What kingdoms of living organisms are distinguished in nature? Kingdoms of living nature What kingdoms of living organisms are distinguished in science
Over the entire history of human existence, a lot of knowledge has accumulated about the diversity of living nature. With the help of the science of taxonomy, all living nature is divided into kingdoms. In this article we will tell you which kingdoms of living organisms biology studies, about their features and characteristics.
The difference between living nature and inanimate nature
Distinctive features of living nature are:
- growth and development;
- breath;
- nutrition;
- reproduction;
- perception and response to environmental influences.
However, distinguishing living organisms from inanimate nature is not so easy. The fact is that many objects are similar in their chemical composition. For example, salt crystals can grow. And, for example, the seeds of plants that belong to living nature remain dormant for a long time.
All living organisms are divided into two types: non-cellular (viruses) and cellular which are made up of cells.
Unlike all existing living organisms, viruses do not have cells. They settle inside the cell, thereby causing various diseases.
Also a characteristic feature of all living things is the similarity of internal chemical compounds. An important factor is the metabolism with the environment, as well as the response to influences from the external environment.
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All living nature has its own classification. Kingdoms, types, classes of living organisms are the basis of biological systematics. Cellular organisms consist of two superkingdoms: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Each of them is divided into separate kingdoms, levels of the hierarchy of the scientific classification of all existing biological species. Scientists group bacteria, plants, fungi and animals into separate kingdoms.
Rice. 1. Kingdoms of living organisms.
The human body belongs to the animal kingdom.
Bacteria
These organisms are classified as prokaryotes because they do not have a nuclear membrane. There are no organelles inside the cell; DNA is located directly in the cytoplasm. They live everywhere, they can be found in the depths of the earth's surface and on mountain peaks.
Another type of prokaryotes are archaea, which live in extreme conditions. They can be found in hot springs, the waters of the Dead Sea, animal intestines, and soil.
Mushrooms
This group of wildlife is quite diverse. They are divided into:
- cap mushrooms (outside they have a leg and a cap, which are attached to the surface of the soil using mycelium);
- yeast ;
- mukor - a single-celled fungus of microscopic size. If it is present, a fluffy grayish coating forms, which turns black over time.
Plants
Inside a plant cell there are organelles, such as chloroplasts, that are capable of carrying out the process of photosynthesis. Plant cells are surrounded by a strong wall, the basis of which is cellulose. Inside the cell there is a nucleus, cytoplasm with organelles.
Rice. 2. The structure of a plant cell.
Animals
An animal cell does not have a strong wall, like a plant cell, so some of them are able to contract, for example, cells of the muscular system. Animals move actively and have a musculoskeletal system. Inside the animal's body there are entire systems of organs that regulate the functioning of the entire organism.
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Greetings, friends of nature. Today I want to tell you which kingdoms of living nature and their representatives exist and rule on our land. They interested me in their rich diversity, since nature created all its diversity over many millions of years.
It turns out that this is not one kingdom, but several, and they cannot live without each other, because in nature everything is interconnected. Do you know the representatives of the kingdom of living nature?
How beautiful our earth is at any time of the year, where everything is so rationally arranged that all living organisms on it, to one degree or another, depend on each other.
Sometimes we don’t even think about it and don’t pay attention. I will try to tell you about what kingdoms of nature exist, what they are called and how many there are.
These tiny microorganisms - microbes and bacteria - exist everywhere you look. But they can only be seen under a microscope due to their small size. And so, looking into the microscope lens, you can find bacteria with different structures.
There are those in the form of a ball, and there are also straight bacteria - like a stick, some are curved, while others have bizarre shapes. Their variety is so rich that it would be difficult to list them all here.
Speaking about bacteria, all of them can be divided into:
- Useful, which are found in every living creature and help not only to properly digest food, but also protect against various diseases.
- Harmful, which cause various poisonings and disorders of the digestive system and other organs.
In addition, in this kingdom there are still bacteria and microbes, the first of which, as I said above, can be both useful and harmful. But microbes are only harmful.
This is how this kingdom of good and bad microorganisms works in brief.
Kingdom of Viruses
So, for example, the hepatitis virus can live in the human body without damaging liver cells for many years. Currently known:
After reading this name of the kingdom, you probably thought about forest mushrooms? Of course, you thought correctly, but there are still a lot of mushrooms in the world, growing not only in the forest in the clearing, but also on the river and seabed.
More than 100 thousand species of mushrooms are known to our science today. It turns out that the most common yeast is . And the well-known forest mushrooms are edible and inedible.
Molds are also ubiquitous and can sometimes be difficult to get rid of.
They can be very harmful, as they lead to crop losses and diseases of people and animals. But among them there are also useful mushrooms, such as penicillium. Isn’t it a familiar name, apparently you guessed that the antibiotic penicillin is obtained from it.
Almost everyone who has their own personal plot grows currant or gooseberry bushes. And everyone strives to treat them against powdery mildew in the spring. This plant disease is caused by powdery mildew fungi.
Well, who doesn’t know this fabulous kingdom, which is so rich and diverse?
Their representatives make us happy both at home and on the street. Every spring, various plants bloom and bloom, giving us flowers that exude a delicate aroma.
There are about 400 thousand species of plants on our planet. The table below explains what species the plant kingdom is divided into.
And I would also add medicinal and poisonous plants to them. I hope you don't mind this?
This numerous kingdom plays a huge role on our earth, as it enriches the air with oxygen and provides food for many animals. And you and I grow their representatives in our dacha:
- fruits and berries,
- fruits and vegetables,
- flowers and roses,
- trees and shrubs.
Trees give us cool shade in hot weather, and warm our homes in cold weather. Without it, life on earth will cease to exist.
animal kingdom
A microscopic amoeba and a huge blue whale, what do they have in common, you ask? One is big, and the other is very tiny. And yet they are in this one kingdom. And why? Yes, because they feed, reproduce and breathe on their own.
Approximately 2 million species in the animal kingdom live on our planet. Unicellular or multicellular living organisms, they all exist and evolve for more than one million years.
Representatives of all these 5 kingdoms live and prosper, mutually complementing each other.
It is impossible to imagine a predatory wolf grazing in a clearing and chewing grass. Or a curly-haired lamb hunting a long-eared hare. After all, this is impossible in nature. Thus, all the kingdoms of the living world cannot exist without each other.
Living organisms, dying, are processed by bacteria. Viruses, killing the host, provide food for bacteria. The bacteria, in turn, provide food to the plants. Plants produce oxygen and feed animals. The circulation of living beings in nature is indisputable proof of their interconnection.
Take a look at all this diversity of the kingdoms of nature, which are presented here as a small but visual diagram, and everything will become clear to you.
I hope you enjoyed my short overview of the kingdoms of living nature and their representatives, and you learned a lot from it that was useful for yourself. Write about it in your comments, I will be interested to know about it. And that's all for today. Let me say goodbye to you and see you again.
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Until relatively recently, by general agreement, all organisms were divided into two kingdoms- the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom. The main difference between animals and plants was the method of nutrition. Animals were considered to be those who used ready-made organic material as food (heterotrophic mode of nutrition), plants were organisms that themselves synthesized the necessary organic material from inorganic compounds (autotrophic mode of nutrition).
To be more precise, then heterotrophic organisms- these are those that must receive carbon in the form of its organic compounds, and autotrophic organisms are able to use carbon in inorganic form, namely in the form of carbon dioxide (CCb, carbon dioxide). Animals usually have to search for food and therefore must be capable of locomotion. And this presupposes the presence of a nervous system that ensures coordination of movements in more highly organized animals. Plants lead a sedentary lifestyle, they are unable to move and, therefore, they do not need a nervous system.
A. Classification according to Margelis and Schwartz: all organisms are divided into five kingdoms. Viruses do not correspond to any of the groups in this classification of living organisms, since they are too simple, do not have a cellular structure and are not able to exist independently of other organisms. B. Evolutionary relationships among the five kingdoms. As can be seen from the diagram, starting with the protoctists, evolution occurred in the direction of multicellularity.However, in this classifications overlooks the obvious fact that all cellular organisms fall into two natural groups, now called prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
There is a fundamental difference between these two groups; to be convinced of this, you need to look at the nursery. Terms " prokaryotes" And " eukaryotes"reflect differences in the localization of DNA (genetic material) in the cell. In prokaryotes, DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane and floats freely in the cytoplasm. In other words, these cells do not have a true (formed) nucleus (pro - in front; karyon - nucleus). In the cells of eukaryotes there is a real nucleus (for her - completely, good). Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
Division of all organisms into plants faces certain difficulties. For example, mushrooms are heterotrophs, but they are not able to move. So where should we put them? To overcome this situation, it was decided that there should be more than two kingdoms. In 1982, Margulis and Schwartz proposed a system that provides for the presence of five kingdoms - the kingdom of prokaryotes and four kingdoms of eukaryotes (Fig. 2.4). The Margelis and Schwartz system has received wide recognition and is now recommended for use. Eukaryotes are considered to form the superkingdom Eukaryotae. The most controversial group are the Protoctists, perhaps because they are not a natural group.
All the smallest organisms, although they do not form a natural taxonomic unit, are often grouped together under the general name microorganisms or microbes. This group includes bacteria (prokaryotes), viruses, fungi and protoctists. Such a combination is convenient for practical purposes, since the methods used to study these organisms are usually similar. So, in particular, a microscope is needed for their visual observation, and their cultivation should be carried out under aseptic conditions. The science that studies microorganisms forms one of the branches of biology called microbiology. Microorganisms are becoming increasingly important in such fields of science as biochemistry, genetics, agrobiology and medicine; In addition, they form the basis of an important branch of industry called biotechnology. Some microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, also play an important ecological role as decomposers.
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The kingdom of bacteria belongs to the kingdom of bacteria, the kingdom of archaea belongs to the domain of archaea, the kingdom of viruses belongs to the domain of viruses, and all other kingdoms belong to the domain of eukaryotes.
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Story
Even in ancient times, people divided all living organisms into animals and plants. Aristotle classified animals in his work The History of Animals, and his student Theophrastus wrote a parallel work on plants, The History of Plants.
Thanks to the development of microscopes and the advent of the electron microscope, scientists were able to discover significant differences between single-celled organisms: some of them (eukaryotes) had a nucleus, while others (prokaryotes) did not. In 1938, Herbert Copeland proposed a classification of living organisms with four kingdoms. In the fourth kingdom - Monera, he placed bacteria and blue-green algae, which did not have a nucleus.
Scientists understood how different fungi, which were part of the plant kingdom, are from other plants. Ernst Haeckel proposed moving mushrooms from the kingdom of Plants to the kingdom of Protists, but soon changed his mind and himself refuted his idea. Robert Whittaker proposed to distinguish mushrooms as a separate kingdom. In 1969, he proposed a new classification system with five kingdoms, which is still popular today. It is based on the differences between organisms in nutrition - representatives of the plant kingdom are multicellular autotrophs, animals are multicellular heterotrophs, fungi are multicellular saprotrophs. The kingdoms of Protists and Bacteria include single-celled and protozoan organisms. All five kingdoms are divided into the superkingdoms eukaryotes and prokaryotes, depending on whether the cells of these organisms have a nucleus.
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Notes
| Butterfly | This is a draft article on biology. You can help the project by adding to it.
This note should be replaced by a more precise one if possible. |
To improve this article it is desirable:
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| Taxonomic ranks |
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Domain (Kingdom) - Kingdom - Subkingdom - Supertype/Superdivision - Type /Department- Subtype / Subdivision - Infratype - Superclass - Class- Subclass - Infraclass - Superorder / Superorder - Squad /Order - - - |
Kingdom Passage (Biology)
- It's a long story. But this is really not our place... Stella lives at the very top. Well, I’m still on Earth...– How – on Earth?! – he asked, stunned. – Does this mean you’re still alive?.. How did you end up here? And even in such horror?
“Well, to be honest, I don’t like this place too much either...” I smiled and shuddered. “But sometimes very good people appear here.” And we are trying to help them, just as we helped you...
- What should I do now? I don’t know anything here... And, as it turned out, I killed too. So this is exactly my place... And someone should take care of them,” Arno said, affectionately patting one of the kids on the curly head.
The kids looked at him with ever-increasing confidence, but the little girl generally clung to him like a tick, not intending to let go... She was still very tiny, with big gray eyes and a very funny, smiling face of a cheerful monkey. In normal life, on the “real” Earth, she was probably a very sweet and affectionate child, beloved by everyone. Here, after all the horrors she had experienced, her clear, funny face looked extremely exhausted and pale, and horror and melancholy constantly lived in her gray eyes... Her brothers were a little older, probably 5 and 6 years old. They looked very scared and serious , and unlike their little sister, they did not express the slightest desire to communicate. The girl, the only one of the three, apparently wasn’t afraid of us, because having very quickly gotten used to her “newfound” friend, she asked quite briskly:
- My name is Maya. Can I please stay with you?.. And my brothers too? We have no one now. We will help you,” and turning to Stella and me, she asked, “Do you live here, girls?” Why do you live here? It's so scary here...
With her incessant barrage of questions and her manner of asking two people at once, she reminded me a lot of Stella. And I laughed heartily...
– No, Maya, we, of course, don’t live here. You were very brave to come here yourself. It takes a lot of courage to do something like this... You are truly great! But now you have to go back to where you came from; you have no reason to stay here anymore.
– Are mom and dad “completely” dead?.. And we won’t see them again... Really?
Maya’s plump lips twitched, and the first large tear appeared on her cheek... I knew that if this was not stopped now, there would be a lot of tears... And in our current “generally nervous” state, this was absolutely impossible to allow...
– But you’re alive, aren’t you?! Therefore, whether you like it or not, you will have to live. I think that mom and dad would be very happy if they knew that everything was fine with you. They loved you very much...” I said as cheerfully as I could.
- How did you know that? – the little girl stared at me in surprise.
- Well, they did a very difficult thing saving you. Therefore, I think, only by loving someone very much and valuing this can you do this...
-Where do we go now? Shall we go with you?.. – Maya asked, looking questioningly and pleadingly at me with her huge gray eyes.
- Arno would like to take you with him. What do you think of it? It’s not sweet for him either... And he’ll have to get used to a lot more in order to survive. So you help each other... So, I think, it will be very correct.
Stella finally came to her senses and immediately “rushed into the attack”:
- How did it happen that this monster got you, Arno? Do you remember anything?..
- No... I only remember the light. And then a very bright meadow, flooded with the sun... But it was no longer Earth - it was something wonderful and completely transparent... This does not happen on Earth. But then everything disappeared, and I “woke up” here and now.
– What if I try to “look” through you? – suddenly a completely wild thought came to my mind.
