves.

When presented with three objects of different sizes, he finds and can name large, small and medium. Determines the object by texture (soft, hard).

From cubes, a designer or auxiliary materials, he begins to make more complex story buildings and calls them: a house, a fence, a car, a bridge, etc. He builds not only on his own or according to an adult’s speech instruction, he can build according to a model or drawing, copies the model. Uses these buildings for a board game with plot toys (car, bear, doll).

At this age, you can already start buying the simplest board games for your child.

Seeks to play with other children. It becomes important for the child to participate in a collective role-playing game. When distributing roles, elders readily play the role assigned to him: "You will be a bunny." Willingly performs tasks in the game. Follows the rules in outdoor games. Demonstrates an understanding of taking turns when playing with children. There is a tendency to have friends. Kindly treats children: does not grab toys, does not take without asking, shares his toys. For the further development of the child, it is useful to organize communication with other children and attend kindergarten. As stated earlier, girls get used to kindergarten better. For boys, the start of kindergarten can be delayed until 3.5 years.

Improved independent role-playing game. For example, while playing with a doll or a bear, a child can say “I am a mother”, “I am a doctor”, that is, he takes on a certain role. Dressing and undressing dolls. Shows imagination in the game (chair - car, cube - soap). Due to the imagination, he can carry out game actions without objects. Fantasizes in the game, introducing into it fairytale heroes. In the game, he calls himself some kind of character. Answers an adult's question: "Who are you?" He talks a lot during the game, commenting on his actions or what he imagines in the game. Uses role-playing speech in the game. Speaks for himself and for the doll.

draws
Correctly holds the pencil with the fingers of the dominant hand, copies from the sample, draws horizontal and vertical lines, closed shapes (circle, sun, apple). According to the show, he can draw a cross, but not every child can copy it. Copying differs from drawing by show in that when copying, the child does not see how you draw yourself. The child copies from the drawing you have already drawn. Therefore, copying is a more difficult task than drawing from your show.

After your show, he begins to draw a two-part man, with a pair of limbs, for example, two hands, counted as one part. He usually draws either the torso and head, or the torso and legs, most often a “cephalopod” - a man without a torso.

He begins to paint on his own. Explains what he is drawing (sun, path, rain, etc.). Starts to paint over the drawings. Shows interest in drawing and modeling. Rolls out lumps of clay, plasticine in the palms, connects the parts. Sculpts simple shapes (ball, column, sausage, bagel). Calls them in response to the question: “What is this?” He rejoices in his actions when he succeeds. Gets upset when he can't do something.

Mental development of a child at 3 years old

He shows a sense of pride in himself (“I run best of all”), for parents (“dad is the strongest”, “mother is the most beautiful”). Begins to understand humor - laughs, perplexed. Emotionally reacts differently to beautiful, ugly: notices, distinguishes, evaluates.

Emotionally evaluates the situation: empathizes (if someone is hurt), helps (if you need help), sympathizes, behaves quietly (if someone is sleeping, tired). He notices grief, discontent, joy of adults or children. Emotionally empathizes with the characters when listening to fairy tales, watching children's performances, cartoons (he is happy, sad, angry, grimaces from "pain", etc.).

Experiencing a feeling of chagrin, shame. He understands that he did something bad (did not have time to go to the toilet, spilled water), expects a negative assessment from an adult. Worries if scolded. Long can be offended by the punishment. He understands when someone else is doing something wrong. Gives an emotionally negative assessment: “You can’t offend (break, tear, take away, fight).”

Can be jealous, offended, intercede, angry, cunning, mischievous.

Shows shyness with characteristic facial expressions, especially when a stranger addresses him. Wary of unfamiliar animals, individuals, new situations. There may be fears, fear of the dark.

A sense of caution and an understanding of danger are formed. Begins to navigate in terms: dangerous - safe, harmful - useful. However, even at this age, it is necessary to continue to explain to the child the possible dangers, as described in the previous stage “2 years 6 months”. Performs verbal instructions consisting of four to five steps. Becomes more accommodating, begins to understand the difference between the past and the future, and realizes the possibility of postponing the immediate fulfillment of their desires for the future. Makes attempts to put things in order around him. At proper upbringing shows emotional restraint: does not scream in public places, calmly crosses the street with an adult, does not run along the sidewalk, calmly listens to the request of an adult and fulfills it, stops crying when there is a reasonable prohibition.

At the same time, he can be disobedient, emotionally tense when movements are limited, when adults do not understand his requests and desires. Can be assertive in their demands. Often repeats: "I myself." Compared to the “2 years 6 months” stage, all children should already clearly understand the quantitative ratio (one and many). A test can be done to test this understanding.

Test
Put one item on the table (preferably a candy), and on the other side - a few candies; then ask the child to show: “Where is one candy, and where is a lot?” In the future, the idea of ​​​​numbers expands. The child shows and says: "One, two, three, many, few."

Begins to distinguish between right and left sides, although he may still be mistaken. The leading hand (right-handedness or left-handedness) is determined in the interval of 20 months - 4 years. In the second half of life, there may be transient left-handedness in right-handed children.

He understands the difference between his own and someone else's, learns to share with others. He understands that his things should be returned back, and other people's toys (for example, in the kindergarten) do not belong to him, they must be returned. Knows the names of body parts (head, neck, back, chest, abdomen, arms, legs, fingers). Knows the purpose of body parts: “eyes look”, “ears listen”, “legs walk”.

Knows the names of the same parts of the body in humans and animals: "eyes - for everyone, legs - for a person, paws - for an animal, hands - for a person, wings - for a bird."

During this age period, the child should be fairly well oriented in four colors. Begins to distinguish between black and white colors, selects them according to the model or at the request of an adult: "Give me a red cube, give me a black cube." To the question "What color is the cube?" correctly names 2-3 (sometimes more) colors.

He listens to fairy tales with great interest, has the most favorite ones and demands to repeat them again and again. Likes to watch TV.

Active speech of a child at 3 years old

At three years, natural diversity (variability) in speech development different children is reduced, and all children without any developmental disabilities must meet the requirements below.

Names some animals from the picture, as well as their cubs, household items, clothes, utensils, equipment, plants, etc.

All children at this age should say “I” about themselves: “I went”, “I myself”. Uses the pronouns "you", "we", "mine".

The child should be able to speak in simple, grammatical phrases. Usually phrases consist of three or four words. Begins to combine two phrases into a complex sentence (the main and subordinate parts of the sentence): "When dad comes home from work, we'll go for a walk." Words in phrases can change in numbers and cases. The speech of the child must be understandable to outsiders. He often accompanies his actions with speech. Enters into speech dialogues with children and adults. Briefly tells adults about what he is doing now or has done recently, that is, he is having a conversation consisting of several sentences. Answers the questions of an adult according to the plot picture. Tells a familiar story in a connected way.

Attention!

If at 3 years old a child communicates only with the help of babbling words and fragments of babbling sentences: “gaki” (eyes), “notes” (legs), “eye” (window), “virgins” (door), “uti” (hands) ; “da tina” (give me a car), then an urgent consultation with a neurologist and classes with a speech therapist are necessary (even if the child has successfully passed the preventive examination of the “official” speech therapist).

During this period, the child can learn and repeat short poems (couples and quatrains), short songs and passages from fairy tales. Word creation and a tendency to rhyme appear. Shows a special interest in the conversations of adults among themselves.

Quickly answers the question: "What is your name?" He calls not only his first name, but also his last name. Calls friends by name.

Answers the question: "How old are you?" At first, he only shows on his fingers, and a little later he begins to name his age. Knows his gender. Correctly answers the question: "Are you a boy or a girl?" Begins to distinguish the gender of others.

Asks not only simple questions: “What is this?”, “Who?”, “Where?”, “Where?” Increasingly, cognitive questions appear: “Why?”, “When?”, “Why?” and others. The question "why?" marks new stage mental development of the child. The age of why is coming. Before that, he just got acquainted with the world, and now he seeks to understand this world. How earlier child asked the question “why?”, the more complete his mental development, the later - the more pronounced the delay. If a three-year-old child does not yet ask this question, then parents should ask it themselves and answer it themselves, thereby stimulating the child's cognitive interest.

Child mode at 3 years old

The sleep of a child at 3 years old is practically no different from what it was a year earlier. It is advisable to give at least 10 hours of sleep at night and put a three-year-old child to sleep during the day once every hour or two. Due to increased motor activity and strong impressionability, it is not easy to put children to sleep during the day at this age, but it is better to insist on your own - systematic lack of sleep will not be useful for the child's body.

Before going to bed it is useful to take a bath. Do not forget about hygiene: a baby at 3 years old should already be able to wash himself, brush his teeth, and go to the toilet.

His clothes must be clean and ironed. If the child is dirty, it must be changed immediately. He should know not to walk around in soiled clothes, so he will get used to being neat. For children, it is advisable to purchase clothes only from natural fabrics. Especially, which is in contact with the body, so that it does not cause chafing and irritation. At home, the baby should be dressed in soft, comfortable flannel or knitwear.

At three years old, the baby tries to brush his teeth on his own, under the supervision of adults. Let him do this, while periodically showing him how to move the brush correctly. Particular attention should be paid to the recesses between the teeth, since it is there that most food particles remain and plaque accumulates. The child's teeth should be brushed 2 times a day: in the morning - after breakfast and in the evening - after dinner. During for, after each meal (especially sweet), teach your child to rinse his mouth.

Teach your child to use only their own hygiene items (towel, washcloth, toothbrush, comb, etc.). To prevent diseases, it is better to hang a separate towel for the child. Show him where it hangs and replace it regularly with a clean one.

3 years is the time when most children go to kindergarten. All babies are individual, and therefore it is necessary to decide whether a child of 3 years old can be sent to a kindergarten or not, based on the accompanying circumstances. If you have no other choice - of course, the child will go to kindergarten. If you decide to take your child to the kindergarten, at least for some time before that, go with him to early development groups - so that parting with you is not so abrupt. It is necessary to accustom the baby to the team of peers in advance. Then the kindergarten will be a joy to him: new impressions, new faces, games with peers.

Good to know

Compliance with the daily routine will help facilitate the period of adaptation of the child to kindergarten. Find out in advance what the daily routine is in kindergarten (which the child will go to) and try to stick to it.

How to breastfeed a 3 year old

At the age of three, the child becomes more and more active. The nutrition of the child should be correct, balanced, varied. Many parents mistakenly believe that from the age of 3 it is time for a child to eat all the dishes from an adult table. But digestion at this age is not yet sufficiently developed and it is necessary to continue to be attentive to nutrition. Transferring a child completely to an adult table is not worth it. It is much easier to act wiser - to transfer the whole family to healthy eating thus establishing a common menu for children and adults.

Definitely no need to use a blender anymore when making baby food. Food should be in pieces, make the chewing muscles work and strengthen. But hard food should not be, the child will not be able to chew it well or completely refuse such food.

Nutrition for children 3 years old is also independence. Previously, the baby preferred to open his mouth, seeing a spoon being brought, or spread the puree on the surfaces surrounding him. As he gets older, he gladly demonstrates his skills of independent use of a spoon, likes to eat at the same table with adults, imitates the process of eating, playing with other children or favorite toys.

The daily routine of a 3-year-old child should contain at least 4-5 meals with an interval of three to four hours:

• Breakfast.


• The second breakfast can look like a snack.



• afternoon tea


• Dinner.

Food is digested in the child's stomach on average within 3.5-4 hours, so the intervals between meals should be approximately equal to this time. For children 3-4 years old, the most physiological regimen is with four meals a day: at 8 am - breakfast, at 12 - lunch, at 15.30 - afternoon snack, at 19 - dinner. The total amount of food for the whole day is on average: for children at 3 years old - 1500-1600 g, for children at 4 years old - 1700-1750 g. The total amount of calories should be approximately 1540 kcal.

Good to know

it is important to observe the measure - do not overfeed the child. Long gone are those hungry times when well-fed meant healthy. A child cannot and should not eat an adult portion. Have pity on the child - the habit of overeating in the future can cause many problems, both medical and psychological.

What should be in the diet of a child of three years

Meat products - in the amount of 70 grams per day. Consume daily. It can be rabbit, veal, lean pork, liver, as well as meat products. premium: children's milk sausages, sausages, doctor's boiled sausage. Smoked meat products are contraindicated for peanuts.

From fish and fish dishes (for example, fish cakes) in the amount of 60-70 grams per day. Consume twice a week. Mandatory condition: the fish must be carefully separated from the bones.

From milk and dairy products that the baby needs daily. The composition of this valuable product includes calcium and easily digestible protein, which are very important for the growth and development of the child. You can surprise your baby with new dishes for him: lazy dumplings, cheese mass, cottage cheese casserole, etc.

Porridge - which is desirable to serve the baby for breakfast daily. Why in the morning? Yes, because the cereals from which cereals are prepared consist of useful digestive fibers that improve the functioning of the digestive system, contain vitamins, a number of trace elements that give the baby a boost of energy for the whole day. It is useful for a three-year-old baby to eat oatmeal, buckwheat, pearl barley, wheat and barley porridge, boiled in water or milk.

Boiled eggs. It is contraindicated to give raw eggs to a baby.

Vegetables - which must be consumed by the baby in the amount of three hundred grams daily. It should be potatoes, beets, carrots, onions boiled or stewed. Vinaigrette can be made from vegetables.

Flour products - bread, pasta, pancakes, pancakes, biscuit and oatmeal cookies, which the baby needs in the amount of one hundred grams per day.

Fruits - apples, pears, dried fruits, bananas.

Drinking - natural juices, cocoa, fruit drinks, fruit drinks, tea. Let your baby drink as much as he wants, especially during the hot season. Soda is not recommended, juices are still better and healthier to dilute with water.

Usually, it is at the age of three or four that the first acquaintance of the child with sweets occurs - unless, of course, the parents are their principal opponents. It's no big deal to occasionally give your baby candy (although honey is healthier), but don't do it in between feedings. You can also enjoy marmalade or marshmallows. Chocolate can be given in limited quantities if you are not allergic to it.

Good to know

Sweets should not be given to children at night, since the acid formed in the mouth after sweets contributes to dental caries.

Instead of sweets, you can offer your child dried fruits. They are great for children, rich in minerals such as potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium, but also have some healing properties. Dried apricots are good for the cardiovascular system, and help with constipation, and dried pear is recommended for indigestion and a tendency to diarrhea.

Good to know

When buying dried fruits, do not chase after a beautiful appearance - to improve the presentation, sellers often treat dried fruits with sulfur dioxide or chemical dyes.

Approximately per day, a child of 3–5 years old should receive protein:

• Meat - 100–140 g.


• Fish - 50–100 g.


• Egg - 1/2–1 pc.


• Milk (including the cost of cooking) and kefir - 600 ml.


• Cottage cheese - 50 g, Hard cheese and sour cream - 10–15 g each.

Carbohydrates play an equally important role in the body - this is the main source of energy. To replenish the body in carbohydrates, you need to eat vegetables, fruits, cereals. With insufficient intake of carbohydrates, the body can use proteins for energy needs, which will lead to protein deficiency. In turn, an excess of carbohydrates can lead to obesity, flatulence, hypovitaminosis, water retention in the body. Approximately per day, a child of 3-5 years old should receive carbohydrates:

• Cereals, legumes, pasta - 60 g, flour - 30 g.


• Vegetables - 300 g (do not forget to give children turnips, radishes, garlic, green salad), Potatoes - 150–200 g.


• Fruits and berries - 200 g.


• Dried fruits - 15 g.


• Bread - 80–100 g.


• Sugar (considering it in the composition of confectionery products) - 60–70 g.


• Tea (brewing) - 0.2 g.

The third important ingredient is fat. Their role for the body cannot be overestimated - they are a source of energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and perform a protein-saving function. You should not eat fats more than the norm, because they have a high calorie content, they easily disrupt the functioning of the digestive organs. Approximately per day, a child of 3–5 years old should receive fats: Vegetable oil - up to 30 g, Butter - up to 10 g.

Good to know

The most harmful are fats formed when heated. vegetable oil. Therefore, what really needs to be limited in the child's diet is food fried in a large amount of oil (chips, french fries, fast food), as well as margarine and all products prepared with its use - cookies, pastries.

Micro-, macro-elements and vitamins have no nutritional value for the body, but are essential for the structure of bones and teeth, the immune system, for the health of the skin, eyes, for metabolic processes, osmotic pressure, acid-base state. Therefore, you need to drink mineral water, eat varied, eat vegetables and fruits every day and be sure to add dill, parsley, onion and celery to salads.

Recipes:

Ingredients per 500 g (three small servings):

• 120 g noodles or pasta or vermicelli.


• 180 g cottage cheese 9% (1 pack).


• 1 egg.


• 2 tablespoons of sugar.


• 10 g sour cream.


• 1 tbsp breadcrumbs.


• Butter for greasing the mold.


• Sour cream for serving.

Boil a liter of water in a small saucepan, salt it a little. Cook the noodles in boiling water until cooked through according to package instructions (usually noodles will cook for 8-10 minutes). Drain the water, put the noodles in a large bowl.

Add cottage cheese and sugar to the hot noodles, mix them with a spoon until the cottage cheese has no large pieces.

Add the egg and mix again.

Grease the mold with oil and sprinkle the bottom and sides of the mold with breadcrumbs, shake off the excess breadcrumbs. Put the noodles with cottage cheese in a mold and smooth. Brush the top of the casserole with sour cream and sprinkle with a little breadcrumbs.

Preheat the oven to 200 degrees. Place the casserole in the oven and bake for about 30-35 minutes until the casserole is browned. Remove the casserole and let it stand for 15 minutes, then cut into pieces and serve with sour cream.

How to develop a child at 3 years old

Any classes with a child of 3 years old should be carried out in a playful way, without the use of coercion in any form. The kid must show interest in the educational game and enjoy it, otherwise he will lose interest in it and stop playing it altogether. Spend no more than 15 minutes on any active activity. Do not demand that a child at 3 years old complete the task "no matter what" - this can lead to overwork. Encourage your child's achievements - give him postcards or homemade medals. You can make a letter at the end of the cycle of classes, sign and reward the child with it.

Use a variety of didactic aids - layout books, bingo or dominoes with pictures, books with expressive illustrations, books with windows, board games with pictures, wall calendars and posters with useful information(animals, plants, numbers, seasons). Sand appliqué kits, paper appliqués. You can offer your child children's scissors - at the age of three, children begin to cut out simple shapes, for safety reasons, let the games with scissors take place under your supervision.

Creative kits - pencils, crayons, plasticine, clay, lacing games, colored paper kits, stickers, watercolors. An easel is great for drawing. It is very convenient to use paper in rolls, it can be rolled out on the floor and create more space for creativity.

What toys to choose for a child at 3 years old

At this age, children prefer more complex and functional toys. Toys for motor development - balls, gymnastic sticks, pull-up toys, bicycles, swimming circles, skittles and others.

For the development of design abilities - toys consisting of geometric shapes, opening and closing toys, cubes, pyramids, Lego with large parts, sand molds and others.

Toys for role-playing and story games - sets of a doctor, a fireman, a hairdresser, a builder, a teacher's shop, a set of children's dishes, toy vegetables, fruits, cars, houses, dolls, animals and others.

Despite the fact that the child is already big, try to give him time. Play and study with him. Praise for efforts more often and then his successes will not keep you waiting.

Get the projector...

Good to know

Modern cartoons on TV or DVD, this is certainly good. But it will be even better if you have old filmstrips and a projector. Children are very fond of watching such homemade cartoons on the wall or on a white sheet. There is a certain amount of mystery and mystery in this process. Moreover, the old Soviet cartoons are interesting and very kind. It is important for a child that mom or dad are nearby, who at this moment look like good wizards.

Outdoor games

An example of such games:
Walk like geese or other animals.
Walk on all fours.
Work out on the Swedish wall or on the whole home sports complex - with rings, a trapezoid, crossbars, rope ladders, a rope.
Play volleyball with an inflatable or balloon.
Play bowling.
Walk with a soft toy or a book on your head.

Do I need to go to the clinic at 3 years old

At the age of three, the child undergoes an in-depth medical examination - clinical examination, especially if he goes to kindergarten.

The three-year medical examination includes:

• Examination by a pediatrician, neurologist, ophthalmologist, ENT doctor, orthopedic surgeon, dermatologist, speech therapist, dentist, possibly a gynecologist.


• Laboratory examination - clinical analysis of blood, urine, coproscopy, examination of scrapings for enterobiasis (or feces for helminth eggs).

If a child is vaccinated according to the national vaccination schedule, then no routine vaccinations are carried out at three years of age.

A three-year-old child can dress and wash independently. Communicates with other children in the game, can follow simple rules. Very inquisitive and seeks independence.

Newborn baby

The main thing that a newborn needs is bodily contact with the mother, warmth and breastfeeding. These needs will be the most important throughout the entire neonatal period - the first month of life.

Baby 1 month

The main achievements of the first month are weight gain from 500 to 1500 g, attempts to keep the head in the supine position and eye contact with the mother.

Baby 2 months

A two-month-old baby is very sociable and mobile: he smiles at his mother, reports his condition with various sounds and waves his arms and legs with might and main, sometimes hitting a suspended toy.

Baby 3 months

In a three-month-old baby, the rhythm of feedings and dreams is already well traced. The child actively communicates with close smiles and sounds, loves to explore his hands and confidently lies on his stomach, leaning on his forearms.

Baby 4 months

At 4 months, most children can roll over and are increasingly interested in the world around them: their vision acquires an "adult" quality, and their hands are able to grab a toy.

Baby 5 months

A five-month-old baby is preparing to crawl - spins around the navel, rolls. May be interested in adult food. Often the first tooth is on the way.

Baby 6 months

At 6 months, they begin to introduce the baby to new food - they offer the first complementary foods. The child intensively communicates with loved ones, babbles, begins to manipulate toys in various ways.

Baby 7 months

At 7 months, some children are already crawling well, others are just trying to tear their bodies off the floor. Some master sitting before crawling. Many stand up with support.

Baby 8 months

An eight-month-old child, when asked to find an object, looks for it with a glance. The first onomatopoeic words appear. Most crawl well, can get up with support from a sitting position.

Baby 9 months

The kid can stand and step over, holding on to the support. A "tweezer grip" appears - the child can now take objects large and index fingers. Gums and teething teeth need increased chewing load.

Baby 10 months

At 10 months, many babies take their first steps. The kid is fascinated by picking up items in boxes and scattering them, closing and opening lids.

Child 11 months

At 11 months, many children begin to walk and master the actions with objects that correspond to their purpose: the doll is put to bed, goods are transported by car. Some children have their first words.

Child 1 year old

A one-year-old baby understands and fulfills simple requests, imitates the actions of children and adults, manipulates with a pyramid, cubes.

Child 1 year 3 months

The child actively and varied moves, knows how to run. Learns to use a spoon, knows how to drink from a cup. Compared to the first year of life, it almost stops in weight gain and growth.

Child 1.5 years

At a year and a half, the baby speaks about 40 words, the first sentences may appear. Interested in books - looking at pictures, turning pages. Learns to use pencils, begins to master dressing skills.

Child 1 year 9 months

At this age, the baby is usually already oriented in simple shapes and colors, watching with interest the children playing (“playing nearby”). Can finish the last words in familiar verses.

Child 2 years old

By this age, many children master the potty, learn to eat neatly themselves. The child can listen to the explanations of the adult, some children begin to ask questions.

Child 2.5 years

At two and a half years, children begin to say "I" about themselves. The kid can learn to ride a tricycle, throw and catch a ball, draw and sculpt from plasticine with pleasure.

Child 3 years old

A three-year-old child can dress and wash independently. Communicates with other children in the game, can follow simple rules. Very inquisitive and seeks independence.

By the age of 3, a child usually masters a tricycle, swings on a swing, and rolls on a sled. Knows how to play with peers, share toys. For children 3 years old, it is easy to perform two actions at the same time: for example, stomp and clap. A child of 3 years old is not afraid to swim, supported by an adult. The following tricks and movements can be included in games for children 3 years old: stepping over obstacles on the floor (blocks) in alternating steps, walking along an inclined board, jumping over a line on the floor, long jumping from a place on two legs, jumping from a small height. A three-year-old child runs, jumps, throws and catches the ball with pleasure.

Height and weight of a child 3 years old data of domestic pediatricians

Height and weight of children aged 3 years WHO data

Cognitive development of a child of 3 years

Distinguishing objects by features:
At 3 years old, the child correctly names four primary colors and some shades of colors.
Oriented in seven colors of the spectrum (knows black and white colors), finds according to the model, at the request of an adult.
A three-year-old child collects sequentially (puts the smaller one into the larger one) nesting dolls, bowls, molds, caps from four to six components (at the show, at the request of an adult, in an independent game).
Games for a child of 3 years old can be based on the selection of flat geometric shapes for a sample (circle, rectangle, triangle, trapezoid, oval, square).
Clearly orientated in the configuration of three-dimensional geometric shapes (selects to the holes corresponding in shape). He names some of them: ball, cube, prism ("roof"), cylinder ("column"), brick, cone.
Identifies by touch (in the game) and names familiar geometric or other shapes.
At the age of 3, a child assembles a pyramid of eight to ten rings according to a pattern or pattern (in descending order of size, in size and color, in shape and size).
Finds and can name a large, small object, medium - between them.
Determines the object by texture (soft, hard).
Composes a picture from two parts (in class).
Selects a mosaic to a simple pattern.
Remembers and indicates the place where the toy removed by the adult stood (in a joint game).
Imitates the writing of an adult (imitates).
At 3 years old, a child can add the missing details to an adult’s drawing (a stem to a flower, a leaf to a branch).
Draws circles, ovals, draws lines, depicts rectangular objects; paint over; mimics the pattern.
Draws on his own. Explains what he is drawing (sun, path, rain, etc.).
Rolls out lumps of clay, plasticine in the palms; connects the parts.
Sculpts simple shapes (ball, column, sausage, bagel).
Performs a simple application from ready-made forms.

Game actions (the beginning of a role-playing game):
A three-year-old child takes the initiative in the game (creativity). Can "take a role" (calls herself in the game "mother", "doctor", etc.). Aware of their role in the game.
Fantasizes in the game (introduction of a fairy-tale character).
Plays calmly with other children using substitute items.
Imitates other children (in any games).
Follows the rules in outdoor games.
He builds a house, a fence, a car, a bridge, etc. from cubes (according to a model, according to a drawing, according to a speech instruction, according to a plan).
Uses various three-dimensional geometric shapes in building games and construction, plays with buildings with toys.

Social and emotional development of a child of 3 years

Wants to be good, waiting for praise, approval, emotionally positive reinforcement from an adult.
Shows initiative and independence.
Experiences emotional satisfaction if he was able to accomplish something. Satisfied when praised.
Shows a sense of pride for himself ("I run best of all"), for parents ("dad is the strongest", "mother is the most beautiful").
Curious, curious.
The long-term memory of a 3-year-old child is based on previous emotional experiences; memories may arise from the last year.
Shows emotional restraint: does not scream in public places, calmly crosses the street with an adult, does not run along the sidewalk, calmly listens to the request of an adult and fulfills it, stops crying with a reasonable ban.
Disobedient, emotionally tense with restriction of movements, with a lack of understanding by adults of his requests and desires. Can be assertive in their demands.
Worries if scolded. Long can be offended by the punishment.
Experiencing a feeling of chagrin, shame. He understands that he did something bad (did not have time to go to the toilet, spilled water); expects a negative assessment from an adult.
He understands when someone else is doing something wrong. Gives an emotionally negative assessment ("It is impossible: to offend, break, tear, take away, fight").
Can be jealous, offended, intercede, angry, cunning, mischievous.
Owns non-verbal ways of emotional communication. He expresses his feelings with his eyes, facial expressions, tone, gestures, expressive movements, postures.
Emotionally expresses imaginary situations (in the game).
Speech saturates with emotionally expressive shades (often by imitation).
Denotes his own emotional states: laughing, afraid, frozen.
There may be fears, fear of the dark.
Begins to understand humor (laughs, perplexed).
Emotionally empathizes with the characters when listening to fairy tales, watching children's performances, cartoons (he is happy, sad, angry, winces from "pain", etc.).
Emotionally responsive (experiences pleasure) to music, singing, artistic word. Sings along, dances (transmits the rhythm). Responds to changes in music - moves differently (circling, crouching, waving, clapping, stomping).
Emotionally reacts differently to familiar and unfamiliar musical or artistic works, when looking at illustrations.
Prefers cheerful music and songs, bright drawings.
Shows interest in drawing and modeling.
Experiencing emotional satisfaction from outdoor games.
Emotionally reacts differently to beautiful, ugly (notices, distinguishes, evaluates).
Emotionally anticipates the result of some actions (own or other people).
Gets upset when he can't do something.
He rejoices in his skillful actions when he succeeds.
Friendly, emotionally open, trusting to people. He is interested in their actions (cases), answers if they ask about something.
Remembers kind and harsh people (emotionally responsive and emotionally restrained).
Shows shyness with characteristic facial expressions, especially when a stranger addresses him.
Understands the state of others based on their emotional experience.
Emotionally evaluates the situation: empathizes (if someone is hurt), helps (if you need help), sympathizes, behaves quietly (if someone is sleeping, tired).
He notices grief, discontent, joy of adults or children.
Imitates facial expressions, voice intonations, emotional and expressive movements of close adults.
Imitates the emotional behavior of peers (can copy more noisy, noisy).
Kindly treats children: does not grab toys, does not take without asking, shares his toys.
Enjoys socializing with peers. There is an interest in joint games.
Expresses sympathy for some children.
Wary of unfamiliar animals, individuals, new situations.

Speech development of a child at 3 years old (up to 1500 spoken words)

pronounces complex sentences when communicating. Uses words to express desires, feelings, impressions.
Speaks in simple, grammatical sentences.
His actions are often accompanied by speech. Begins to use subordinate clauses (not always).
Words change by numbers and cases. Asks cognitive questions: "Where?", "Where?", "Why?", "When?" and others. Easily repeats unfamiliar words and phrases after adults. Quickly learns poems, songs, excerpts from fairy tales. He pronounces many sounds correctly (vowels and simple consonants).
Word creation and a tendency to rhyme appear. Enters into speech dialogues with children and adults. Answers the questions of an adult according to the plot picture. Names some animals (their cubs), household items, clothes, utensils, equipment, plants and more from the picture.
Tells a familiar story in a connected way. It conveys in words, gesture, intonation the content of a fairy tale, nursery rhyme, song, poem. He speaks about a book, an event (after questions and from memory).
Can prove, think out a sentence said by an adult.
Quickly answers the question: "What is your name?". Knows his last name.
Answers the question: "How old are you?". Shows on fingers.
Distinguishes and names people by belonging to a certain gender, by age (boy, uncle, grandfather, girl, aunt, grandmother).
Knows his gender: boy or girl; calls after a question from an adult.
Knows the names of body parts (head, neck, back, chest, abdomen, arms, legs, fingers).
Knows the purpose of body parts (answers questions): "eyes look", "ears listen", "legs walk").
Knows the names of the same parts of the body in humans and animals: "eyes - for everyone, legs - for a person, paws - for an animal, hands - for a person, wings - for a bird."
In the game, he calls himself some kind of character. Answers the question of an adult: "Who are you in the game?".
When playing, he accompanies his actions with words.
Uses role-playing speech in the game. Speaks for himself and for the doll.
He recognizes and names the whole image by detail (by the trunk - an elephant, by the trousers - a boy).
Has an idea about the number, shows and says: "one, two, three, many, few."
Anticipates the result (thinking possibilities). Uses means to achieve a goal.
Able to observe for a long time, focus attention, get involved in their activities.
Begins to distinguish between right and left sides (may be mistaken).
Generalizes objects according to their properties (who (what) flies? who (what) swims?).
Moves from calling himself in the third person to the pronoun "I".
Shows a special interest in the conversations of adults among themselves.
He listens for a long time to a fairy tale read or told by adults or recorded on audio cassettes.

Household skills of a child of 3 years

She dresses on her own with a little help from an adult.
Undresses independently; folds her clothes before going to bed.
Fastens several buttons.
Tie (tie) shoelaces.
Knows the purpose of many objects, their location and purpose.
Performs assignments of two or three actions (take, put, bring).
Can wash hands with soap, wash, dry with a towel.
Notices the mess in his clothes.
Uses a handkerchief.
He wipes his feet at the entrance to the apartment.
Regulates its physiological needs.
Eats carefully.
Holds a spoon by the end of the handle.
Uses a napkin.
Does not leave the table until the end of the meal.
Doesn't interfere with others at the table.
Says "thank you", says hello, says goodbye.