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Features of the communicative side of communication. Psychology of communication

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3

2.Communicative side of communication…………………………………………4

3.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….

4. List of used literature……………………………………..

1. Introduction

In his control work I set out to consider the following questions:

1. What is psychological entity communication barriers?

2. What does the concept of communication mean in the narrow and broad sense of the word?

3. What is the psychological meaning of feedback?

4. Why is the semantic barrier one of the most

a common obstacle in understanding the subjects of each other?

5. How are the barriers of socio-cultural differences related to the values of the subjects of communication?

6. What is the importance of visual contact in the communication process?

7. What are the conditions and means of distinguishing communication competence?

Communication in Latin means "common, shared with all."

A process of two-way exchange of information leading to mutual understanding.

The communicative side of communication consists in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communication, the transfer and reception of knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings.

In real communication, people can get to know each other for the purpose of further joint action, or, on the contrary, people involved in joint activities get to know each other.

This should be accompanied by a high degree of common understanding of the situation by all participants in the communication process.

The communication process is the exchange of information between people, the purpose of which is to ensure understanding of the information transmitted and received.

Main communication functions:

1.informative - information transfer

2.interactive - organization of interaction between people

3. perceptual - perception of each other by communication partners

4. expressive - excitation or change in the nature of emotional experiences.

There are four main elements needed to carry out the communication process:

1. sender of information

2.message - actual information

3.channel-means of information transmission

4. information recipient.

The communication process is divided into five stages:

I STAGE - the beginning of the exchange of information, when the poisoner must clearly imagine what he wants to transmit and what kind of response to receive.

Stage II - the embodiment of the idea into words, symbols, into a message.

Various channels of information transmission, speech, gestures, facial expressions, written materials, electronic means of communication are selected and used.

Stage III - the transfer of information through the use of selected

communication channels.

Stage IV - the recipient of information translates the symbols into his thoughts.

V stage - feedback - the recipient's response to the information received,

at all stages of the communication process, there may be interference that distorts the meaning of the transmitted information.

Information in communication is not just transmitted from one partner

to another (in this case, the person transmitting information is usually called a communicator, and the person receiving this information is called a recipient).

Communication

Communicator Recipient

Feedback

Feedback is information containing the recipient's reaction to the behavior of the communicator.

The purpose of feedback is to help the communication partner understand how his actions are perceived, what feelings they cause in other people.

To ensure the success of communication, you need to have feedback - information about how people understood you.

The ability to use feedback in communication is one of the highlights included in the communication process.

Feedback refers to the technique and methods of obtaining information about a communication partner used by the interlocutor to correct their own behavior in the process of communication.

Feedback includes conscious control of communicative actions, observation of the partner and assessment of his reactions, subsequent change in accordance with this own behavior.

Feedback involves the ability to see yourself from the side and correctly judge how the partner perceives himself in communication.

The feedback mechanism involves the partner's ability to correlate their reactions with the assessments of their own actions and draw a conclusion.

In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out both at the verbal and non-verbal levels.

Verbal communication uses human speech, natural sound language as a sign system.

Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when transmitting information through speech, the meaning of the message is least of all lost, and the participants in joint activities also influence each other.

Non-verbal communication includes perceived appearance and expressive human movements - gestures, facial expressions, postures, gait.

In many ways, they are a mirror projecting the emotional reactions of a person, which we kind of “read” in the process of communication, trying to understand how the other perceives what is happening.

This also includes a form of human non-verbal communication like eye contact taking place in visual communication.

A significant part of human communication takes place in the underwater part of the "communicative iceberg" - in the field of non-verbal communication.

Through the system of non-verbal means, information about the feelings experienced by people in the process of communication is also transmitted.

We resort to the analysis of "non-verbal" in those cases when we do not trust the words of partners. Then gestures, facial expressions and eye contact help determine the sincerity of the other.

Like all non-verbal means, eye contact has the value of supplementing verbal communication, that is, it indicates a readiness to maintain communication or stop it, encourages the partner to continue the dialogue, and finally, helps to more fully discover one’s “I”, or, on the contrary, hide his.

In socio-psychological research, the frequency of exchange of glances, their "duration", the change in the statics and dynamics of the gaze, its avoidance, etc. are studied.

Non-verbal means are an important addition to verbal communication. Their role is determined not only by the fact that they are able to strengthen or weaken the speech influence of the communicator, but also that they help the participants in communication to identify each other's intentions, thereby making the communication process more open.

In the process of communication, a person can play each of three roles: to be a transmitter, a receiving and transmitting means of communication.

At the same time, it is the most interference-prone communication channel, and yet information is very often transmitted through people, which causes certain distortions in the process.

A person as an element of communication is a complex and sensitive "recipient" of information with his feelings and desires, life experience. The information he receives may cause an internal reaction of any kind, which may enhance, distort or completely block the information sent to him.

The adequacy of the perception of information largely depends on the presence or absence of communication barriers in the process of communication.

In the event of a barrier, the information is distorted or loses its original meaning, and in some cases it does not reach the recipient at all.

Communication interference can be a mechanical break in information and hence its distortion; ambiguity of the transmitted information, due to which the stated and transmitted thought is distorted.

It happens that the receivers clearly hear the transmitted words, but give them a different meaning. In this case, the transmitter may not even detect that its signal caused an incorrect response. This speaks of a substitutive-distorting barrier.

A much greater possibility of distortion is associated with emotions - emotional barriers. This happens when people, having received any information, are more preoccupied with their feelings, assumptions, than real facts.

The emergence of a barrier of misunderstanding may be due to a number of reasons, both psychological and other. It can occur due to errors in the information transmission channel itself - this is the so-called phonetic misunderstanding.

First of all, it occurs when the participants in communication speak different languages and dialects, have significant defects in speech and diction, distorted grammatical structure speech.

There is also a semantic barrier of misunderstanding, associated primarily with differences in the systems of meanings of the participants in communication. This is a jargon and slang problem.

Even within the same culture, there are many microcultures, each of which creates its own “field of meanings”, characterized by its own understanding of various concepts, phenomena, or expressions. In different microcultures, the meaning of some values is not equally understood. In addition, each environment creates its own mini-language of communication, its own slang, each with its own favorite quotes and jokes, expressions and turns of speech.

All this together can significantly complicate the process of communication, creating a semantic barrier of misunderstanding.

The reason for the psychological barrier may be socio-cultural differences between communication partners. These can be social, political, religious and professional differences that lead to different interpretations of certain concepts used in the communication process.

The very perception of a communication partner as a person of a certain profession, a certain nationality, gender and age can also act as a barrier.

The credibility of the communicator in the eyes of the recipient is of great importance for the emergence of the barrier. The higher the authority, the less the barrier to the assimilation of the information offered.

The very reluctance to listen to the opinion of a particular person is often explained by his low authority. It depends on the psychological predilections of the recipient whether he perceives the system of evidence offered to him or considers it unconvincing. For the communicator, the choice of an adequate present moment evidence systems is always an open problem.

Effective communication is characterized by: achieving mutual understanding of partners, a better understanding of the situation and the subject of communication (achieving greater certainty in understanding the situation, contributes to solving problems, ensures the achievement of goals with the optimal use of resources).

The ability to establish and maintain the necessary contacts with other people is communicative competence.

Communicative competence is considered as a system of internal resources necessary to build effective communication in a certain range of situations of interpersonal interaction.

Conclusion.

Having completed the control work, I solved the tasks, having considered the communicative side of communication.

Bibliography.

1.Social psychology; Morozov A.V.; M.; Academic prospect; 2005.

2. Psychology and ethics of business relations; Stolyarenko L.D.; Rostov n/a: "Phoenix"; 2003.

Social Psychology.

Social attitude, its structure and change.

One of the main socio-psychological characteristics of a personality is its social attitude, which is defined as a stable attitude of a person to people, social groups, organizations, processes and events taking place in society.

social attitude- predisposition (inclination) of the subject to commit a certain social behavior; while it is assumed that The installation has a complex structure and includes a number of components:predisposition to perceive, evaluate, realize and, as a result, act regarding a given social object (phenomenon) in a certain way.

In 1942, M. Smith developed 3-component structure of social attitudes, highlighting: a) cognitive component(comprehension of the object of the social attitude, what the attitude is aimed at); b) affective(assessment of the installation object at the level of sympathy and antipathy); in) behavioral(sequence of behavior in relation to the installation object). If these components are coordinated with each other, then the installation will perform a regulatory function. And in case of mismatch of the installation system, a person behaves differently, the installation will not perform a regulatory function.

social objects. settings can be: the person himself, the people around him, groups of people, social. processes and events, objects of material and spiritual culture, etc. Like a state social installation expresses a person’s readiness for certain actions, and as a property- internally characterizes a person as a person.

3 main functions of social. settings:

1) Cognitive(attitudes allow people to quickly acquire knowledge about social objects before these objects are known; this function is realized through the cognitive component)

2) expressive(social attitudes represent a person as a person in his relationship to people and to society as a whole; through the emotional component)

3) adaptive(social attitudes allow the individual to adapt to the corresponding society; through the behavioral component)

Through the assimilation of attitudes occurs socialization.

Also distinguished:

1) Basic- system of beliefs (the core of the Personality). It is formed in childhood, systematized in adolescence, and ends in 20-30 years, and then does not change and performs a regulatory function.

2)Peripheral- situational, can change from the social situation.

Social psychology of communication. Structure and functions of communication.

Communication- a specific form of human interaction with other people as members of society, social relations of people are realized in communication.

In communication, they distinguish three interconnected parties:

♦ communicative, consists in the exchange of information between people;

♦ interactive: consists in organizing interaction between people, for example, you need to coordinate actions, distribute functions or influence the mood, behavior, beliefs of the interlocutor;

♦ perceptual: includes the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis.

Transfer of information

perception of each other

Mutual evaluation of each other by partners

Mutual influence of partners

Partner interaction

Activity management, etc.

The means of communication include:

1) Language: a system of words, expressions and rules for their combination into meaningful statements used for communication. Words and the rules for their use are the same for all speakers of a given language, and this makes communication possible; if I say "table", I am sure that any of my interlocutors connects the same concepts with this word as I do - this objective social meaning of the word can be called a sign of the language. But the objective meaning of the word is refracted for a person through the prism of his own activity and already forms his own personal, “subjective” meaning, so we do not always understand each other correctly.

2) Intonation, emotional expressiveness, which is capable of giving different meanings to the same phrase.

3) Facial expression, posture, look interlocutor can reinforce, supplement or refute the meaning of the phrase.

4) Gestures how means of communication can be both generally accepted, that is, have meanings assigned to them, or expressive, that is, serve for greater expressiveness of speech.

The distance at which the interlocutors communicate depends on cultural, national traditions, on the degree of trust in the interlocutor.

The communication process includes the following: stages:

1) The need for communication(it is necessary to inform or find out information, influence the interlocutor, etc.) encourages a person to come into contact with other people.

2) Orientation in the goals and situations of communication.

3) Orientation in the personality of the interlocutor.

4) Planning the content of your communication: a person imagines (usually unconsciously) what exactly he will say.

5) Unconsciously(sometimes deliberately) a person chooses specific means, speech phrases that will be used, decides how to speak, how to behave.

6) Perception and assessment of the response interlocutor, monitoring the effectiveness of communication based on the establishment of feedback.

7) Adjustment of direction, style, methods of communication.

If any of the links in the act of communication is broken, then the speaker fails to achieve the expected results: communication will be ineffective. These skills are called social intelligence, practical-psychological mind, communicative competence, sociability.

There are several classifications communication functions. V. N. Panferov identifies six of them:

-communicative(implementation of the relationship of people at the level of individual, group and social interaction)

-informational(exchange of information between people)

-cognitive(comprehension of meanings based on representations of imagination and fantasy)

-emotive(manifestation of an individual's emotional connection with reality)

-conative(management and correction of mutual positions)

-creative(development of people and the formation of new relationships between them)

The communicative side of communication, its characteristics.

The communicative aspect of communication is exchange of information between people. Understanding a person by a person is connected with the establishment and preservation of communication.

Sources of information in communication:

Signals directly from another person;

Signals from own sexor-perceptual systems;

Information about the results of activities;

Information from inner experience;

Information about the probable future.

A person must be able to somehow distinguish “good” information from “bad”. B. F. Porshnev came to the conclusion that speech is a method of suggestion, or suggestions, but there is “there is also a counter psychological activity called counter-suggestion, counter-suggestion, which contains methods of protection against the action of speech.”

B. F. Porshnev singled out 3 types of countersuggestion: avoidance, authority and misunderstanding. Avoidance implies avoidance of contacts with a partner (a person is inattentive, does not listen, does not look at the interlocutor, finds a reason to be distracted). Avoidance is manifested not only by avoiding communication with another person, but also by avoiding certain situations. For example, people who don't want to be influenced by their opinion or decision simply don't show up for meetings or appointments. Action of authority lies in the fact that, having divided all people into authoritative ones, a person trusts only the first and refuses to trust the second. You can find many reasons for assigning authority to a particular person (status, superiority in parameters, attractiveness in specific situations, etc.). The reasons are determined by their own history and core values. The effectiveness of communication will depend on the nature of the formation of ideas about the authority of the interlocutor. Sometimes dangerous information can also come from people we generally trust. In a quiet case, we can defend ourselves with the help of a kind misunderstanding the message itself.

It is important for almost all people to be listened to and heard. For all who are interested in effective communication, it is important to be able to pursue psychological barriers, i.e. be able to manage attention.

There is a whole group of attracting attention:

-reception of "neutral phrase".- At the beginning of communication, a phrase is pronounced that is not related to the main topic, but has meaning and value for all those present.

-reception of "enticement"- the speaker at first speaks very quietly, very incomprehensibly, illegibly, which makes others listen.

- making eye contact- staring at a person, we attract his attention; by moving away from the gaze, we show that we do not want to communicate. But in communication it is important not only to attract attention, but also to support it.

The first group of receptions maintaining attention "isolation" techniques(isolate communication from external factors - noise, lighting, conversation, or be able to isolate itself from internal factors - instead of listening, thinking over your remarks, or simply waiting for the end of the speech to enter into a conversation yourself).

The second group of receptions connected with "imposing a rhythm". A person's attention is constantly fluctuating, therefore, by changing the characteristics of voice and speech, we do not allow the interlocutor to relax and miss the necessary information.

The third group of receptions maintenance - accent techniques. You can pay attention to the necessary information using certain words (“please pay attention to ...”, “it is important to note that ...”, etc.) or by contrasting with the surrounding background.

2.1. The essence of the communicative side of communication

2.2. Speech as the main means of communication

2.3. Monologue and dialogic speech

2.4. speech etiquette

2.5. Essential features of the process of listening as a type of speech activity

2.6. Basic barriers to listening

2.7. Non-verbal means of communication

2.8. Feedback in communication

summary

Terms and concepts

Questions to test knowledge

Task for individual work

Literature for in-depth study

After studying the material in this section, you will know:

Features and components of the communicative side of communication;

Essential features of verbal and non-verbal means of communication,

Functions and communicative qualities of speech;

Characteristic features of monologue speech;

Rules for the use of speech etiquette;

Essential features of the hearing process,

The specifics of each listening style;

Barriers that arise in the process of listening;

The main components of non-verbal means of communication and features of their interpretation,

as well as be able to :

Build a speech in front of an audience, taking into account the communicative qualities of speech;

Analyze what verbal and non-verbal means of communication it is advisable to use in a particular situation;

Highlight possible barriers to listening in the process of communication;

Own speech etiquette;

characterize different types listeners;

Analyze non-verbal signals of the interlocutor.

The essence of the communicative side of communication

The communicative side is the exchange of information between interlocutors.

Communication in the narrow sense is the exchange of various proposals, ideas, interests, moods. In a broad sense, it is considered as information related to the specific behavior of the interlocutors.

When they talk about communication in the narrow sense of the word, they first of all mean the fact that during joint activities people exchange various proposals, ideas, interests, moods, feelings, attitudes, etc. All this can be considered as information, and then the communication process itself can be understood as a process of information exchange. In the conditions of human communication, information is not only transmitted, but also formed, refined, and developed.

Firstly, communication cannot be considered only as the sending of information by some transmitting system or as its perception by another system, since, in contrast to the simple "movement of information" between two devices, here we are dealing with the relationship of two individuals, each of which active subject: mutual informing them allows the establishment of joint activities. This means that each participant in the communicative process assumes the activity of his partner as well, he cannot consider him as an object. The other participant also appears as a subject, and hence it follows that, directing him information, it is necessary to focus on him, that is, analyze his motives, goals, attitudes (except, of course, the analysis of his own goals, motives, attitudes), "address" him.

Therefore, in the communicative process, there is not a simple movement of information, but at least an active exchange of it. The essence of the communication process is not just mutual information, but also common understanding subject. Therefore, in every communicative process, activity, communication and cognition are really given in unity.

Secondly, the nature of the exchange of information between people is determined by the fact that partners can influence each other through a system of signs. In other words, the exchange of such information necessarily implies an impact on the behavior of the partner, i.e. the sign changes the state of the participants in the communicative process. The communicative effect that arises here is nothing but psychological impact one communicator to another in order to change his behavior. The effectiveness of communication is measured precisely by how successful this influence is. This means that during the exchange of information there is a change in the very type of relations that have developed between the participants in communication.

Thirdly, communicative influence as a result of information exchange is possible only when the person sending the information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a single or similar system of codification and decodification. In ordinary language, this rule is expressed in the words: "Everyone must speak the same language."

This is especially important because the communicator and the recipient constantly change places in the communicative process. Any exchange of information between them is possible only if the signs and, most importantly, the meanings assigned to them are known to all participants in the communication process. Only acceptance unified system meanings provides an opportunity for partners to understand each other.

Finally, fourthly, in the conditions of human communication, very specific communication barriers can arise. They are not associated with vulnerabilities in any communication channel or with coding and decoding errors, but are of a social or psychological nature. On the one hand, such barriers may arise due to the fact that there is no understanding of the communication situation, caused not just by the different language spoken by the participants in the communication process, but by deeper differences that exist between the partners. These can be social, political, religious, professional differences, which not only give rise to different interpretations of the same concepts used in the process of communication, but also in general a different worldview, worldview, worldview. Such barriers are generated by objective social causes, belonging of communication partners to different social groups, and during their manifestation, the belonging of communication to a wider system is especially clear. public relations. Communication in this case demonstrates its characteristic that it is only a side of communication. Naturally, the process of communication is carried out even in the presence of these barriers: even military adversaries negotiate. But the whole situation of the communicative act is greatly complicated by their presence.

On the other hand, communication barriers can also be of a more pronounced psychological nature. They may arise either due to individual psychological characteristics communicating (for example, the excessive shyness of one of them, the secrecy of the other, the presence of someone who has a trait, was called "non-communicative"), or due to the special psychological relations that have developed between the interlocutors: hostility towards each other, distrust, etc.

In constructing a typology of communicative processes, it is advisable to use the concept of "orientation of signals". In the theory of communication, this period allows us to single out: a) axial communication process (from lat. Axis - "axis"), when the signals are directed to single receivers of information, that is, to individual people; b) retial communication process (from lat. rete - "network"), when the signals are sent to a set of probable recipients. In the era of scientific and technological progress due to the rapid development of means mass media Of particular importance is the study of retial communication processes, since in this case, sending signals to a group makes the members of the group realize their belonging to this group, inasmuch as in the case of real communication, not only the transfer of information occurs, but also the social orientation of the participants in the communication process.

By itself, the information coming from the communicator can be two types: incentive and statutory. Incentive information is expressed in an order, advice, request. It is designed to stimulate some kind of action. Stimulation, in turn, can be different: 1) activation, that is, an incentive to act in a given direction; 2) interdiction, that is, motives, on the contrary, does not allow certain actions, prohibition of undesirable activities; 3) destabilization - mismatch or violation of some autonomous forms of behavior or activity.

Statement information appears in the form of a message, it takes place in various educational systems and does not imply a direct change in behavior, although it indirectly contributes to this. The nature of the message itself can be different: the measure of objectivity can vary from a deliberately "indifferent" tone of presentation to the inclusion of fairly obvious elements of persuasion in the text of the message. The variant of the message is set by the communicator, that is, by the person from whom the information is received.

In the course of communication, one of the most important aspects of interaction is information exchange: various ideas, ideas, interests, moods, feelings, attitudes, etc. All this can be considered as information, and then the communication process can be understood as a process of information exchange. The communicative side of communication consists of exchange of information between communicating individuals.

Communication(from the English communicate - communicate to transmit) - one of the sides of human communication is informational, involving the exchange of ideas, ideas, value orientations, emotions, feelings, moods, etc. between people). Communication occurs through the interaction of people. However, when a person performs any activity individually, then communication is carried out here as well, since a person performing a certain job is guided by the assessment and opinion of others about his work.

The information exchange process is characterized by the following features:

1. In the process of information exchange, we are dealing with two individuals, each of which is an active subject. Any communication involves mutual information, the establishment of joint activities. The significance of information plays a special role: information must not only be accepted, but also understood and comprehended. Therefore, in every communicative process, activity, communication and cognition are really given in unity.

2. When exchanging information, there is a psychological impact of one communicator on another in order to change his behavior. The effectiveness of communication is measured precisely by how successful this impact was.

3. Communicative influence as a result of information exchange is possible only when the person sending the information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a single or similar system codification And decodification, i.e. everyone must speak the same language. Only the adoption of a single system of meanings ensures the ability of partners to understand each other.

4. Information always changes in the process of communication.

5. There may be specific communication barriers who wear social or psychological character. The situation may become more complicated due to the fact that the partners belong to different social, political, religious groups or due to the individual psychological characteristics of those communicating, with hostility towards each other, mistrust, etc.

The transmission of any information is possible only through sign systems. If the sign system is used human speech, then we are talking about verbal communication. Speech is the most universal means of communication, because in this case, the meaning of the message is least of all lost, but a high degree of general understanding of the situation should accompany this. Through speech, not only “information moves”, but the participants in communication influence each other in a special way, orient themselves to each other, convince each other, i.e. seek to achieve a specific change in behavior.

By itself, the information coming from the communicator can be of two types: incentive And ascertaining.

Incentive Information expressed in an order, advice, request and stimulates some kind of action. Stimulation can be different: activation- motivation to act in a given direction; interdiction- an impulse that does not allow, on the contrary, certain actions, a ban on undesirable activities; destabilization- mismatch or violation of some autonomous forms of behavior or activity.

Ascertaining information acts in the form of a message, it takes place in various educational systems and does not imply a direct change in behavior.

In order for the information to accurately reach the addressee, an American researcher Harold Lasswell proposed to study the persuasive effect of the media communication process model, which included 5 elements:

1. Who? (transmits a message) - Communicator

2. What? (transmitted) - Message (text)

3. How? (transmitting) - Channel

4. To whom? (message sent) - Audience

5. With what effect? - Efficiency

Consideration of the communicative side of communication involves an appeal to such a concept as subjective information content of a person.

Subjective information content of a person- a characteristic of the subject, indicating the degree of his awareness of the subject, means of communication, interlocutor and other components of the communication process. Many factors influence the subjective information content of a person. Among them are:

Individual psychological properties of the subject;

Previous experience in interpersonal interaction;

Age features;

cognitive characteristics;

Sociocultural level;

The level of general psychological culture;

In many ways, the result of any interaction depends on the level of subjective informativity of the participants. If the level is insufficient, misunderstanding may occur, communication will be difficult due to the occurrence of various kinds of barriers, causal attributions etc. Let us consider in more detail the concept of a communication barrier.

Communication barrier- this a psychological obstacle to the adequate transfer of information between communication partners.

Allocate: barriers to understanding, barriers of socio-cultural difference, relationship barriers.

2. Socio-cultural barriers- this social, political, age and gender And professional differences between partners in communication, which lead to different interpretations of certain concepts used in the communication process.

3. Relationship barriers is a psychological phenomenon that occurs in the process of communication between the communicator and the recipient. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust towards the communicator, which extends to the information transmitted by him.

Considering the types of communication in the previous question, we indicated that the process of information exchange goes through two channels: verbal(through speech) and non-verbal. Non-verbal communication is of fundamental importance in the process of transmitting information from the communicator to the recipient.

Recall that Non-verbal communication- this communication between individuals without the use of words, i.e. without speech and language means, presented in direct or some sign form. Psychologist Allan Pease believes that up to 80% of information is transmitted with the help of non-verbal means of communication.

There are the following types of non-verbal means of communication.

1. Kinesics studies the external manifestations of a person, including: facial expressions(movement of facial muscles) pantomime(body movement - posture, gait, posture), gestures And sight.

2. Extralinguistics explores speech pauses, coughing, crying, laughter, and paralinguistics - loudness, timbre, rhythm, pitch.

3. Takeshika studies touch in the process of communication (handshake, kiss, touching).

4. Proxemics explores the location of people in space during communication (distance to the interlocutor, personal space).

The quantity and quality of non-verbal signals depends on a person's age, gender, temperament type, social status, and nationality.

facial expressions is closely related to emotions and allows a person to guess about the feelings of joy, sadness, tension or peace experienced by the interlocutor. Facial expressions help a person convey mood, attitude to what he is talking about, joy, anger, sadness, that is, the most common emotional states of the face. Facial expression plays an important role in communication, providing emotional contact between interlocutors.

Smile is a universal means of non-verbal communication. It denotes the need for approval, benevolence. Some psychologists are of the opinion that a person smiles not only because he is happy about something, but also because a smile helps to feel confident and be happier. A smile decorates a person, gives the joy of meeting, speaks of the location and friendliness of a communication partner. A smile can be friendly, ironic, ingratiating, contemptuous, not laughing, etc. It should be remembered that the smile should be appropriate for the situation and should not irritate the interlocutor.

Sight is the first step on the way to the interlocutor. The look is very eloquent and expresses a variety of feelings and states. It can be tough, prickly, kind, joyful, open, hostile, affectionate, inquiring, wandering, frozen, etc. Eye contact helps regulate the conversation. When a person speaks, he usually looks at the interlocutor less often than when he listens to him. If the speaker's thought is finished, then he, as a rule, looks into the eyes of the interlocutor, as if saying: "I have said everything, the word is yours." A glance to the side or sideways is perceived as an expression of suspicion or doubt.

Gestures. In a conversation, we often accompany words with actions in which hands play the main role. Even a simple handshake carries information about the interlocutor. A hand for a handshake, given palm down, as a rule, means the superiority of the partner, a hand given with a palm up, consent to submission, and a hand given vertically, a partner handshake. Every human gesture is like a word in a language, it is inextricably linked with the train of thought and the movement of human feelings.

In communication, the following are most often encountered: types of gestures:

Evaluation gestures in which a person evaluates information (scratching the chin, stretching the index finger along the cheek, standing up and walking around);

Gestures of self-control (hands are brought together behind the back, while one squeezes the other or when a person sitting on a chair clutches the armrests);

Dominance gestures (gestures associated with showing thumbs, as well as sharp swings from top to bottom);

Gestures of location (putting a hand to the chest, meaning honesty, touching the interlocutor).

Pose is the position of the human body. Your appearance largely depends on the ability to hold and move correctly. Our way of standing, walking and sitting is an additional source of information. The most informative are the shoulder girdle and the upper part of the human body. The human body is capable of taking about a thousand different positions, of which, due to the cultural tradition of each nation, some are forbidden, while others are normative.

In the course of communication, you can observe the most "readable" postures:

Open, characterizing sincerity and truthfulness (open palms of the hands, turned towards the interlocutor, arms and legs are not crossed, unbuttoned jacket;

Closed, or protective, meaning a reaction to possible threats or conflict situations (crossed arms, sitting on a chair astride, while the back of the chair is a shield, protection; and also when a person sits on a chair, crossing his legs or crossing them;

The posture of readiness characterizing the desire for active action, enthusiasm for achieving the goal (hands lie on the hips, the torso is tilted forward, the hands rest on the knees, and the legs rest on the floor so that one leg protrudes slightly forward, leaving the other behind.

An important place for communication voice which is the expression of our feelings. People who are timid and unsure of themselves speak in a quiet voice; very loud, "strung up" speech can be perceived as harshness and aggression. In a normal environment, you need to speak at a normal volume so that everyone can hear you well. Each person needs to work on the production of voice, especially the teacher. Of essential importance is the flexibility, plasticity of the voice, the ability to easily change it depending on the content of the speech. In addition, it is very important tone speech, that is, coloring, the voice of a person, with the help of which he conveys his feelings and thoughts. A well-trained voice is characterized by richness of timbre coloring. Timbre- this is the coloring of sound, brightness, warmth, softness and individuality. It is no coincidence that there are voices that attract us and fascinate us for a long time.

One of the most important means can be the skillful use of pauses, which help to convey and perceive the meaning of the statement.

Proxemics deals with the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication. I single out 4 spatial zones, or distances in communication:

1. intimate(from 0 to 45 cm). It is the most important distance and protected by man. The closest people are allowed to enter this zone;

2. personal(from 45 cm to 120 cm). This distance is used in everyday communication among familiar people;

3. social(from 120 cm to 400 cm). This is the distance of official meetings with strangers whom we do not know very well (a newcomer to the group, a new employee in the team);

4. public or public(from 400 cm to 750 cm). When interacting with a large number of people.

The determining factor in the distance between communicating is social and age differences.

So, the non-verbal behavior of a person, despite its subordination to the language, has a relative independence, is formed in a particular culture and bears its imprints and is not always realized by a person. This can lead to the emergence of communicative dissonance, when there is a discrepancy between the verbal and non-verbal levels of information communication.

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3

2.Communicative side of communication…………………………………………4

3.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….

4. List of used literature……………………………………..

1. Introduction

In my research work, I set the task to consider the following questions:

1. What is the psychological essence of communication barriers?

2. What does the concept of communication mean in the narrow and broad sense of the word?

3. What is the psychological meaning of feedback?

4. Why is the semantic barrier one of the most

a common obstacle in understanding the subjects of each other?

5. How are the barriers of socio-cultural differences related to the values of the subjects of communication?

6. What is the importance of visual contact in the communication process?

7. What are the conditions and means of distinguishing communication competence?

Communication in Latin means "common, shared with all."

A process of two-way exchange of information leading to mutual understanding.

The communicative side of communication consists in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communication, the transfer and reception of knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings.

In real communication, people can get to know each other for the purpose of further joint action, or, on the contrary, people involved in joint activities get to know each other.

This should be accompanied by a high degree of common understanding of the situation by all participants in the communication process.

The communication process is the exchange of information between people, the purpose of which is to ensure understanding of the information transmitted and received.

Main communication functions:

1.informative - information transfer

2.interactive - organization of interaction between people

3. perceptual - perception of each other by communication partners

4. expressive - excitation or change in the nature of emotional experiences.

There are four main elements needed to carry out the communication process:

1. sender of information

2.message - actual information

3.channel-means of information transmission

4. information recipient.

The communication process is divided into five stages:

I STAGE - the beginning of the exchange of information, when the poisoner must clearly imagine what he wants to transmit and what kind of response to receive.

Stage II - the embodiment of the idea into words, symbols, into a message.

Various channels of information transmission, speech, gestures, facial expressions, written materials, electronic means of communication are selected and used.

Stage III - the transfer of information through the use of selected

communication channels.

Stage IV - the recipient of information translates the symbols into his thoughts.

V stage - feedback - the recipient's response to the information received,

at all stages of the communication process, there may be interference that distorts the meaning of the transmitted information.

Information in communication is not just transmitted from one partner

to another (in this case, the person transmitting information is usually called a communicator, and the person receiving this information is called a recipient).

Communication

Communicator Recipient

Feedback

Feedback is information containing the recipient's reaction to the behavior of the communicator.

The purpose of feedback is to help the communication partner understand how his actions are perceived, what feelings they cause in other people.

To ensure the success of communication, you need to have feedback - information about how people understood you.

The ability to use feedback in communication is one of the most important moments in the communication process.

Feedback refers to the technique and methods of obtaining information about a communication partner used by the interlocutor to correct their own behavior in the process of communication.

Feedback includes conscious control of communicative actions, observation of the partner and assessment of his reactions, subsequent change in accordance with this own behavior.

Feedback involves the ability to see yourself from the side and correctly judge how the partner perceives himself in communication.

The feedback mechanism involves the partner's ability to correlate their reactions with the assessments of their own actions and draw a conclusion.

In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out both at the verbal and non-verbal levels.

Verbal communication uses human speech, natural sound language as a sign system.

Non-verbal communication includes the perceived appearance and expressive movements of a person - gestures, facial expressions, postures, gait.

This also includes such a form of human non-verbal communication as eye contact, which takes place in visual communication.