Advertising on the portal

The use of tautology in literature as an artistic device. Tautology and pleonasm, speech redundancy United union tautology or pleonasm

In Russian, there are concepts of speech insufficiency and speech redundancy. Speech deficiency occurs when the meaning of speech is lost if one or another word is omitted, for example: He helped his parents in the field, although it was only the eleventh year. It would be more correct to say: he was in his eleventh year.

Speech redundancy is the repeated transmission of the same thought. It can take the form of pleonasms, which often appear when one-valued words are combined, for example: long and prolonged, courageous and courageous.

Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmós - excess), the use of words that are unnecessary for semantic completeness. Pleonasm violates the norms of lexical compatibility, is used by the authors, in our opinion, most often as a stylistic device to make speech expressive.

Pleonasm is common in colloquial speech. Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, a period of time, an exhibit (Latin exponatus means "exposed"), people's democracy (democracy translated from Greek "power of the people").

Also, pleonasms are often found in phraseological phrases: to walk with a shaking, crowded, eat with food. Such pleonasms do not contradict the literary norm.

Typical examples of pleonasm are phrases: first premiere (enough premiere - “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air (enough air - “a mixture of gases that form the Earth’s atmosphere”), return back (the verb “return” indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad (enough to import - “import from abroad”).

Ancient stylistics sums up the verbosity of speech under three concepts: perissology - the accumulation of words of the same meaning, as a rule, synonyms; macrology - the burden of speech with unnecessary explanations, such as subordinate clauses; tautology - the literal repetition of words of equal meaning.

The latest stylistics applies to all these concepts a common designation - tautology.

Tautology and pleonasm are almost the same thing. But there are subtle differences that separate these concepts. If pleonasm is precisely verbal redundancy, then tautology is an identity word.

Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same thing and logos - a word), a combination or repetition of the same or similar words in meaning, for example: the true truth, entirely and completely, is removed further and further. Often has the appearance of unnecessary repetition. Especially often the name "tautology" is used where there is a repetition of words with the same root.

Tautology can manifest itself at different levels.

Often occurs at the level of vocabulary: in the end (correctly “in the end” or “enough in the end”).

A peculiar manifestation of tautology can be found at the level of grammar, for example, in the formation of the comparative degree of adjectives: more important (it is a grammatical error since the comparative degree is formed using the suffix -ee or using the word more). Sometimes when forming a superlative degree, for example: “However, no matter how interesting, no matter how wonderful the thoughts that Tyutchev directly expresses in his poems, the thoughts thought out by him, conscious - much more remarkable is the innermost content of his poetry, which he put into poetry unconsciously, by virtue of a secret creative intuition” (V. Bryusov “Far and Near”)

Often in everyday colloquial speech, a tautology is a lexical error. This happens if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic goals and is of an accidental nature: to put together, to dance a dance, to treat sports in a sporty way, to confirm the statement. There was a lexical error in the phrase “my autobiography”, it was enough to say “autobiography”, since the word itself implies an independent description of a person’s life.

Every day, some tautological phrases are used more and more widely in colloquial speech, for example, "ask a question." Tautology is meaningless and empty as such, it does not carry any information, and people try to get rid of it as unnecessary ballast that clutters up speech and makes communication difficult.

Thus, the use of tautology in colloquial speech is a mistake, and in journalism and fiction, tautology is allowed as a means of speech, giving it expressiveness and the desired shade, carrying a specific semantic load.

In folklore, the repetition of complex sentences or isolated groups of words is often found, which is used to enhance the emotional sound of a phrase. Such repetitions are called a refrain, in folklore this technique is traditional, so the question “can a refrain be considered a kind of tautology” remains open.

In the practical part of this work, we will conduct a study by studying tautology in literary works of various genres and authors.

Analytical part

Study Description

Our research consists of several stages:

1. The study of tautology in oral folk art, namely in songs, fairy tales, legends, epics.

2. The study of tautology in proverbs and sayings.

3. The study of tautology in the literary works of various authors.

4. The study of modifications of tautology, ranging from its use in oral folk art to its use in the literary works of various authors.

In this study, we used the method of comparative analysis.

Study

Our distant ancestors knew very well about tautology as a technique of artistic expressiveness and expressiveness of speech: one-alone, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiya, bitter grief. Near Chernigov, the silushki are black-black, black-black, blacker than a crow (“The Nightingale the Robber”); O light-bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! ("Word about the destruction of the Russian land"). Tautology in folklore gives a sound repetition, the so-called alliteration. Alliteration gives folklore expressiveness.

In the collection of Russian folk tales by A. N. Afanasyev, there is a fairy tale called “Wonderful, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful”, where you can see two tautological turns at once.

Tautology is found not only in Russian folklore, it can also be found, for example, in Korean folk tales: “A girl went to the lake, cries, sheds tears, her father is no more, he drowned in the lake” (“Lake Zhangche”), in Celtic poetry, which widely uses tautology as an artistic device: “. For in battle, in struggle and in battle, it seemed to him that they were equal. “It is easier to fall from a spear of strength, courage and combat dexterity than from a spear of disgrace, shame and reproach” (“Irish Sagas”, translated by A. Smirnov).

Tautology occupies a special place in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service; free will; not to be heard, not to be seen; small small less.

Here, the expressiveness and poetry of speech neutralizes semantic redundancy.

In folklore, especially in epics, there is often a repetition of isolated groups of words, for example, in the epic "Sadko":

About thirty thousand money:

How to buy Sadka Novgorod goods,

Bad goods and good ones,

Do not leave the goods for money,

Not a little bit different.

Sadko got up early the next day,

He spoke to the squad to the good:

“Ah, you are a good friend!

Take the golden treasury for food,

Redeem goods in Novegrad!”

And disbanded the squad along the shopping streets,

And he himself went straight to the living room,

How I bought Novgorod goods,

Bad goods and good ones,

Didn't leave any goods for money

Not a little different half a piece!

Similar repetitions, more like a tautology, are present in the literary works of various authors. From V. Ya. Bryusov:

Like a realm of white snow

My soul is cold.

What a strange bliss

In the world of cold sleep!

Like a realm of white snow

My soul is cold.

At K. Balmont ("Lack of verbality"):

Come at dawn to the slope of the slope, -

Coolness smokes over the chilly river,

The bulk of the frozen forest is blackening,

And the heart hurts so much, and the heart is not happy.

Motionless reed. The sedge does not tremble.

Deep silence. Silence of rest.

The meadows run far, far away.

In all fatigue - deaf, dumb.

Enter at sunset, as if into fresh waves,

In the cool wilderness of the village garden, -

The trees are so gloomy-strangely silent,

And the heart is so sad, and the heart is not happy.

This tool is widely used in fiction, usually with the aim of concretizing the details of the narrative or enhancing emotional expressiveness, assessments:

The old fear again seized him all over, from head to toe. (F. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment");

“It’s true, you don’t love me, it’s true, you don’t see anything,” and suddenly she throws herself on my neck, wrapped her arms around me, burst into tears, sobbed! (F. M. Dostoevsky "The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants" part 1, ch. XII Catastrophe);

“I haven’t seen you for a whole week, I haven’t heard from you for such a long time. I crave, I long for your voice. Speak up. (A. Chekhov, "Ionych").

A. Blok in the poem “Solveig! Oh Solveig! Oh, Sunny Way" is a hidden pleonasm: the name "Solveig" belongs to the heroine of H. Ibsen's drama "Peer Gynt", and in Norwegian it means precisely "sunny path", "solar trail".

Especially often tautology is found in works that have a folklore basis: They can’t go back (V. A. Zhukovsky “The Tale of Tsar Berendey, his son Ivan Tsarevich, the tricks of Koshchei the Immortal and the wisdom of Marya-Tsarevna”);

The intentional use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: The law is the law (from the newspaper);

How smart is the mind, how efficient it is,

How terrible is the fear, how dark is the darkness!

How life is alive! How deadly is death!

How youth is young!

(Z. Ezrohi)

Tautology has been used from ancient times to the present day. In folk art, this technique was used especially often, had a special expressive coloring and was a feature of folklore.

Especially often N. Gogol uses tautology in his works:

Is there really such fires, torments and such a force in the world that would overpower the Russian force! ("Taras Bulba");

Allow you not to allow this,” Manilov said with a smile. ("Dead Souls");

They will laugh at my bitter laughter (N. Gogol).

In his works, Gogol uses tautology to convey the appearance and speech characteristics of the hero.

The tautology creates a grotesque that gives a work or episode a fantastic start: In fact, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place is completely smooth, as if it were a freshly baked pancake. Yes, unbelievably even! ("Nose").

Tautology is common in satire, a striking example is the works of M. M. Zoshchenko: a native relative (“You don’t need to have relatives”); Here you are laughing and baring your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilyevna, passionately adore and love you (“Love”).

In his works, M. M. Zoshchenko sometimes uses euphemism. A euphemism (Greek ευφήμη - “praise”) is a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “burden”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate, for example, wife, spouse, that is (“Rich life”).

Non-normative lexical redundancy acts here as a means of speech characteristics of the characters, the author creates a portrait of the hero. With the help of tautology, as well as with the help of euphemisms, the author managed to create a special language of the work, which is clearly different from others.

Conclusion

In order for the reader to better understand the main idea of ​​the work, the author's position writers use various artistic techniques. Often in literary works there is such a technique as tautology. By definition, tautology is a speech error, but the authors use tautology as an artistic device.

“Tautology in many cases enhances the emotional impact of speech if introduced as a justified stylistic device, and not the result of stylistic slovenliness. "(V. Kozlovsky" Dictionary of literary terms ").

Tautology is seen as an extreme, turning into a "vice of style"; the border of this transition is unsteady and is determined by the sense of proportion and the taste of the era. In folklore, tautology acquires stylistic expressiveness, expressive coloring, enhances the poetic side of speech; used in literature to enhance emotional impact; in colloquial speech, they try to avoid it.

Verbosity is incompatible with the concept of "meaningful speech". Sometimes it is very important to briefly and quickly present this or that information. We can safely say that verbosity is a lack of speech, regardless of style and genre.

Verbosity, or speech redundancy, can manifest itself in the use of extra words even in a short phrase. For example: In the past days, snowfalls have passed and a lot of snow has fallen; Why did you come back? Extra words in oral and written speech testify not only to stylistic carelessness, they indicate the fuzziness, uncertainty of the author's ideas about the subject of speech. Verbosity often borders on idle talk. So. sports commentator reports: Athletes arrived at international competitions in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also foreign athletes will participate.

Verbosity forms:

Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess), i.e. the use of words close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words (fell down, the main essence,

everyday routine, uselessly disappears, etc.). Often pleonasms appear when connecting si nonim ov: courageous and courageous, only, in the end. Pleonasms usually arise due to the stylistic negligence of the author. For example: Local forest workers are not limited only to the protection of the taiga, but they also do not allow the richest gifts of nature to be wasted in vain. The underlined words can be deleted without prejudice.

Tautology is a kind of pleonasm (from the Greek tauto - the same and 1ogos - a word) - a repeated designation in other words of an already named concept (multiply many times, resume again, an unusual phenomenon that drives the leitmotif). Explicit tautology arises when repeating single-shell words: May I ask a question? Hidden tautology arises when combining foreign and Russian words that duplicate each other (commemorative souvenirs," debuted for the first time).

The damage to the informative richness of speech is caused by repetition of words. Lexical repetitions often combined with tautology, pleonasms, and usually indicate the author's inability to clearly and concisely formulate an idea. For example: Dormitory - a house in which students live for five long years of their student life; what kind of life this will be depends on the residents of the hostel themselves. But in other cases, lexical repetitions help to highlight an important concept in the text (Live for a century, learn for a century; They pay good for good).

20. Speech redundancy (pleonasm, tautology, repetition of words, sentence length). (Option 2)

Speech redundancy- it's verbosity. It manifests itself in various forms. idle talk, that is, an obsessive explanation of platitudes. For example: “Consumption of milk is a good tradition, not only children eat milk, the need for milk, the habit of milk persists until old age. Is this a bad habit? Should it be abandoned? - No!" Appreciate the informativeness of your own statements! 2. Absurdism. Example: "the corpse was dead and did not hide it." Such statements are called lapalissiads. The origin of this term is not without interest: it was formed on behalf of the French Marshal Marquis La Palis, who died in 1825. The soldiers composed a song about him, which included the following words: "Our commander was still alive 25 minutes before his death." The absurdity of the lapalissiada lies in the self-assertion of a self-evident truth. 3. Pleonasm, that is, the use in speech of words close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words. In other words, pleonasm is about the same thing in different words. “Come back”, “fall down”, “this phenomenon is”, “combine together”, “sang one song together”, “main essence”, “valuable treasure”, “dark darkness”, “everyday routine”, “uselessly disappears”, “foreseeing in advance” - all these are pleonasms. It is probably unnecessary to explain that, for example, "dark darkness" is verbosity, because one of the meanings of the word "gloom" is deep, impenetrable darkness. There are synonymous pleonasms: “long and long”, “courageous and courageous”, “amazing and wonderful”, “kissed and kissed”, “only, only”, “nevertheless, however”, “so, for example”. 4.Tautology, that is, the repetition of single-root words in a sentence. “Tell a story,” “multiply,” “ask a question,” “restart again,” and so on. Often a tautology is formed from the combination of a Russian word with a foreign language, duplicating its meaning: “memorable souvenir”, “driving leitmotif”, “unusual phenomenon”, “debuted for the first time”, “old veteran”, “biography of life”, “his autobiography”, “ultimately”, “minor little things”, “leading leader”, “reciprocal counterattack”, “folklore”, “demobilize from the army”. 5. Word repetition. For example: “The results obtained were close to the results obtained on the ship model. The results showed ... "

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. I want to continue a series of small publications (marginal notes) on the topic of interpretation of phrases and phrases quite often used in the runet. A little earlier, we focused on , and .

Today I want just a few words speak for tautology and pleonasm(the spelling "tuffology" is considered incorrect, although many people pronounce this word exactly like that, making it consonant with "tuffology", which, in general, is not far from the truth).

What is it? What catchphrase has become, in fact, a synonym for tautology, and why is it most often “scold” and not “praised” for this? How is pleonasm different from tautology? Or is it one and the same? All this, of course, with examples, because where would we be without them.

What is tautology and pleonasm?

Translated from the ancient Greek word pleonasm - it's overkill(the use of unnecessary words or phrases for understanding), and tautology - it's a repetition of the same(thoughts, reasons, descriptions) in one sentence (in fact, this is a special case of pleonasm).

This is what can be characterized by the term - speech excesses (errors). They are very often cut ear and pollute our speech.

I emphasize that pleonasm is a more capacious definition, because redundancy (excess) in a sentence can be created, after all, not only by the use of words similar in meaning, but also by phrases that can be safely omitted. An example of such pleonasm, which cannot be called a tautology, such empty phrases can serve:

  1. A cart was driving towards the house (you can remove the phrase “in the direction” and nothing in meaning will change or be lost)
  2. He told me that ... (the phrase “about that” can be omitted without losing the essence and brevity)
  3. Useful skill (the word "useful" is superfluous here, because the skill itself implies "useful skill")

It seems to be trifles, but it is garbage that clogs our brain.

But still, pleonasms most often mean exactly the duplication of meanings, i.e. pure tautology. In addition, such examples are much brighter and more impressive than what has already been given above.

Examples of tautology and pleonasm

Most often, this disgrace occurs when they use cognate words next to each other. This can be called a “childhood illness”, because it is most often inherent in those who are just learning correctly and, what is important, clearly form their thoughts.

Probably, you have already encountered the fact that someone says to someone what they say "butter oil". In fact, this phrase has now become a synonym for the word "tautology" and it is used much more often when they want to point out to a person an obvious shortcoming identified in his speech associated with verbal excesses. “Well, it’s butter oil!” - they say in such cases.

Examples of "single-root" tautology phrases can be:

  1. old man
  2. pay a fee
  3. high altitude
  4. guest on a visit
  5. ask a question
  6. white white
  7. torrential downpour
  8. writer describes
  9. narrator told
  10. smiled a wide smile
  11. earned salary
  12. ringing bell
  13. finish to the end
  14. good-natured good-natured man
  15. smoking smoke
  16. little things
  17. had a disease
  18. opening open

But there is examples of pleonasm(of a tautological sense, i.e. excess due to duplication of meanings, and not due to empty phrases), when they use not words of the same root, but very close in meaning:

  1. negative disadvantage
  2. hot boiling water
  3. more better
  4. very well
  5. meet for the first time
  6. free gift
  7. blonde blonde
  8. dead corpse

Well, and more examples of pleonasm without tautology(just one of the words is superfluous, because it simply cannot be otherwise and it will be unnecessary to clarify):

  1. January month
  2. minute of time
  3. back of the head
  4. prospects for the future
  5. main favorite
  6. industrial industry
  7. blink your eyes

Examples of non-irritating tautologies and pleonasms

However, there are examples when obvious tautology is not annoying at all:

  1. make jam
  2. start over
  3. fasten a clasp
  4. treat a guest
  5. close the lid
  6. lean on one's elbow
  7. white linen
  8. black ink
  9. dreamed in a dream
  10. size disproportion
  11. flowers bloom
  12. serve a service
  13. crowded
  14. present day
  15. highest peaks
  16. stop at a stop
  17. do business
  18. jokes to joke
  19. to sing songs
  20. train with a coach
  21. work work
  22. red paint (both words of the phrase are based on the root "beautiful")

There are also many examples where obvious pleonasms they don’t really look like that anymore because of their frequent and everyday use:

  1. facial expression
  2. go down
  3. to go up
  4. another alternative
  5. crowd
  6. clenched fist
  7. fell down
  8. walk
  9. eventually
  10. I personally
  11. reality
  12. my autobiography
  13. young guy
  14. useful skill (a skill is a "useful skill" in itself)

The latter is explained, most likely, simply by force of habit. If you hear these phrases from childhood, use them yourself and all your people around you, then comments about the fact that this is a tautology will simply look out of place. These phrases no longer cut the ear, like those that are used due to a misunderstanding.

Often "taffeto-phrases" come into our speech from proverbs and sayings:

  1. fairy tale affects
  2. sit back
  3. bitter grief
  4. tremble
  5. live life
  6. eat by eat
  7. guilty without guilt
  8. free will
  9. go to waste
  10. see the views

Very often, use in one phrase leads to well-established (not irritating) tautologies (pleonasms) words borrowed from different languages, but meaning almost the same thing:

  1. exhibition item (an exhibit is, by definition, an “exhibited item”)
  2. people's democracy (democracy is, by definition, "the power of the people")
  3. memorial monument (memorial - this is the monument by definition of the word)
  4. debut for the first time
  5. open vacancy
  6. interior
  7. price list
  8. hospitalize
  9. memorable souvenirs
  10. period of time
  11. full house
  12. import from abroad
  13. first premiere (first debut)
  14. folklore

Beyond the force of habit, a tautology can be used to enhance the effect. This can be seen from most of the examples above. You can also add to them, for example:

  1. firmly firmly
  2. completely
  3. true truth
  4. bitter grief
  5. clearer than ever
  6. Vanity
  7. full full
  8. all sorts of things
  9. ridiculous absurdity

How to avoid tautologies and pleonasms in your speech? Read more (or write, as I do 🙂). Thus, you will inevitably increase your vocabulary and form a culture of speech. Everything is trite, but, unfortunately, in the current 21st century of the Internet, it is not so simple and feasible, because we regularly read only news headlines and messages in social networks of “bookworms” like ourselves.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

You may be interested

What are synonyms, their examples and what they are Polysemantic words are examples of different facets of the Russian language
Context - what is it? Synecdoche is an example of metonymy in Russian Epiphora is a repetition with a special meaning
Oxymoron - what is it, examples in Russian, as well as the correct stress and difference from oxymoron (or axemoron) LOL - what is it and what does lOl mean on the Internet How to spell HARDLY What are antonyms and examples of enriching the Russian language with them Inversion is a beautiful distortion of the Russian language Phrases are semantic constructions of the Russian language

E.N. Gekkina
Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Candidate of Philology

PLEONASM (Greek - excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiya. Also, this tool is widely used in fiction, usually with the aim of concretizing the details of the narrative or enhancing emotions, assessments: Indeed, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place perfectly smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, unbelievably smooth! (N. Gogol, "The Nose"); The old fear gripped him again. everything from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"); - I didn't see you the whole week I didn't hear you so long. I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak up.(A. Chekhov, "Ionych").

2. A kind of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in a sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise. definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book I dedicate to my dad - Sergey Mikhailovich pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to Dad...

Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, because more important means "more important"), first premiere (premier is enough - "the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work"), atmospheric air(air is enough - "a mixture of gases that forms the Earth's atmosphere"), eventually(Right in the end or enough in the end), go back(the verb to return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(it is enough to import - "to import from abroad").

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibit(Latin exponatus means "exposed"), people's democracy(democracy in translation from Greek means "power of the people").

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: - Here you are laughing And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - but I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly welcome you adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, "Love").

TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - the word) - a kind of pleonasm; the use of single-root words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: friendship friendship, A service by service; life to live– not a field to go; free will ; in phraseological turns: walk shaking, crowded, eat by eater .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon fairy tale affects, but not soon the deed is done; sit down sit, bitter grief .

The intentional use of single-root words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky with fur mine laugh "(N. Gogol); " How mind is smart, How business is efficient, // How terrible fear, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young youth! "(Z. Ezrohi)," Law There is law " (from the newspaper).

The tautology is lexical error if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, treat sports in a sporty way, confirm the statement. Usually they say about an unintentional tautology like this: butter oil.


In the eyes of the majority, to repeat is to prove.
A. France

Talking a lot and saying a lot are not the same thing.
Sophocles


The unjustified addition of words is called pleonasm from the Greek pleonasmos- excess.

The addition can be justified when they do not hide repetitions, when they want to better consolidate what was said, it is better to convey the mood. It is better to convey the mood of such additions as the best, the best, true truth, path-road, the best, honest-honest, true true, high-high, cold-precold, clearer than ever…

Pleonasm looks good in jokes: face muzzle, stupid fool, humor joke, free leisure leisure, small insect insect, kleine schweine piglet. A friend called earnings salary salary. I thought it was a joke, but then I found this pleonasm in the official text.

When superfluous words are not used in jest, not for emotional amplification, they make it difficult to understand, obscure the meaning.

They want to show their "education" by verbosity. Unter Prishibeev from Chekhov's story says in court "the drowned corpse of a dead man." With these words, Prishibeev is trying to inflate his worth in front of the judge and the peasants. A familiar philosopher was proud that no one understood his lengthy dissertation. When I studied at the Faculty of Economics of the University, our teacher, a famous academician, gave a five to a student who managed to write the largest paper in 3-4 hours on a written exam. Others could also get an A, but only if the work was of high quality. This academician taught us that one can be an excellent student in economics due to quantity. We all then studied according to Marx, who understood the importance of volume. While working on Capital, on June 18, 1862, he wrote to Engels: “I am greatly increasing this volume, since German dogs measure the value of a book by its volume.”

Of course, if you achieve a large volume by simply repeating the same thing, then you will quickly be figured out. One should repeat imperceptibly, presenting the repetition as something new, as an interpretation, as the dynamics of thought. But when the same thing is presented as different, it is misleading. These disguised repetitions are called tautologies (from the Greek tauto, the same, and logos, word). It deceptively seems that this is not a repetition, but a clarification of the meaning, that along with transportation there are some other transportations, and along with liberal freedoms there are some other freedoms. Tautology is a special case of pleonasm.

A tautology ceases to be a tautology when new meanings are firmly attached to the words of which it is composed. Values ​​that are clearly different from the original. For example, white linen is a tautology only if “linen” means only white fabric, as it was originally. But today the word "underwear" no one understands. Therefore, white underwear is no longer a tautology. The same can be said about red paint and black ink.

Pleonasm can take the form of an over-qualification. And again, this disguised excess leads to false thoughts. It is unnecessary to specify that vegetable chamomile, fish pike, human Chinese, metal iron, and animal lion. After all, there are no non-vegetable daisies, non-fish pikes, non-human Chinese, non-metallic iron and non-animal lions. It is also unnecessary to talk about square quadrangles, Chinese people, iron metal, lion beasts, snow precipitation, children's population, historical memory. Except as a joke.

But such unnecessary clarifications we meet even in laws. Example: cash, debt obligations, penalties, legal options or powers. After all, money is always means, a loan always gives rise to obligations, a fine is always a sanction, a punishment for an offense, and rights are always opportunities. Talking about cash, debt, penalties and legal options is just as bad as talking about apple fruit, pot utensils, trouser clothes, triangular polygons, female people.

The pleonasm of money indicates a poor understanding of what money and means are.

Needless to say, social justice, labor activity, production process, educational or negotiation process, since justice is an exclusively social phenomenon (non-social justice does not exist), labor is always an activity, and activity, including labor and negotiations, is always a process. Needless to say life or science. After all, life is inseparable from activity, just as science is inseparable from teaching.

It is not good to call technology technology. Energy - energy. The environment in which we live is ecology. Growth in production - economic growth. Center - epicenter, genius - congeniality. All these are pleonasms, excesses.

Congeniality is from Ostap Bender. But with Ostap Bender, everything is clear. He is a con man who hypnotized his victims with glib words. Technology is justified in calling the science of technology, but not technology itself. Energy is an industry that generates energy, but not energy itself. Ecology is the science of the environment, but not the environment itself. Economics is the science of the economy, but not the economy itself. And the epicenter can be very far from the center.

The love of verbal excess smacks of fraud, dishonesty or stupidity.

And now the promised hundred in alphabetical order:

1. address of location, address of residence
2. vigorous activity
3. water area of ​​water bodies, water area
4. antagonistic fight
5. appeal
6. arbitration court
7. currency values
8. everything and everyone
9. paid (salary) wages
10. Assurance guarantee, guarantee guarantee
11. heroic deed
12. public policy
13. accounts receivable
14. actions and deeds
15. act in force
16. business transaction
17. paperwork, proceedings
18. democratic republic
19. cash
20. deposit
21. labor, production, entrepreneurial activity
22. debt obligation, debt and duty
23. life activity
24. preset data
25. loan obligation
26. property rights
27. interactive interactions
28. information message
29. execution of a writ of execution
30. true reality
31. historical memory, historical time, historical process
32. punitive repression
33. commercial trade
34. competition
35. credit of trust
36. legitimate law
37. liberal freedoms
38. false utopia, false fiction, false fabrication
39. people and society
40. Boundary signs of borders, borders of the section, section of borders
41. supervision and control
42. taxes and fees, taxation
43. people's democracy, people's republic
44. science
45. indivisible individual
46. ​​illegal bandit formation
47. contractual
48. operational activities, implementation operation
49. experienced expert
50. souvenir
51. soul-searching
52. constant constant
53. political state
54. rights and freedoms, the right to freedom
55. right to legal personality
56. authority, legal opportunity
57. legal justice
58. ownership
59. justice
60. price list, tariffs
61. production of works
62. labor, production, educational, negotiation process
63. works and services
64. permissive license, permits and licenses
65. current account, settlements on the account, settlements with accountable persons
66. reality
67. revolutionary coup
68. registration accounting, accounting registers
69. reorganization of the organization
70. free vacancy
71. service, service
72. dependent maintenance
73. social community, social society, social structure of society
74. social justice
75. just right
76. grace period
77. accounting accounts
78. superstitious belief
79. commodity market
80. transportation
81. management and control
82. economic management
83. Accounting for settlements
84. accounting registration, accounting register
85. accounting and reporting
86. factual circumstances
87. form of registration
88. economic economic mechanism ...
89. holistic (sometimes holistic) system
90. time pressure
91. whole system (sometimes system integrity)
92. private property
93. man and citizen, man and society
94. penalties, fines and penalties
95. economics of the economy (domestic, folk, rural)
96. economics and management
97. vigorous activity
98. epicenter of events
99. etatic (etatist) state, etatic (etatist) policy
100. legal rights, legal justice.

Not everyone recognizes pleonasms in the above expressions. For example, I was told that historical memory- a useful phrase designed to distinguish personal memories from the history of a whole people, which, apart from penalties there is a reprimand or disapproval, and along with in cash there are non-monetary funds. If you agree with my opponents, I will answer such and similar objections in the comments.