Lungweed medicinal (Pulmonaria officinalis). Lungwort - useful properties, use in traditional medicine, contraindications Lungwort latin name

Name: comes from the Latin word "pulmo" - lung. In the old days, the leaves of these plants were used in the treatment of pulmonary diseases.

Description: The genus includes 15 species. All lungworts grow on the Eurasian continent and are confined to broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests.

Pulmonaria "High Contrast"
Photo by Andrey Ganov

Of the 15 species of this genus, distributed mainly in the forests of Europe, in the Caucasus, in Siberia, in the territory of the former USSR, 6 grow. medicinal lungwort(P. officinalis L). with heart-shaped ovate leaves. In the mountain beech forests of the Carpathians - red lungwort(P. rubra Schott) with red flowers and bristly-pubescent stems. Dacian lungwort, or the softest(P. dacica Simonk, or P. mollissima M. Pop.), with soft glandular hairy pubescence and blue-violet flowers, grows in the forests of southern European Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia and Central Asia.

Perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plants. Basal leaves on long petioles, stem - sessile, not numerous. The flowers are collected in paired, few-flowered curls at the tops of the stems. The calyx expands by the time the fruit ripens. Corolla funnel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, red-violet or blue.

With beautiful and abundant flowering in early spring and decorative foliage throughout the growing season, this perennial adorns the garden from early spring to the first snow. A charming forest plant is indispensable for decorating shady corners of the garden. Just a few years ago, few flower growers could boast of a lungwort growing in the garden. Now the situation has changed and lovers sometimes find it difficult which variety or type to choose for their flower garden. These plants are becoming increasingly popular with a wide range of flower growers.

The selection of lungworts went in two directions: the creation of decorative foliage and the improvement of the quality of flowering. As a result, numerous variegated varieties were obtained: " David Ward"- leaf blade with silvery spots and a white border; " golden haze" - with a yellow border; " Berries and Cream", "Majesty" - completely silver; " Silver Shimmer's"- with a wavy edge. A large number of abundantly flowering varieties have been created (" little star", "May Bouquet", "Northern Lights"). We bring to your attention a brief description of the thirty most popular varieties, hybrids and clones of lungwort.

In floriculture, several of the most decorative types of lungwort are used:

Lungwort shaft-shaped- P. villarsae Quite a rare thermophilic, but very spectacular view. It occurs in large groups in thickets of bushes along mountain streams in the Apennines at an altitude of up to 1500 m, on sand and gravel rifts. The leaves are lanceolate, about 20 cm long and 10 cm wide, pubescent, covered with silvery-white spots, which merge in summer, making the leaf blade completely silvery-white. It blooms with purple-red flowers in early spring, peduncles up to 45 cm tall. Silver-leaved hybrids have been obtained from this species. The most famous variety Margery Fish"(see photo). The plant is winter-hardy, but preventive shelter is desirable.

Longleaf lungwort- P. longifolia Widely distributed in Northern and Western Europe, in countries such as England, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, where it grows in deciduous forests and along river banks. Perennial herbaceous plant up to 25 cm tall. It is distinguished by very beautiful lanceolate or lanceolate-arrow-shaped leaves, 20-50 cm long and about 6 cm wide. They are dark green from above with silver-white spots, pubescent, from below - gray-green, more dense than other species, and therefore sun resistant. The flowers appear in April on peduncles up to 25 cm high, pink when dissolved, then blue. A subspecies with long narrow leaves covered with white spots and bright blue flowers is named after the English breeder " Bertram Anderson". Another subspecies ( P. longifolia cevennensis- see photo) has very long (up to 65 cm) narrow leaves, covered with many silvery dots and spots, with large blue flowers, found in the Cevennes mountains (France).

red lungwort- R. rubra Schott and Kotschy Often found at an altitude of 300 to 1600 m in the mountains of Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria in subalpine beech and pine forests. Long rhizome plant. Differs in bright red flowers, abundant and long flowering (from early May to early June); intensively grows in culture (growth of rhizomes 7 - 15 cm per year), forming a dense low ground cover 25 - 30 cm high from light green shiny leaves. The leaves are green without spots, rather narrow (7 cm), 15 cm long, covered with bristles and glands. Used as a groundcover. Grows crowded, forming dense groups. It is winter-hardy, but preventive shelter is necessary. The earliest flowering lungwort. Known form with white flowers. In the Foto Pulmonaria rubra David Ward". Photo left Severyakova Elena Photo right Kovina Alevtina

Lungwort officinalis-R. officinalis L. growing everywhere from Western Europe to Siberia in deciduous forests on humus-rich soils. Perennial herbaceous plant up to 10-30 cm tall , with black branched rhizome. The stems are weak, bristly above, with glands. The leaves are arranged in the next order with whitish spots, basal - heart-shaped-ovate, on long petioles, develop after flowering, stem - oblong , about 16 cm long. Flowers in paired, loose curls. Corolla funnel-shaped with five recurved petals, first red, then purple, up to 1.5 cm in diameter. It blooms in early May and blooms for 25-30 days. Winter-hardy up to -35 degrees. In culture until the 16th century. Known form with white perianth (" Alba"), as well as a variety with leaves without spots ( var. imnaculata). Photo by Vyacheslav Moiseev

Lungwort the softest- R. mollissima = P. mollis = P. montana Short-rhizome plant in the forests of Europe, the Caucasus, Dzungaria, Altai. It forms dense, slowly growing bushes 45-55 cm high. One of the most attractive forest plants, the softest lungwort is especially beautiful in early spring, when in late April - early May, flower stalks covered with numerous bluish-purple inflorescences. Blossoming is plentiful, long (from the end of April to the middle of June), often in August - September secondary blossoming is observed. The decorativeness of the plant is given not only by flowers, but also by the strict form of a dense bush and numerous beautiful leaves. New leaves appear throughout the season. In August, seeds ripen (30 - 70 seeds per shoot), which provide abundant self-seeding. Photo EDSR.

Lungwort obscure, or dark- Pulmonaria obscura Dumort.) Grows in coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia, reaches the Urals; outside our country - in Scandinavia, Central and Atlantic Europe, the Mediterranean. It is common in sedge, sedge-sedge, sedge and greenfin oak forests and derived linden forests on soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils of varying degrees of podzolization. In the southern forest-steppe, it grows in dry oak forests on solonetsous loams and solonetzes, in the Cis-Urals (on the eastern border of the range) - in large-fern, lily-of-the-valley linden forests and maple forests. In the broad-leaved zone, it is often found in derivative aspen and birch forests. In the north it enters the middle and south taiga European forests, spruce and fir forests. Long-rhizome perennial brush 10-30 cm high. Basal leaves are heart-shaped-ovate, pointed, hard-bristle, without spots, with long narrow-winged petioles. The lower leaves of flowering shoots are oblong, sharp, slightly decurrent. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 10-15 mm long, swollen with fruit. Corolla 7-10 mm in diameter, with a bell-shaped limb, pink at first, later blue-violet or blue; its tube is narrow, with a tuft of hairs in the fauces. Style - 1, stigma capitate, stamens 5. Fruit of four nuts, obliquely rounded, with a fleshy white appendage. Blooms in April - May. Mesophyte. The plant is demanding on moisture and richness of the soil. Reproduction is seed and vegetative. Seed plays a major role in the self-maintenance of populations in lighted areas. Under the forest canopy, in low light conditions, vegetative reproduction dominates. Lungwort is one of the world-mecochores: its seeds are spread by ants. Seed germination begins in late April - early May. The seedling has rounded oval cotyledons. During the first year of life, 2-3 leaves are formed from the germinal bud. By the middle of the first growing season, the cotyledons die off, and a ground rhizome begins to form. Adventitious roots develop. The lungwort blooms under the forest canopy on the 5th - 7th year of life, vegetative propagation begins after the transition to flowering and continues for most of the generative period. It occurs due to the decay of the oldest sections of the rhizome and the isolation of branches or groups of branches. The minimum life expectancy of an individual lungwort is about 30 years. The main shoots bloom first, after they fade - second-order flower stalks. The flowers are entomophilous, cross-pollination is provided by heterostyly (different height of the columns in the flowers). In clearings, plants bloom earlier than under the forest canopy. The growth of vegetative buds after overwintering begins in late April - May. With the deployment of new leaves, the lower ones gradually die off. By autumn, next year's shoot is fully formed in the renewal buds. After fruiting, the entire generative part of the shoot dies off, up to the bud scales or lower leaves, the lower vegetative part of the shoot continues to function as a rhizome for another 4-6 years. Complete shoot ontogeny lasts 7-9 years. In the central zone of the European part of the USSR, this is a long-term vegetative summer-green hemicryptophyte (renewal buds near the soil surface), in Western and Central Europe (and in our warm winters) lungwort hibernates with green leaves. Vegetative shoots do not have organic dormancy, while generative shoots remain in deep dormancy until December. And today it is listed among the indigenous inhabitants of the forests near Moscow, and sometimes even Moscow courtyards. When GBS decided to create a collection of lungworts (in 1946), it white-flowered form(P. albiflora) was taken in Pushkino, Moscow Region. Photo Zakutnaya Natalia

sugar honeydew, or spotted- R. saccharata Mill. It grows compactly in the southeast of France and northern Italy in forests and bushes in the Apennines. It forms large carpets 15-30 cm high. The leaf is evergreen, large (up to 27 cm long), wide (up to 10 cm), oval, dull green, with conspicuous silvery spots. Summer leaves appear after flowering. Inflorescences are carmine, purple at the end of flowering, funnel-shaped, many inflorescences at the end of a straight stem covered with leaves. Blooms in April-May. Many cultivars have been derived from this species. Varieties: "Cambridge Blue"- blue inflorescences; "Sissinghurst White"- flowers are white, conspicuous, bush height 30 cm, diameter 45-60 cm; "Mrs. Moon"- red-violet, lush, with graceful leaves on which silver spots are visible. photo left Sophia Zhelezova Photo on the right Popova Anetta

Lungwort narrow-leaved- R. angustifolia L. Grows wildly in the European part of Russia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Asia Minor where found in deciduous forests and along river banks. Occasionally found in the southern regions of the Moscow region. Perennial plant up to 30 cm tall. The stems are strong, bristly, with a few glands. Leaves linear-lanceolate, bristly on both sides, 17-30 cm long. Flowers in paired whorls, carmine-red at the beginning of flowering, then blue. After the end of flowering, the leaves increase in size. It blooms in early May and blooms for 20-25 days. Winter-hardy up to -29 degrees. In culture since the beginning of the 18th century. In culture until 1823. The richest color in varieties Munstead Blue and Mawson's Variety. Prefers sandy soils. Photograph by Kirill Tkachenko

Location: in a semi-shady or shaded, cool place. The plant does not tolerate heat, relatively moisture-loving. For species such as m.

"Tim's Silver"
Photo by Konstantinova Natalia

The soil: prefer sandy or loamy, alkaline or slightly acidic, loose soils containing humus. The narrow-leaved lungwort grows well on poor sandy soils.

Care: water in dry weather. Apply manure regularly. During the season, they are fed 1 time in the middle of summer, during the period of intensive growth of new leaves, with a solution of complete mineral fertilizer (15-20 g per 10 l), spending this amount per 1 m 2. If necessary, cut off the overgrown shoots with a shovel. When preparing for winter, it is advisable to cover varieties and hybrids of m. rampart and m. soft with a leaf. Before winter, it is desirable to mulch all types of peat. In the narrow-leaved lungwort, you can not cut off the foliage.

Diseases and pests: in cold, wet years, the red lungwort is damaged by powdery mildew.

Reproduction: dividing the bush and seeds. The softest lungwort reproduces especially well with freshly harvested seeds. Seedlings dive at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other. Lungworts are propagated by dividing the bush (m. long-leaved, m. sugar, m. soft and interspecific hybrids) and segments of the rhizome (m. red, m. medicinal, m. shaft-shaped and m. narrow-leaved).

Photo EDSR.

It is best to divide the plant and plant in July-August, after flowering, the death of old leaves and the formation of new rosettes. Landing is carried out to a depth of 2 - 4 cm, planted at a distance of 15-20 cm. When planting, the roots are shortened. The land around the planted plants is mulched with humus, and in order to reduce the evaporation of moisture, they are covered with non-woven material for several days.

Usage: in groups, mixborders and rocky areas. The leaves do not lose their decorative effect for a long time, which makes them valuable for borders. Lungworts are undeservedly rarely grown in gardens, although these bright, early-flowering, beautiful foliage plants that create a decorative cover should find their place in the garden. Red lungwort and narrow-leaved lungwort can be recommended as ground cover plants for shady areas, and the softest lungwort will decorate flower beds both in the shade and in more open areas of the garden.

Partners: look good with ferns and shrubs.

Latin name Pulmonaria obscura Dumort

Borage family

Genus Pulmonaria - Lungwort

It was not called Lungwort by chance - its flowers contain a lot of nectar and it is one of the first spring honey plants, it blooms in April-May. Village children, not spoiled by sweets, regaled themselves by sucking nectar from the tube of a flower. The popular names of this plant speak eloquently of its medicinal properties: live grass, forest grass, blue root, cut grass, parure grass. One of the German names translates as " lungwort". The Latin name of lungwort - Pulmonaria - also recalls that it is used for lung diseases. Moreover, this application has gone since those distant times, when plants were used according to the principle - to treat any organ of the human body with that part of the plant that resembles it. The leaves of the lungwort "reminded" the lungs to the ancient phytotherapists. But this turned out to be the case when the application was really effective. In ancient times, this plant was not used, but since the Middle Ages, not a single European herbalist can do without describing it. The great Paracelsus (1493-1541), physician and naturalist, recommended the use of lungwort for lung diseases.

Description

Lungwort obscure, or Dark Lungwort Forest Grass Chewing Grass

Under the name lungwort, several species are used in medicine. In the domestic literature, the obscure lungwort, or dark lungwort - Pulmonaria obscura Dumort., is often erroneously called medicinal lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L.). The latter is common in Central and Western Europe, but does not occur in Russia. These two species are quite close and contain the same useful compounds.

In Siberia, the soft lungwort (Pulmonaria mollis Wulfer ex Homem) and the softest lungwort (Pulmonaria mollissima Kemer) are found.

The species listed above are perennial herbaceous plants from the borage family with a thick brown rhizome.

stems slightly ribbed, up to 30 cm tall.

Leaves alternate, rough with hairs; upper stem - oblong-ovate, narrowed towards the base, sessile; the lower stem ones are ovate, narrowed into a short, broadly winged petiole. Basal leaves, developing only after flowering, are broadly ovate, pointed at the top, heart-shaped at the base, immediately narrowed into a narrow-winged, long petiole.

flowers funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a five-lobed limb, pink at the beginning of flowering, then blue, collected at the top of the stems in few-flowered loose curls9.

Fruit dry, fractional, breaking up into four dark nuts; have a fleshy appendage that attracts ants. And thanks to these industrious insects, the plant spreads in nature.

Spreading

There is an obscure lungwort almost throughout the entire territory of the European part of Russia (except for the northern regions). It grows in forests, among shrubs, mainly on sandy soil.

Growing on the site

Lungwort prefers fertile soils. You can plant it in a slightly shaded area. It blooms when most tree species in our area are just beginning to bloom.

reproduction

It can be propagated by seeds that are sown immediately after harvest. Seedlings usually appear the next year. Such plants bloom in the 2-3rd year after emergence.
If possible, it is better to plant rhizomes or simply divide the bushes. When using varieties, this method of reproduction is the main one.

Planted plants in a shady and moist corner in fertile loose soil. Every autumn, it is advisable to add peat or compost to the bushes. When dry, they need to be watered. Every 5 years, the bushes need to be divided and seated in a new place. Otherwise, the leaves begin to shrink and the plants look less decorative. When landing, they are slightly deepened.

Medicinal raw materials

For therapeutic purposes, the aerial part (grass) collected during flowering is used. It is cut with scissors or secateurs at a height of 4-6 cm from the soil surface. Do not tear it off, while growth points may suffer and the plant will grow poorly or die completely. The raw materials are dried in a dry, well-ventilated area, spread out in a thin layer, and periodically turned over. It must be stored in a dry frost-free room.

Chemical composition

Active ingredients

The herb contains a wide variety of biologically active compounds: tannins, flavonoids (rutin), vitamins (ascorbic acid, carotene), allantoin, mucus, manganese, silicon oxide. Unlike other plants from the borage family, lungwort contains almost no alkaloids, which can have adverse side effects.

Application

Medicinal
Application in official and traditional medicine

The plant is currently very widely used in many countries for respiratory diseases as an expectorant and enveloping agent. Lungwort is quite effective even with whooping cough and bronchial asthma. In addition, due to the content of silicon compounds, it is used for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Studies have shown that the aerial part of the lungwort has virucidal properties and is able to suppress the development of herpes and influenza viruses.
Plant preparations regulate the activity of the endocrine glands, and many herbalists recommend it for thyroid diseases. Due to the presence of trace elements, the plant has a beneficial effect on hematopoiesis, and also contributes to the removal of radionuclides from the body. In addition, the plant has a mild diuretic and astringent effect. The herb lungwort soft and mildest has an anticoagulant effect, that is, it lowers blood clotting and prevents the formation of blood clots. Lungwort herb infusion in folk medicine is recommended for prostate adenoma, kidney and bladder diseases, including urolithiasis, as well as hematuria (the presence of red blood cells in the urine). According to some reports, lungwort herb is a good stimulant of male sexual function.

Use at home

It is very easy to prepare an infusion of herbs: pour 10 g of crushed raw materials with 1 cup of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day. Some authors, mostly German, recommend sweetening the infusion with a spoonful of honey.
With pulmonary tuberculosis, it is preferable to prepare a decoction, then silicon compounds become more accessible to the body. That is, raw materials are poured with boiling water in the same proportions and boiled over low heat under a lid in an enamel bowl for half an hour. Take the same as infusion. Outwardly, fresh juice from the aerial part is rubbed into the scalp to strengthen the hair. Crushed leaves are applied to purulent wounds.

decorative application

Lungwort is a fairly popular plant among landscape designers. In addition to the decorative forms of the species listed above, they also use red lungwort (Pulmonaria rubra), long-leaved lungwort (Pulmonaria longifolia), sugar lungwort (Pulmonaria saccharata), which are distinguished by variegation. Spots can be light green, silvery and white, which makes the plants smart not only during flowering. Varieties and decorative forms are easily pollinated, and therefore it is better to propagate them only vegetatively.

Lungwort plants are extremely decorative and bloom at a time when nature has not yet pampered us with a riot of colors. Cut flowers work well in a bouquet.

food application

The young stems and leaves of the lungwort can be used in salads and soups, and in England it is specially planted as a salad plant. And the fact that the plant contains vitamin C in large quantities makes it, like primrose, especially useful for spring beriberi.

honey

One of the first spring honey plants, blooms in April-May

Lungwort officinalis (obscure)(lat. Pulmonaria officinalis) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the borage family (other names: lungwort).

In Siberia, Zakamye, another species of it is found - the softest lungwort, or soft, which is distinguished by larger leaves, tapering into a winged petiole.

Features: stem - erect or rising in height from 8..10 to 30 ... 40 cm, rough, covered with short hard hairs; leaves - oblong, closer to the root ovate-lanceolate, long-cut, stem - more elongated, with a short winged petiole, the surface is rough, green, sometimes various spots appear on it; flowers - small, drooping buds, inconsistent in color - the upper part is pink, then blue and purple, the corolla of the flowers is bell-shaped, with five limbs, the perianth is of the correct shape, a bundle of hairs is in the center of the flower, flowers are located at the top of the stem; fruits - 4 small shiny nuts that ripen in the throat of a flower after fertilization blooms in April - May: pink inflorescences barely bloom, almost before our eyes they turn purple, and then blue.

Lungwort grows in the forest, among shrubs, in clearings and edges, often on sandy soil. Appearing immediately behind the snowdrops, by the middle of summer it is already becoming obsolete - a bunch of abundantly overgrown basal leaves remains from the plant.

Compound

Many biologically active substances were found in the composition of the lungwort; vitamins C and P, carotene, salts of potassium, calcium, iron, copper, especially a lot of manganese (up to 10..12% of the total mass of ash), as well as a significant amount of mucous and tannins. That is why spring lungwort salad is especially healing; collected some leaves, washed, chopped, seasoned with a spoonful of sour cream or mayonnaise - and a dietary dish that improves blood-forming processes in the body is ready.

The use and medicinal properties of lungwort

As a medicinal raw material, lungwort is cultivated in many countries. Flowering stems are cut without the lower rough parts in the period before the flowers bloom. Store in jars with tight-fitting lids.
Decoctions of dry leaves are used for lung disease. With children's tuberculosis, a decoction of lungwort is considered one of the best remedies. Herbal infusions are used for coughing, hoarseness, inflammation of the kidneys, bladder stones, women's diseases, hemorrhoids. Crushed leaves are applied to festering wounds and fresh cuts.
An infusion of dried lungwort (30 ..40 g of grass per 1 liter of water) is drunk for bowel disease, acute nephritis, bleeding. Used for lotions and compresses for abscesses and festering wounds.
Lungwort is valued as the first vitamin herb and is widely used in cooking in places where it grows abundantly. Salads, soups, stuffing for pies are prepared from tender young leaves. The kids love to pick off the flowers and bite off the white sweet bases of the petals. Alas! .. Abundant thickets of lungwort are becoming less and less common, you need to handle it more and more carefully. It is better to pick off 2..3 formed leaves (such a loss is not noticeable for the plant), and leave the small petals intact.
Keep fresh lungwort can be in the refrigerator in a plastic bag for 15..20 days.
For the winter, lungwort can be salted and pickled.

Contraindications of lungwort officinalis

There are no contraindications to this plant, but preparations from this plant should be used with caution, as nausea may occur. Well, individual intolerance is the last contraindication to the use of lungwort.

- a species of low perennial herbaceous plants from the genus Medunitsa of the Borage family ( Boraginaceae). In plants of this species, an infrequent among flowering plants, the phenomenon of changing the color of the corolla during flowering is observed: pink at the beginning, towards the end of flowering, the corollas turn blue.

The specific epithet "obscura" can be translated from Latin as "dark", "obscure", "secret", "mysterious". Due to the fact that the specific epithet allows for various translations, various Russian names of the species are found in the literature: obscure lungwort, dark lungwort; the last name can be explained by the fact that the leaves of this species have a uniform green color, unlike another species, medicinal lungwort ( Pulmonaria officinalis), which has numerous light spots on the leaves.

Like some other plants that bloom very early, immediately after the snow melts, the obscure lungwort is called "snowdrop" in some regions of Russia.

Spreading

Biological description

It is possible that the change in the color of the corolla is of informational importance for pollinating insects, but the adaptive significance of this phenomenon is not completely clear.

Flowering in the middle zone of the European part of Russia - in April - May. Pollination occurs with the help of insects (bees, bumblebees); The nectar in the flower is protected from all inefficient pollinators by a long corolla tube.

Dimorphic heterostyly is characteristic of the lungwort as an adaptation for cross-pollination: different plants may have different lengths of columns and stamen filaments (in some plants, the columns are shorter than the stamens, in others, the stamens are shorter than the columns). The essence of this device is that the insect, touching the anthers in a flower of one type, stains its body with pollen in those places that correspond to the stigma of the style in a flower of another type. In plants with a long style, the stamens do not protrude from the corolla; in plants with a short style, only anthers protrude slightly from the corolla.

Usage

The leaves are edible, they contain a lot of ascorbic acid and other vitamins; in the spring they can be used to make salads.

Occasionally, this type of lungwort is grown as a garden plant.

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Notes

1. For the conditionality of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a parent taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section "APG Systems" of the article "Dicotyledons".
2. The stress in the words "pulmonaria" and "obscura" is according to the edition (see section).
3. (see section ).
4. Illustrated guide to plants of the Leningrad region / Ed. A. L. Budantseva and G. P. Yakovleva .. - M .: Partnership of scientific publications of KMK, 2006. - S. 463, 465. - 799 p. - 700 copies. - ISBN 5-87317-260-9.
5. Animals and plants. Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Eksmo, 2007. - S. 830-831. - 1248 p. - 5,000 (additional, circulation) copies.- ISBN 5-699-17445-1.
6. Petrov V.V. The world of forest plants. - M .: Nauka, 1978. - S. 110-112. - 168 p. - 300,000 copies.
7. Latin-Russian Dictionary / Ed.-comp. K. A. Tananushko. - Minsk: Harvest LLC, 2008. - S. 766. - 1344 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-985-13-2595-1.
8. Novikov V.S. Popular atlas-determinant. Wild plants / V. S. Novikov, I. A. Gubanov. - 5th ed., stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2008. - S. 323-325. - 415 p. - (Popular atlas-identifier). - 5000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-358-05146-1.
9. Gubareva I. Yu., Dedkov V. P., Napreenko M. G., Petrova N. G., Sokolov A. A./ Ed. V. P. Dedkova. - Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad University, 1999. - 107 p. - 200 copies. - ISBN 5-88874-140-X. (Retrieved May 18, 2009)
10. (see section ).

Literature

• Dobrochaeva D.N. Borage family (Boraginaceae) // Plant life. In 6 volumes / ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyan. - M .: Education, 1981. - V. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants. - S. 394-398. - 300,000 copies.
• Gubanov I. A. and others. Key to higher plants in the middle zone of the European part of the USSR: A guide for teachers / I. A. Gubanov, V. S. Novikov, V. N. Tikhomirov. - M .: Education, 1981. - S. 199, 201-202. - 287 p.
• Gubanov, I. A. and others. 1072. Pulmonaria obscura Dum. ( P. officinalis L. p.p.) - Lungwort obscure, or dark // . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, In-t technologist. issl., 2004. - V. 3. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - S. 105. - ISBN 5-87317-163-7.

Links

• (eng.): information on the site (eng.) (Retrieved May 21, 2009)
• Lungwort- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

An excerpt characterizing Lungwort obscure

“Did he really die in that evil mood in which he was then? Was not the explanation of life revealed to him before death? thought Pierre. He remembered Karataev, his death, and involuntarily began to compare these two people, so different and at the same time so similar in love, which he had for both, and because both lived and both died.
In the most serious mood, Pierre drove up to the house of the old prince. This house survived. Traces of destruction were visible in it, but the character of the house was the same. The old waiter who met Pierre with a stern face, as if wanting to make the guest feel that the absence of the prince did not disturb the order of the house, said that the princess was deigned to go to her rooms and was received on Sundays.
- Report; maybe they will," said Pierre.
- I'm listening, - answered the waiter, - please go to the portrait room.
A few minutes later, a waiter and Dessalles came out to Pierre. Dessalles, on behalf of the princess, told Pierre that she was very glad to see him and asked, if he would excuse her for her impudence, to go upstairs to her rooms.
In a low room, lit by a single candle, sat the princess and someone else with her, in a black dress. Pierre remembered that the princess always had companions. Who and what they are, these companions, Pierre did not know and did not remember. “This is one of the companions,” he thought, glancing at the lady in the black dress.
The princess quickly stood up to meet him and held out her hand.
“Yes,” she said, peering into his changed face after he kissed her hand, “this is how we meet. He often talked about you lately, too,” she said, turning her eyes from Pierre to her companion with a shyness that struck Pierre for a moment.
“I was so glad to hear of your salvation. This was the only good news we have received since a long time ago. - Again, even more restless, the princess looked back at her companion and wanted to say something; but Pierre interrupted her.
“You can imagine that I knew nothing about him,” he said. “I thought he was dead. Everything I learned, I learned from others, through third parties. I only know that he ended up with the Rostovs ... What a fate!
Pierre spoke quickly, animatedly. He glanced once at his companion's face, saw an attentive, affectionately curious look directed at him, and, as often happens during a conversation, for some reason he felt that this companion in a black dress was a sweet, kind, glorious creature who would not interfere with his heartfelt conversation with Princess Mary.
But when he said the last words about the Rostovs, the confusion in the face of Princess Marya expressed itself even more strongly. She again ran her eyes from Pierre's face to the face of the lady in the black dress and said:
- You don't know, do you?
Pierre glanced once more at the pale, thin face of his companion, with black eyes and a strange mouth. Something familiar, long forgotten and more than sweet looked at him from those attentive eyes.
But no, it can't be, he thought. – Is it a strict, thin and pale, aged face? It can't be her. It's just a memory of that." But at this time Princess Marya said: "Natasha." And the face, with attentive eyes, with difficulty, with effort, like a rusty door opens, smiled, and from this open door it suddenly smelled and washed over Pierre with that long-forgotten happiness, about which, especially now, he did not think. It smelled, engulfed and swallowed him all. When she smiled, there could no longer be any doubt: it was Natasha, and he loved her.
In the very first minute, Pierre involuntarily told both her and Princess Mary, and, most importantly, to himself a secret unknown to him. He blushed happily and painfully. He wanted to hide his excitement. But the more he wanted to hide him, the more clearly—more clearly than in the most definite words—he told himself, and to her, and to Princess Marya that he loved her.
“No, it’s so, from surprise,” thought Pierre. But as soon as he wanted to continue the conversation he had begun with Princess Marya, he again looked at Natasha, and an even stronger color covered his face, and an even stronger excitement of joy and fear seized his soul. He got lost in words and stopped in the middle of a speech.
Pierre did not notice Natasha, because he did not expect to see her here, but he did not recognize her because the change that had taken place in her since he had not seen her was enormous. She lost weight and turned pale. But this was not what made her unrecognizable: it was impossible to recognize her at the first minute he entered, because on this face, in whose eyes a secret smile of the joy of life had always shone, now, when he entered and looked at her for the first time, there was also a shadow of a smile; there were only eyes, attentive, kind and sadly inquiring.
Pierre's embarrassment was not reflected in Natasha's embarrassment, but only with pleasure, slightly perceptibly illuminating her whole face.

“She came to visit me,” said Princess Mary. The Count and Countess will be here in a few days. The Countess is in a terrible position. But Natasha herself needed to see the doctor. She was forcibly sent away with me.
- Yes, is there a family without its grief? said Pierre, turning to Natasha. “You know that it was on the very day we were released. I saw him. What a lovely boy he was.
Natasha looked at him, and in response to his words, her eyes only opened more and lit up.
- What can you say or think in consolation? Pierre said. - Nothing. Why did such a glorious, full of life boy die?
“Yes, in our time it would be difficult to live without faith…” said Princess Mary.
- Yes Yes. This is the true truth,” Pierre hastily interrupted.
- From what? Natasha asked, looking attentively into Pierre's eyes.
- How why? - said Princess Mary. One thought of what awaits there...
Natasha, without listening to Princess Marya, looked inquiringly at Pierre again.
“And because,” Pierre continued, “that only the person who believes that there is a god who controls us can endure such a loss as hers and ... yours,” said Pierre.
Natasha opened her mouth, wanting to say something, but suddenly stopped. Pierre hastened to turn away from her and turned again to Princess Mary with a question about the last days of his friend's life. Pierre's embarrassment is now almost gone; but at the same time he felt that all his former freedom had disappeared. He felt that there was now a judge over his every word, action, a court that was dearer to him than the court of all people in the world. He was speaking now, and together with his words, he understood the impression that his words made on Natasha. He didn't say anything on purpose that might please her; but whatever he said, he judged himself from her point of view.
Princess Mary reluctantly, as always happens, began to talk about the situation in which she found Prince Andrei. But Pierre's questions, his animatedly restless look, his face trembling with excitement, gradually forced her to go into details, which she was afraid for herself to renew in her imagination.
“Yes, yes, so, so ...” said Pierre, bending forward with his whole body over Princess Mary and eagerly listening to her story. - Yes Yes; so did he calm down? relented? He was always looking for one thing with all the strength of his soul; be quite good that he could not be afraid of death. The faults that were in him, if there were any, did not come from him. So he softened up? Pierre said. “What a blessing that he saw you,” he said to Natasha, suddenly turning to her and looking at her with eyes full of tears.
Natasha's face twitched. She frowned and lowered her eyes for a moment. She hesitated for a minute: to speak or not to speak?
“Yes, it was happiness,” she said in a quiet chesty voice, “for me, it must have been happiness. She paused. - And he ... he ... he said that he wanted this, the minute I came to him ... - Natasha's voice broke off. She blushed, clasped her hands in her lap, and suddenly, evidently making an effort on herself, raised her head and quickly began to say:
– We didn’t know anything when we were driving from Moscow. I didn't dare ask about him. And suddenly Sonya told me that he was with us. I didn’t think anything, I couldn’t imagine what position he was in; I only needed to see him, to be with him,” she said, trembling and panting. And, not allowing herself to be interrupted, she told what she had never told anyone before: everything that she experienced during those three weeks of their journey and life in Yaroslavl.
Pierre listened to her with his mouth open and never taking his eyes off her, full of tears. Listening to her, he did not think about Prince Andrei, nor about death, nor about what she was talking about. He listened to her and only felt sorry for her for the suffering she now experienced as she spoke.
The princess, grimacing with a desire to hold back her tears, sat beside Natasha and listened for the first time to the story of those last days of love between her brother and Natasha.
This painful and joyful story, apparently, was necessary for Natasha.
She spoke, mixing the most insignificant details with the most intimate secrets, and it seemed that she could never finish. She repeated the same thing several times.
Desalle's voice was heard outside the door, asking if Nikolushka could come in and say goodbye.
“Yes, that’s all, that’s all ...” said Natasha. She quickly got up, while Nikolushka entered, and almost ran to the door, knocked her head against the door, covered with a curtain, and with a groan of pain or sadness escaped from the room.
Pierre looked at the door through which she went out and did not understand why he was suddenly left alone in the whole world.
Princess Marya called him out of absent-mindedness, drawing his attention to his nephew, who entered the room.
Nikolushka's face, resembling his father, in a moment of spiritual softening in which Pierre was now, had such an effect on him that, having kissed Nikolushka, he hastily got up and, taking out a handkerchief, went to the window. He wanted to say goodbye to Princess Mary, but she restrained him.

Lungwort obscure or dark- Pulmonaria obscura Dum. - a perennial herbaceous plant from the borage family (Boraginaceae) 15-30 cm high. In early spring, the plant develops flowering shoots with small green leaves. In summer, after fruiting, these shoots dry up, their place is taken by shortened shoots with bunches of large basal leaves. These leaves are cordate-ovate, stiffly bristly, suddenly narrowed into a long petiole; stem (on spring shoots) - alternate, oblong, sharp at the top, slightly decurrent.
The flowers are located in few-flowered loose inflorescences, curls, which end the stems. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed, retained in fruit. Moreover, when flowering, it increases in volume and reaches a length of 1.5 cm when fruiting. Stamens 5. Pistil with upper ovary.
Blooms in April - May. The flowers produce a lot of nectar, so they are readily visited by cross-pollinating insects. The fruits ripen in May - June. The fruit is dry, fractional, when ripe it breaks up into 4 dark nuts.
The development cycle of lungwort plants is “non-standard”: flower-bearing shoots grow in early spring, lungwort blooms and bears fruit. By the end of flowering, abundant basal leaves grow, living until late autumn, while flowering shoots die off completely in May-June.

Lungwort spread

Lungwort obscure - European species. In European Russia, this is a common plant in all areas of the forest and forest-steppe zone. Grows in forests, forest edges, clearings, clearings, forest ravines, bushes.

Economic use of lungwort

Lungwort obscure - a popular ornamental early spring plant belonging to the group of "snowdrops". Willingly collected by amateurs for bouquets, which causes significant harm to lungwort populations in suburban forests.
A good honey plant, which justifies its main botanical name, is especially appreciated by beekeepers for giving an early plentiful bribe, so necessary for bees after wintering. The leaves are rich in ascorbic acid and other vitamins, edible, suitable for salads.

Medicinal value of lungwort and methods of therapeutic use

For medicinal purposes, the aerial part of the plant (grass) is used. It is harvested in spring and early summer, at the time of flowering. Dry quickly, laying out in a thin layer in a well-ventilated area. When dried slowly, the grass can turn black, which reduces its value.
Lungwort contains tannins and mucous substances, carotene (provitamin A), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), rutin (vitamin P), silicon oxide, salts of manganese, iron, potassium, calcium.
Due to the anti-inflammatory and emollient action, decoctions from lungwort are prescribed for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, and pulmonary tuberculosis as an expectorant. This is where the Latin name Pulmonaria comes from - from the word Pulmo - light, and in folk dialects the lungwort is called simply and precisely - pulmonary. In addition, lungwort has a diuretic effect, so it is used for diseases of the kidneys and bladder. Lungwort is also credited with hemostatic properties, allowing it to be used for internal bleeding and hemorrhoids.
It is believed that this plant stimulates blood formation. Lungwort - "iodine-grass" - a good remedy for healing wounds and ulcers. Preparations from lungwort have a positive effect on the composition of the blood during tumor processes and enhance the effect of other antitumor agents.
The plant is able to regulate the alkaline-acid balance in the body. According to some reports, the extract from the roots relaxes the uterine muscle. Lungwort grass contains manganese, which stimulates growth, promotes the absorption of vitamin B1, and regulates the activity of some endocrine glands.
With the above painful conditions, an infusion of herbs is used.
Prepare it at the rate of 1.5-2 tablespoons of chopped herbs for 2 cups of boiling water. Filter after natural cooling and drink half a cup 3-4 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals.

Sometimes lungwort is used for eczema, goiter, nephritis and liver diseases as a slightly astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic.
Lungwort juice is squeezed out during flowering from the aerial part of the plant.

Consume 3-5 tablespoons with 1 tablespoon of honey diluted in a glass of warm water 3-4 times a day half an hour after meals.
Outwardly used in the form of lotions, compresses, washes for purulent wounds, abscesses, whites, in the form of baths is prescribed for scrofula.
You can save for future use only when canning with 20% alcohol.

The crushed leaves of the plant accelerate the healing of wounds; strong infusion of herbs can disinfect wounds.
Prepare an infusion at the rate of 4 tablespoons of herbs in 2 cups of boiling water. Use in the form of washing ulcers and wounds and compresses to them.

In spring and summer, fresh washed leaves are applied to wounds. More often, wound surfaces are sprinkled with powder of crushed dry leaves.
In folk medicine, lungwort is considered one of the best remedies for treating childhood tuberculosis. An infusion of herbs is prescribed for bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, asthma, hemoptysis, hoarseness.
Pour four teaspoons of herbs with 2 cups of boiling water; insist, wrapped, 2 hours, drain. Take 1/2 cup 3-4 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals.

It is impossible to do without lungwort and with various blood diseases. This spring primrose is surprisingly rich in a hematopoietic complex of microelements, which can not only enrich, but also improve blood composition. Every spring, during the 3-4 weeks allotted for the flowering of lungwort, everyone, even a practically healthy person, needs to eat fresh salads from this amazing plant, seasoning them with lemon and vegetable oil or mayonnaise for taste. This will be the best prevention of blood diseases.

If a person is already sick and the composition of the blood has deteriorated threateningly, it is possible to recommend an aqueous infusion from lungwort harvested for the future: brew 2 tablespoons of the plant with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 2 hours; take 1/2 cup 3-4 times a day. This infusion can be taken for a long time, since in the indicated doses the lungwort is absolutely harmless to the body.

Recipes from lungwort for medical nutrition

Lungwort caviar with nettle
Lungwort leaf - 300 g, nettle leaf - 200 g, onion - 100 g, garlic and salt to taste.
Lungwort and nettles are blanched for 2 minutes, finely chopped, onions are added and sautéed in vegetable oil, then seasoned with salt and garlic. Green onions can be used instead of onions. Served with meat and vegetables.

Caviar from lungwort, celery and wild garlic
Lungwort leaves - 300 g, celery greens - 300 g, wild garlic - 100 g, vegetable oil - 150 g, salt to taste. Lungwort greens are blanched, chopped and mixed with finely chopped wild garlic and celery greens, sautéed in Zmin vegetable oil. Salt before serving. You can add a slice of lemon and a finely chopped hard-boiled egg to each serving.

Shchi from lungwort and nettle with potatoes
Lungwort leaves - 300 g, - 300 g, potatoes - 500 g, dill greens - 10 g, sour cream - 100 g, eggs - 2 pcs., water - Zl, salt to taste.
Boil finely chopped potatoes. Rinse the nettle, pour boiling water over it and finely chop it together with lungwort and dill. Saute all the greens in vegetable oil for 1 minute, add sour cream and simmer for another 1 minute, then put the greens in potato broth and boil for no more than 1 minute. Before serving, add half a hard-boiled egg to each serving.

Shchi from lungwort and sorrel with potatoes
Lungwort greens - 300 g, sorrel - 300 g, - 500 g, dill greens - South, sour cream - 100 g, eggs - 2 pcs., water 3 l, salt to taste.
Rinse the greens and finely chop. Saute in vegetable oil for 1 minute, add sour cream and simmer for another 1 minute. Cut the potatoes into thin strips and boil, add the stewed greens and boil for no more than 1 minute. When serving, top each serving with half a hard-boiled egg.

Fried lungwort
Wash the young shoots of lungwort, pour over with boiling water, roll in breadcrumbs or flour, fry in a large amount of vegetable oil. Salt before serving. Try it, dear www.site users! These are very healthy dishes and, of course, tasty, how else to explain another popular name for lungwort - smoktunchik (from the word savor - taste). V. I. Dal assumed the connection of this word with the word "relish" - taste, tasty.
According to Raphael, Lungwort is ruled by Jupiter and is especially curative for those born under the sign of Sagittarius and Pisces.