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Design of multi-storey residential buildings. Design of residential apartment buildings

Residential buildings, design standards which will be described below, are of different volumetric, planning structure and number of storeys. Between them and the external environment can be formed connections of various nature. The correct determination of the number of storeys of structures, the space-planning structure is important both in architectural and economic terms.

Competent construction and design of residential buildings provides a solution to socially significant problems. Due to this, proper conditions for the life of people are created.

Number of storeys

Design of multi-apartment residential buildings made taking into account, first of all, economic factors. These, in particular, include the need to install elevators, garbage chutes and other elements. They significantly increase the cost of design and construction work. Structures up to 5 floors, and in the northern and southern regions - up to four, are not equipped with elevators. In such buildings, walls, foundation structures, and coatings are rationally used. 4-5-storey buildings are built mainly in medium, small, partly large cities, the population of which is not more than 250 thousand, as well as in settlements for 10 thousand or more people. This ensures the rational use of the territory, transport.

residential building

Creating a building plan includes:

  • pre-project stage. It, in turn, consists of two stages: collection of information and methodological processing of information.
  • sketch stage. In the course of it, a search for a solution is carried out. The draft stage is considered the central link in the design. At this stage, the main idea is formulated.

  • Creative development. This stage is, in fact, design. It can take quite a long time. When developing, the main task is to achieve internal consistency, the relationship of all aspects of the architectural solution. The required parameters of the structure contains.

Progress

Residential building design begins with the spatial interpretation of the functional drawing. In the process of work, all rooms must be divided into certain groups. Their placement horizontally and vertically is determined by the functional links established between them. The grouping scheme, the construction plan, the layout of the distribution of premises are drawn up in accordance with the type of building. The most important and large rooms should form the core of the composition. The planning scheme is drawn in one line. Then they build it on the allocation of the compositional core and structural nodes. After fulfilling the functional requirements, the volumetric structure of the structure is formed.

General plan requirements: basic provisions

Residential building design the average number of storeys is carried out in accordance with the peculiarities of the location of the site in the functional structure of rural, urban and other settlements. The types of the latter are defined in the GK (Article 5). When deciding on the master plan, it is necessary to distinguish between territories - favorable, unacceptable for development and areas where special events are necessary, according to the instructions of SNiP.

Mandatory events

Residential design houses is carried out in compliance with the regulations for:

  • Nature protection.
  • Protection of the area from exhaust gases and highway noise, radiation of a different nature.

Comprehensive work to ensure the protection and improvement of the external environment from the negative impact associated with the implementation of economic and other activities must be provided in accordance with the regulations governing environmental safety.

Options

When designing residential buildings, contractors must provide hydrants to ensure fire extinguishing. The distance between the long parts of four-story structures should be at least 20 m, between them and the ends of buildings with windows - at least 10 m. Structures with apartments on the lower floor must be indented from the red line. It is allowed to place buildings with built-in or attached public areas along it. The recommended ceiling height is 2.8 m.

Entry group

Residential building design includes in the plan:

  • Tamburov. They can be double or single, depending on climatic conditions.
  • Vestibule area.
  • Premises for the attendant at the entrance.

When planning the entrance group, it is necessary to provide for freedom of access to housing for people with limited mobility in accordance with the requirements prescribed in SNiP 35-01.

Lobby

These premises in apartment buildings, except for blocked ones, are divided into built-in / attached, located separately or on a partially unbuilt ground floor. In terms of the location of the lobby may be different. In practice, placement options are used relative to the node of vertically running communications in a structural-planning cell adjacent to the stair-lift system or opposite to it.

Duty room

It must be placed so that it can be used to monitor the front door from the vestibule to the lobby. If the latter is not provided for in the structure, then an overview of the passages to the stairs should be provided. A video system can be installed for. In the room, it is necessary to provide for communication with the dispatching service, and if there is a corresponding indication in the task, with the apartments.

Subscriber cabinets

In apartment buildings, except for blocked ones, it is recommended to place mailboxes in the lobbies (in the absence of an elevator) on the intermediate or main landing on the ground floor and in the passage to the stairs. When installing cabinets, their dimensions must be taken into account. They are hung on walls or installed in special niches at a height of at least 60 cm from the floor. It is not recommended to mount cabinets on surfaces adjacent to apartments.

Storerooms

On the basement, first or basement floor, non-apartment utility rooms may be provided. Their number is determined by the design task. Corridors are provided in front of the pantries, the width of which is at least 1.1 m. The premises themselves must have a fire protection system.

Apartment

It is considered the main element of a residential building. The apartment may provide premises for various purposes. They can be residential, open, auxiliary. Engineering networks are provided in each apartment. When designing the power supply of a residential building, it is necessary to determine the entry points of the wiring to each room. As part of social-purpose apartments, it is allowed, and in other types of objects, the arrangement of open spaces is recommended. These include, in particular, terraces, verandas, balconies, loggias, etc.

The apartment should meet the needs of a particular person and meet the needs of the family as a whole. This fact determines the duality of the requirements for such premises. Apartments should be isolated from each other, but separately should form a single space.

Rooms

They are intended for direct human habitation. Rooms are considered the main part of the apartment. They are divided into types, depending on the purpose. So, the rooms are used for family activities. These are private spaces (bedrooms, offices). Additionally, dining rooms, living rooms, playrooms, etc. can be provided.

Design of private houses and cottages

Before starting to draw up a sketch of a future structure, you need to determine its purpose. The house can be for permanent residence or used only at certain times of the year. In addition, the number of people who will be in it matters. The project should calculate the number of rooms for family members and guests. At the preparatory stage, it is also necessary to determine whether there will be other buildings on the site.

architectural solution

When compiling a project, the contractor draws the location of all rooms with an indication of their dimensions, thinks over additional rooms, marks the areas where doors and windows will be located. When making an architectural solution, it is necessary to determine the material from which the structural elements will be made. You can draw up drawings on paper or a computer using special programs.

constructive measures

When drawing up a project, it is necessary to calculate all the elements of the structure. It is important to accurately determine the type of foundation and the level of its deepening. It is necessary to calculate the thickness of the walls, select interfloor ceilings, correctly position the rafters, and provide a chimney. As a result, a set of drawings with plans of structural elements is formed. At the same time, explanatory notes are drawn up for each scheme. They indicate the necessary materials, their consumption is calculated.

Engineering and technical communications

They need to be given special attention when designing. The plan is one of the most important sections of the documentation. Without it, a quality building cannot be built. In the engineering and technical plan, water supply, ventilation, sewerage, heating, and power supply systems are calculated. It should contain all stages of the production of works on conducting communications. The project indicates the power of the entire building, describes the wiring diagram, grounding systems. A separate section provides a drawing of a security alarm.

Conclusion

The residential building project includes the following parts:

  • Album with diagrams and specifications.
  • Explanatory notes.
  • Estimate.

The graphic section contains general and situational plans, drawings of floors with the placement of furniture, facades, and a section of the building. The project is a complex and expensive part of the construction, the cost of which can be from 1 to 10% of the cost of the construction work.

The design of multi-storey residential buildings, as well as residential complexes, requires the development of technical documentation, the list of which is regulated by current standards. The list of documents is approved by the Customer at the stage of signing the contract between the parties.

When developing a project for a multi-storey residential building, the following factors are taken into account:

  • terrain features;
  • soil type;
  • proximity to transport routes;
  • building density.

In the process of designing residential buildings, the everyday needs of future residents are also taken into account: the proximity of grocery and manufactured goods stores, service departments. For a comfortable stay of people with disabilities, ramps, lifts and a special layout of footpaths are provided.

Particular attention is paid to the design of the local area - an important component of a comfortable and cozy stay. As part of the resolution of this issue, it is envisaged:

  • playgrounds;
  • squares;
  • recreation areas, etc.

Creating a comfortable adjacent territory in residential complexes helps to increase the attractiveness of the object.

When developing the project, the interests of various target groups are taken into account. Drawings of apartments with different layouts, usable area and number of rooms are created. The features of living on the first and other floors are taken into account.

The design of houses is carried out in accordance with the social infrastructure of the microdistrict: traffic flows, shopping centers, cultural recreation facilities, etc.

Design of residential microdistricts

The development of the project of a residential area is carried out in such a way that the latter can function normally in isolation from the rest of the city.

The infrastructure of the microdistrict should include:

  • schools and preschool institutions;
  • clinics and hospitals;
  • grocery and department stores;
  • other facilities providing daily household services to the population.

When designing a residential microdistrict, individual buildings may not be detailed in the documents, or this is done at the very end. The main attention is paid to the planning of infrastructure facilities, transport interchanges and engineering systems.

Housing classes in the design of apartment buildings

To meet the needs of various groups of the population, the designed residential buildings are divided into four classes:

  • Business Class;
  • Economy class;
  • municipal;
  • specialized.

According to the existing classification, the economy class and the municipal class represent housing for mass development, the business class are objects of increased comfort.

Economy class and municipal class. When designing multi-apartment residential buildings, such housing is most often used. It is characterized by architectural monotony, minimal areas of rooms, etc.

Business Class. Such housing is characterized by an improved layout of apartments, special facade cladding, underground parking, variable number of floors, etc. The ceiling height in the rooms is from 2.7 m.

Such buildings are characterized by a unique architectural appearance, landscape design of the territory, energy-saving glazing, etc.

Work examples

Stages of work

architectural concept

Development of preliminary architectural and space-planning solutions for the construction site, including the development of AGR

Obtaining initial permit documentation (IRD)

  • Obtaining a GPU
  • Performing engineering surveys
  • Performing a building survey (if required)
  • Obtaining technical conditions, etc.

Project documentation

Development of project documentation at the stage of "Project documentation" in accordance with the requirements of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 dated February 16, 2008, to the extent necessary for the examination of project documentation

Coordination of project documentation

Obtaining all necessary approvals, including passing the examination of project documentation and obtaining a building permit.

working documentation

Development of working drawings in the amount necessary for construction and installation works

Conducting architectural supervision of the construction of the design object

Carefully carried out engineering calculations and preparation of technical documentation guarantee exceptional reliability, functionality and energy efficiency of the buildings under construction.

Buildings are designed in full compliance with current building codes and regulations. Each object designed by our architects is a unique building, characterized by comfort, functionality and ergonomics.

The advanced trends that are used in the design of buildings are reflected in strict proportions and elegant facades, well-thought-out layout of premises and communications, as well as full-fledged natural insolation of the internal space and compliance with the requirements for accessibility of buildings by people with limited mobility.

The absence of intermediaries. The project is developed by one organization, which guarantees compliance with deadlines and more favorable price conditions.

We guarantee:

  • fulfillment of contractual obligations qualitatively and on time;
  • full compliance of the results with the goals;
  • flexible approach and readiness to solve any technical issues;
  • operational approval of project documentation.

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Today, the results of the design of residential complexes, apartment buildings and even typical houses are very diverse, which is generally positive for the construction industry. If earlier (considering the period of “developed socialism”) architects had to come up with typical embellishments (details, new coloring) for a series of houses, but even individual houses according to individual projects (for example, for housing cooperatives) did not really stand out from the total mass of the formed building, now the imagination architects are limited only by the budget of investors.

And this imagination sometimes plays a cruel joke. A residential building that is not tied to the terrain and does not take into account the surrounding development, which looked great on computer pictures with an artificial environment, may not look so beautiful in reality. And there are many examples of this - a high-rise multi-storey building looks like a monster between five-story buildings immersed in greenery, an elite low-rise building stylized "under classicism" is an alien bourgeois element among panel houses of mass development, and a brand new clean panel of the 21st century, surrounded by pompous Empire houses of the Stalin era, looks like " poor relative at someone else's feast of life." And we will not even touch on any new buildings in the historical center - this topic is so fragile that there are no random buildings in it. Of course, the examples given, although they occur in life, are the extremes of designing residential buildings, but how to strike a balance between form and content, where is the line between originality and bad taste? After all, buildings are also “greeted by their clothes”, and the customer pays for it (in this case, the exterior finish) ...

The easiest way, from the point of view of the absence of stylistic restrictions, is to design residential complexes consisting of several apartment buildings in new territories. The customer-investor, who thinks not only about momentary profit, will be ready to spend a little more time on and get not a set of standard houses placed on the site as close as the norms allow, but a formed, and possibly even a complex of multi-storey buildings of different heights, taking into account the relief and with a variety of layouts. The design of blocked residential buildings should take into account the size of the site, the relief, and the cardinal points. At the same time, not every multi-storey building must be made according to its own project. Today, standard panel housing construction of decent quality makes it possible to realize the most daring architectural ideas.

What determines the appearance of the facade? Entrance area, protruding parts (bay windows, balconies, loggias), windows. Even if the projected residential building or complex is located in an established development, the placement of various public facilities on the ground floor will have a positive effect on the facade, allowing you to diversify the solutions, and add convenience to the residents of the quarter. Large windows are always good and beautiful, and a bright glazed entrance hall is also safe.

Balconies and loggias, glazed during construction and according to the project, look much more attractive than variegated glazing by residents. When designing medium and low-rise residential complexes of comfort class and above, apartments on the upper floors can be made with large open terraces, two-level, increased area. As a rule, these are apartments with views, designed from two adjacent apartments. At the construction stage, buyers of such apartments have the opportunity to change the layout without significant strengthening of the load-bearing structures.


It's no secret that future tenants often want to make adjustments to the layout of their future home. At the same time, it is important to understand that the design of a prefabricated large-panel house does not tolerate any demolition and transfer of walls, and even punching a new opening even on the upper floors. All panels are manufactured at the factory, the model of the house is calculated taking into account all existing openings and reinforcements, any unauthorized interference with the structure is not allowed. At the same time, in houses with monolithic walls, at the construction stage - the issuance of working drawings, design organizations meet the wishes of the workers and make reasonable changes with copyright sheets. The possibility and procedure for making changes to the documentation of residential buildings during the design must be clarified with the developer. Open-plan apartments (bearing columns without walls, they are supposed to be erected by residents) were not initially accepted in the economy and comfort class segment, although such apartments were in demand when designing residential buildings in Moscow.

Layout of a residential building

Planning question. It is good that the time has passed or is passing when residential buildings consisted mainly of studio apartments. It is unlikely that any of the designers, builders, not to mention investors, would like to live in a 20-meter room with a kitchen and a bathroom in one volume. Or in a house where most of these studios are constantly rented out, tenants change, no one cares about neighbors and cleanliness in the entrance. At the same time, not everyone has the opportunity to pay for extra square meters at their market value. Therefore, any layout must be, above all, reasonable. What do we mean by reasonable planning? Sufficient space, availability of utility rooms or places for built-in furniture, rational arrangement of doorways are necessary conditions for designing both an individual residential building and an apartment building.

Consider the basic requirements for the premises of an economy class apartment.

  • Entrance area, hallway. It should not be too large in size and at the same time consist of only corridors. In the entrance area there must be a place to place a wardrobe for outerwear, and space for 2-3 people at the same time.
  • Bathroom. Preferably separate, even in a one-room apartment. Reserved space for a large bathroom, washing machine (ideally not narrow). The size of the bathroom also allows you to place a small sink, and the size of the bathroom - a normal bath, and not just a shower corner.
  • Kitchen. For a separate room, the optimal size is at least 10, but not more than 14 m. A combined kitchen-dining room of 15 m or more can replace a living room for someone.
  • Bedroom. Be sure to place a double bed (down with folding sofas, they are only suitable for uninvited guests!), Wardrobe.
  • Children's. The brightest room, one or two single beds, wardrobe.
  • Balcony or loggia should be of such a size (especially in depth) to arouse the desire of new settlers to put up garden furniture and organize an additional place for outdoor recreation, and not turn these areas into a dump of construction waste and forgotten things that disfigure the facade.

Subject to the standard areas, it is also worth paying attention to the shape of the room and the location of the doorways - they should be comfortable and rational. Preliminary arrangement of furniture is obligatory. Based on this arrangement, related specialties will also work - engineers and electricians. Specialists from almost the entire construction industry will participate in the design of houses.

The customer has a plot and plans to make money on it. Invest, invest and make a profit. For example, to build an apartment building, and its plot is suitable for this in all respects. He is looking for a company on request "Design of residential buildings Moscow" - and - goes to our website.

If you are a customer or an investor, you have read to the end and you like our principles of designing residential facilities, you can entrust us with the design of a residential building, complex or quarter. We will be glad to create comfortable residential buildings together!

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The design of multi-storey buildings is simplified when using the option of 3-D modeling of a multi-storey building, the application and experience of a team of professionals will allow you to evaluate the appearance of the building not only from the outside, but also inside, with the display of all. The cost of designing a residential building is in the range of 600-1200 rubles / m2 (it is specified when specifying the scope of design, design assignments).

A computer is the main tool of an architect in modern design A laptop is the main system requirements for working with
graphics:
Processor - at least 2 GHz,
RAM - at least 4 GB,
Video Card - Discrete, NVIDIA, ATI Radeon

The composition of the project.
Sheet 1 (in color), format A1:
- perspective;
- facade main and (or) secondary 1:200, linear (arbitrary);
- master plan M 1:500 with explication, technical and economic indicators,
wind rose;
Sheet 2 (black and white line graphics, in color for viewpoints) A1 format:
- plan of the 1st floor М 1:100;
- plan of a typical floor, M 1:200, linear (arbitrary);
- section M 1:100;
- 2 or 3 viewpoints - fragments of the perspective building (in color)

Lepilov A. gr.211

Chegaeva D. gr.211

Tananina E. gr.211

Kutrunova N. gr.212

General plan

The elements of landscaping the yard include:
driveways and sidewalks;
landscaping;
playground;
playground;
dog walking area;
playgrounds for adults;
business sites;
car parking.
dimensions of the parking space - 2.8x5.5 m (3x6 m)

General plan

Placement of sites must be provided at a distance
from the windows of residential and public buildings, not less than, m:
for games of children of preschool and primary school age
12
for adult recreation
10
for physical education (depending on noise characteristics*)
10-40
for business purposes
20
for walking dogs
40
for car parking
10-30

General plan

Intrayard driveways
The main intra-yard driveways in buildings not exceeding 5 floors
are accepted as single-lane in width equal to 3.5-3.75 m.
When building 6 floors or more, the main intra-yard driveways
5.5 - 6 m wide are accepted.
The distance of the internal fire passage from the protruding parts of the building
with a number of storeys of 9 floors - 8-10 m. In addition, a circular
detour of the building. there should be no buildings at this distance from the house
or plants obstructing the passage of a fire truck.
Sidewalks, footpaths.
The traffic lane on sidewalks of all types is assumed to be 0.75 m.
Inside courtyards - 1.5 m
Along the main streets - 3-4.5 m
Turning radii.
In accordance with clause 6.22 of SNIP 2.07.01-89, the curvature radii of the carriageway
streets and roads along the edge of sidewalks and dividing strips should be taken
not less, m:
for main streets and roads
6-8 m
in transport areas
12 m

General plan

Technical and economic indicators of the master plan
1. Plot area - m2
2. Building area - m2
4. Landscaping area - m2
5. The area of ​​driveways, sidewalks, platforms with solid
coating - m2
6. Percentage of development -%
7. Percentage of landscaping -%

Tananina E. gr.211

red building lines
The red building line indicates a conditional border separating
highways, streets, passages and squares from territories intended
for construction or other use. Buildings can be placed with
indented from the red lines, or along them.


Classification of residential buildings by number of storeys
By the number of storeys, residential buildings are usually divided into the following types:
low-rise (1-2 floors);
mid-rise (3-5 floors);
multi-storey (6-16 floors);
high-rise buildings (more than 16 floors)
The height of the floors of residential buildings.
As a rule, the height of the floors of residential buildings is 2.8-3.3 m (from the floor to
gender).

Basic terms and definitions
FLOORS
Above-ground floor - a floor, the floor level of the premises of which is not lower than
planning mark of the earth.
A basement floor is a floor whose floor level is lower than
the planning mark of the earth by more than half the height
premises.
A basement floor is a floor whose floor level is lower than
planning mark of the earth no more than half the height
premises.
The technical floor is the floor for the engineering
equipment and laying communications, its height should not be
less than 1.80 m clear. Can be located at the bottom (technical
underground), upper (technical attic) and in the middle part of the building.

Basic terms and definitions
The composition of the premises of the entrance group of an apartment building
The first floor differs from the typical ones by the presence of an "entrance node" - a porch,
vestibule, vestibule, as well as a short flight of stairs.
The mark of the floor of the premises at the entrance to the building must be higher than the mark
sidewalk at least 150 mm.
Tambour - a passage room that serves to protect the internal
building space from cold air. Tambours should have a depth not
less than 1.2-1.5 m.
In residential buildings of increased comfort, a vestibule is arranged at the entrance with
wheelchair and concierge room.
As part of the barrier-free environment program for people with disabilities, it is necessary to
provide ramps or mechanical lifts.

Ventilation systems
apartment building

Insulation of external walls

Technical and economic indicators
multi-storey residential building
To evaluate the design solutions for residential buildings, a number of
architectural and planning indicators, namely:
living area of ​​apartments, m2;
total area of ​​apartments m2;
total building area, m2;
building area, m2;
construction volume of the building (including the underground part), m3;

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of my course project is to design a multi-storey residential building that meets all modern requirements.

The main purpose of architecture has always been the creation of a living environment necessary for human existence, the nature and comfort of which were determined by the level of development of society, its culture, the achievements of science and technology. This living environment, called architecture, is embodied in buildings that have an inner space, complexes of buildings and structures that organize outdoor space - streets, squares and cities.

In the modern sense, architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures and their complexes. It organizes all life processes. In terms of its emotional impact, architecture is one of the most significant and ancient arts. The power of her artistic images constantly affects a person, because his whole life is surrounded by architecture. At the same time, the creation of a production architecture requires significant expenditures of social labor and time. Therefore, the range of requirements for architecture, along with functional with functional expediency, convenience and beauty, includes the requirements of technical expediency and economy. In addition to the rational layout of the premises, corresponding to certain functional processes, the convenience of all buildings is ensured by the correct distribution of stairs, elevators, placement of equipment and engineering devices (sanitary appliances, heating, ventilation). Thus, the form of a building is largely determined by a functional pattern, but at the same time it is built according to the laws of beauty.

I. INITIAL DATA:

A 9-storey residential building with 36 apartments is located in Aktobe, the house belongs to multi-storey residential buildings of the corridor type.

The climate of the region is temperate continental.

Foundations - reinforced concrete;

The walls are brick;

Coating - rolled.

II. GENERAL PLAN:

The projected residential building is located in one of the quarters of microdistrict 12 of the city of Aktobe. In this quarter there are: 9 and 10-storey residential buildings, a 3-storey building of a shopping center, a post office building. The quarter as part of the microdistrict is provided with a network of cultural and consumer services enterprises.

At the development site, sidewalks are arranged with a width of 1.5 m, intra-quarter driveways - 3.5 m, quarter driveways - 3.5 m. The footpaths are paved. The site is not landscaped.

In the center of the quarter there is a convenient road junction, car parking, ensuring the elimination of traffic jams and the accumulation of cars at the edge of the road.

III. SPACE-PLANNING SOLUTION:

3.1 Types of apartments and their planning features:

In the designed 9-storey residential building, the typical floor plan, according to the assignment (1-2-2-2-3-3), consists of apartments:

One one-room apartment Sqtotal = 47.65 m2.;

Two two-room apartments Sqtotal = 67.65m2;

One two-room apartment Sqtotal = 68.80m2;

Two three-room apartments Sqtotal = 85.50m2.

Three-room apartments have the same layout and area.

All apartments are distinguished by large areas, dividing the space of the apartment into zones: “quiet”, in which the bedrooms are located, and “noisy”.

One two-room apartment has: a large, comfortable entrance hall, the dimensions of which allow you to place the necessary furniture; separate bathroom and toilet; comfortable kitchen, large common room, bedroom, one balcony. The remaining two two-room apartments have a less comfortable entrance hall, its dimensions do not allow placing a lot of furniture, only the most necessary, separate bathroom and toilet; comfortable kitchen, large common room, bedroom, one balcony and dressing room.

Each three-room apartment has a small entrance hall; separate bathroom and toilet; bedrooms located in the "quiet zone", a large common room and kitchen, two combined balconies.

One-room apartment has: a small entrance hall, separate bathroom and toilet, dressing room for clothes, kitchen and large common room, balcony.

3.2 Planning features of a residential building:

The designed 9-storey residential building is characterized by compactness of its space-planning structure and floor-by-floor grouping of apartments directly around the stair-elevator unit, which consists of a permanent staircase, a passenger elevator with a carrying capacity of 500 kg.

All apartments of the residential building are provided with the necessary conditions of insolation.

The designed building provides for a basement for the placement of engineering communications, which has a separate exit directly to the street. On the last floor there is a fireproof staircase leading to the upper technical floor.

IV. CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION:

Structurally, the building is designed as a frameless building with longitudinal and transverse brick load-bearing walls, with reinforced concrete floor panels.

The spatial rigidity and stability of the building are ensured by the interface of the outer walls with the inner ones, with the floor decks resting on these walls and attached to them with the help of reinforcing anchors.

The structure of the storey ceiling forms a rigid horizontal disk, which increases the spatial rigidity of the building.

4.1 Foundation - support of the house:

Foundation - the underground part of a building or structure that receives the load from the above-ground part of the building and transfers it to the base (soil).

This building has a prefabricated reinforced concrete foundation.

Prefabricated foundations consist of cushion slabs laid in the base of the foundations and wall blocks, which are the walls of the underground part of the building.

4.2 External walls:

The walls of the building are intended for fencing and protection from environmental influences and transfer loads from the structures located above - ceilings and coatings to the foundation.

During the construction of the walls of the building, manual masonry is used with horizontal and vertical bandaging of the seams. Solid ceramic bricks are used for laying exterior and interior walls.

The laying of the walls is carried out on a cement-sand mortar. The thickness of the outer walls is determined on the basis of a heat engineering calculation.

In this project:

The bearing layer is made of silicate brick,

External - silicate brick.

Walls are the main element of the building, so they must have the necessary strength, durability, sound and heat insulation, fire resistance and expressiveness.

4.3 Floors:

Ceilings - horizontal load-bearing and enclosing structures that divide buildings into floors and perceive loads from their own weight, the weight of vertical enclosing structures, stairs, as well as from the weight of interior items, equipment and people on them. These loads are transferred from the floors to the load-bearing walls of the building.

In this building, a floor was designed, consisting of multi-hollow reinforced concrete slabs.

Ceilings provide sound and heat insulation, they also meet the high requirements of rigidity and bending strength.

4.4 Internal walls and partitions:

Partitions are internal vertical enclosing structures in buildings. Partitions perform enclosing functions in the building. Partitions are brick. Partitions are installed on floor slabs on a layer of roofing felts.

Floors in residential buildings must meet the requirements of strength, wear resistance, sufficient elasticity, noiselessness, and ease of cleaning. When choosing a floor structure, the mode of operation, interior architecture and the economic feasibility of using individual materials are taken into account.

The floor structure is considered as the soundproofing capacity of the floor plus the soundproofing of the floor structure. The floor covering in the apartments is made of parquet boards along the logs with a hollow structure of the underlying layer, the floor of the first floor is made of parquet boards along the logs with a layer of insulation.

In the bathrooms, floors are made of ceramic tiles over a layer of built-up waterproofing.

Mosaic floors are adopted in the corridors, vestibules, stairwells. The positive aspects of these floors are their hygiene and noiselessness. The negative side is the high labor intensity, which also increases the construction time.

In the basement, the floor is made of cement-coated concrete on compacted soil below the clearance level.

4.6 Roof:

Roof - a structure that protects the building from atmospheric precipitation and is the upper enclosure of the building. The roof is designed as a gable roof, the covering is rolled.

To organize the drainage of water from the roof, downpipes made of galvanized steel are arranged in the inner part of the walls.

For vertical communications, an elevator team made of monolithic concrete shaft with the installation of an elevator installation with a load capacity of = 500 kg and a speed of 1 m / s is provided. The machine room of the elevator is placed on the roof, which makes it possible to reduce the length of the leading ropes by almost three times, to simplify the kinematic scheme of the elevator, to reduce the load on the supporting structures of the building, and to abandon the arrangement of a special room for blocks. Thus, the cost of the elevator and operating costs are greatly reduced. However, such an upper location.

4.8 Ladder:

In the building being designed, a two-flight staircase made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements is used. Marches of slab construction without frieze steps. From the staircase there is access to the roof via a metal staircase equipped with a fireproof door. The staircase has artificial and natural lighting through window openings. All doors in the stairwell and in the vestibule open towards the exit from the building. The railing of the stairs is made of metal links and has a PVC handrail.

4.9 Windows and doors:

Windows largely determine the degree of comfort in the building and its architectural and artistic design. The windows are selected in accordance with GOST, in accordance with the areas of the illuminated premises. The top of the windows is as close to the ceiling as possible, which provides better illumination in the back of the room. In the building being designed, window blocks with plastic separate window frames with double glazing are used. Plastic window structures are resistant to changes in air humidity and do not rot. The advantage is that they have good sound insulation.