Comparative analysis of technologies for the construction of low-rise buildings. Comparative analysis of low-rise buildings Energy-efficient capsule room, Switzerland

The market of materials and technologies for individual low-rise housing construction today is diverse. Each manufacturer gives “awards” to its building technology, but when asked about comparison with others in a number of parameters, including cost and payback, the buyer often receives an evasive answer, citing many factors that affect the effectiveness of the application of a particular technology. On the basis of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, a comprehensive analysis of five key technologies of building structures was carried out.

In Russia, brick and stone housing construction occupies about 60%, while economical wooden housing construction, although in second place, is only 23%. From domestic industrial technologies in low-rise construction, frame structures are used, both wooden and metal, multilayer enclosing structures of the "sandwich" type, fixed formwork, ceramic bricks, foam concrete or aerated concrete blocks, profiled timber, natural and artificial stone.

The article presents a comprehensive comparison of walls of frame and frameless structures. After analyzing the market for building technologies that are most in demand in the Russian Federation and the CIS, five main options for the construction of buildings were preferred: brick, foam block, glued timber, wooden frame, light steel thin-walled structures (LSTC).

BRICK

Despite the fact that recently a lot of modern building materials and technologies have appeared, bricks are often used in the construction of country houses. A well-developed production base, high performance characteristics (durability, strength), the ability to create complex architectural forms and decorative details when laying walls, as well as considerations of prestige, ensured this material immense popularity.

Brick- the most expensive and prestigious building material. Brick houses have stood for hundreds of years, and the spacious brick house will no doubt become your family estate, where you and your great-great-grandchildren will live.

The ability to keep warm in the house is the main advantage of brick, and, of course, one should not forget about such an important quality of brick as its durability. It is one of the strongest and most reliable building materials, if, however, all established standards were observed in its manufacture.

In addition to heat saving and durability, building brick houses has other positive aspects. Brick meets fire safety standards, as it does not burn. There are no rotting processes in the brick, it cannot be damaged by any pests, precipitation and sunlight do not affect it. The brick allows the necessary amount of air into the house, and in the summer it protects the air in the house from overheating. But the brick is not without its drawbacks, for example, low thermal performance, significant weight.

FOAM BLOCK

One of the most popular wall materials currently used for outdoor fencing is foam block. Masonry of foam blocks with a thin seam of concrete of grades D500 and lower in density has a thermal conductivity of up to 0.15 W / (m·? С), which makes it possible to obtain sufficient resistance to heat transfer with a reasonable thickness of the structure. Single-layer masonry up to half a meter thick makes it possible to comply with the requirements for thermal protection of external fences of residential buildings in almost all regions of Russia.

Buildings erected from aerated concrete blocks have a unique set of consumer properties: comfortable living conditions; excellent heat storage properties, excluding sharp temperature fluctuations in winter and summer; soundproofing; frost resistance; environmental friendliness; economy. Also, foam concrete is a high-tech material: it provides a high speed of construction due to its almost perfect geometry and large dimensions. Blocks, partitions, as well as reinforced products allow you to quickly build not only homogeneous walls, but also entire houses. The material is durable - does not burn, does not rust, does not rot, is not afraid of mold, does not interact with water (does not dissolve, does not wash out), is not affected by rodents and insects.

TECHNOLOGY LSTK

Abroad, the technology of building light steel thin-walled structures (LSTC) from galvanized steel has been successfully used in construction for more than 30 years. In our country, the practice of its application has a little more than a decade. However, in such a short time, a stable demand for LSTK has developed on the Russian market.

From year to year LSTC are increasingly used in domestic construction practice - both as independent load-bearing structures in low-rise buildings, and as elements of roofing systems and half-timbered walls. Light beams, lathing and thermal profiles form the basis of an effective technology for the construction of lightweight energy-saving buildings.

Thermal panels are based on light steel profiles - thermal profiles. They are made of high-strength structural steel with a thickness of 0.8 to 2 mm. Why do builders use steel? The fact is that steel is characterized by a very high value of the ratio of material strength to density. For example, for wood, this parameter is almost twice, and for reinforced concrete - 20 times less than for steel. This makes it possible to create lightweight structures of high bearing capacity. The disadvantage of steel is low corrosion resistance and high thermal conductivity. Corrosion resistance in the thermal profile is ensured by the use of hot-dip galvanized steel with a coating thickness of 18 to 40 microns inclusive.

Advantages of using thermal panels: fire resistance, good sound and heat insulation, economy, durability, fire resistance and fire safety, lightness of construction, space saving.

Metal structures, unlike wooden structures, are dimensionally stable and do not shrink, so you can immediately order windows and doors, and perform finishing work in the house. The speed of construction of the building also increases. The strength of steel structures allows builders to make wider openings between load-bearing elements, use any roofing and cladding materials. Thanks to galvanizing, the service life of thin-walled steel structures is at least 100 years.

GLUE BEAM

Glued laminated timber in terms of thermal insulation is significantly superior to brick and concrete, and its thermal conductivity is lower than that of solid wood. This is a consequence of the fact that deep cracks do not form in the glued beam and the entire thickness of the glued beam “works”.

Glued profiled timber has a lower thermal conductivity compared to the usual one, since the glue layers are good heat insulators, and the spiked connection of the timber between themselves creates several sealing contours and makes it impossible for cold air to penetrate inside wooden houses.

In addition, an ordinary beam cracks (bursts) when it dries, and these cracks significantly reduce the working thickness of the beam. As you know, an ordinary timber shrinks about 10% when dried. However, even in the third year, the shrinkage of a house made of glued laminated timber can be 0.5–1%. It is believed that the main shrinkage lasts 1-2 seasons.

Such a large shrinkage dramatically complicates the quality construction and thermal insulation of the room. It turns out that until the beam is dry, windows and doors cannot be installed in it, otherwise they will warp.

Structures made of glued wood are 50–70% stronger than solid ones. Glued timber shrinks mainly during the construction of the wall.

WOODEN FRAME

One of the most striking competitors of a wooden frame in the market for the construction of low-rise buildings are light steel thin-walled structures (LSTS). The metal frame is positioned as a direct alternative or replacement for a wooden frame. According to the frame technology, not only private houses were built and continue to be built, but also three-four-story large multifunctional buildings.

The walls of a frame house resemble a sandwich in their structure. Insulation during the construction of a frame house is mineral wool, Ecowool, polystyrene foam or polyurethane foam. From the outside, the insulation is sewn up with cement-bonded particle boards (DSP), OSB or plywood, which are faced with facade plaster or sheathed with siding. Modern technologies for the production and construction of frame houses make it possible to compete with brick or concrete houses in terms of reliability, strength and durability. At the same time, frame houses have a number of significant advantages.

• Fast erection and low cost of building a frame house.
• All-season finishing of a frame house - the absence of "wet" processes during the construction of a frame house and perfectly flat surfaces greatly simplify the finishing and allow it to be done at any time of the year.
• The lightness of structures (with unconditional strength) does not require the construction of a massive foundation.

In the winter season, frame and other wooden houses can be quickly warmed up to a comfortable temperature, because. they have a low heat capacity of walls and ceilings. It is enough to heat only the air.

The disadvantages of this technology include modern materials used in frame construction, which may be unsafe for humans. Thus, particle boards contain phenol-formaldehyde resins as a binder, which results in the emission of formaldehyde into the indoor air. In the production of mineral wool, phenol-formaldehyde resins are also used, in addition, mineral wool is a source of carcinogenic dust.

DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM WALL DESIGN

The selection of the wall structure is carried out on the basis of equal requirements:

• to the appearance - facade decoration under brick;
• to the internal view - for fine finishing;
• to thermal characteristics - the average value of heat transfer resistance for the Central Federal District - 3.087 m2 °C / W;
• to the properties of materials - dimensions, coefficient of thermal conductivity.

Below are the compositions of the analyzed walls.

Brick wall:

• plaster - 5 mm;
• brickwork - 250 mm;
• insulation with mineral wool - 100 mm;
• air gap - 20 mm;
• facade cladding with brick -120 mm.

Foam block wall:

• plaster - 5 mm;
• foam block - 200 mm;
• mineral wool insulation - 100 mm;
• air gap - 20 mm;

Glued beam wall:

• frame for sheathing - 27 mm;
• timber - 150 mm;
• mineral wool insulation - 100 mm;
• gap - 20 mm;
• facing the facade with brick - 120 mm.

Wooden frame:

• sheathing on the inside of GKL + GVL - 25 mm;
• wooden frame filled with mineral wool -150 mm;
• crate - 44 mm;

LSTC:

• sheathing on the inside of GKL + GVL - 25 mm;
• steel frame filled with mineral wool -150 mm;
• crate - 44 mm;
• fiber cement panels for brick -15 mm.

Each of the analyzed wall structures was evaluated on a five-point scale for each of 20 parameters, which can be conditionally divided into 5 groups:

Physical parameters:

1. Actual resistance to heat transfer (average value for the Central Federal District - 3.087 m2 °C / W).
2. Fire resistance - III degree.
3. Environmental friendliness.
4. Noise isolation.
5. Presence of combustible materials.

Construction conditions:

1. Possibility of construction and normal operation in different regions.
2. Construction on difficult terrain and unstable soils.
3. Seasonality of construction (not including the foundation).
4. The possibility of construction in areas with high seismic hazard.
5. Influence of weather conditions.
6. Shipping costs.
7. Delivery to remote areas.

Additional works/reconstruction:

1. Additional work before the interior finishing after the construction of the box.
2. Change of front finishing.
3. Laying engineering networks.
4. Special requirements for the supporting structures of the building, additional work.

Economic parameters:

1. Useful area of ​​​​internal premises with external dimensions of the house 8x10 m.
2. The cost of construction for finishing.

Probabilistic parameters:

1. Changing the geometry, properties of the supporting structures of the building under the influence of external factors and time.
2. The probability of error as a consequence of the human factor.

TECHNOLOGY BENCHMARKING DESCRIPTION

Physical parameters. The actual heat transfer resistance of wall structures was calculated according to the well-known method set out in SNiP. The obtained values ​​of heat transfer resistance were in the range from 3.17 to 4.181 m2 °C/W, respectively, for brick and foam block walls. It should be noted that the average value of this parameter for the central federal district is 3.087 m2 °C/W. This value was overcome by all considered wall structures. All of them correspond to fire resistance of the III degree; in the case of wooden structures, regular treatment with flame retardants is required, the use of which directly affects the environmental friendliness of the technology. The ability of the building envelope to reduce the sound passing through it (noise insulation) meets the requirements of SNiP 23-03-2003 in all technologies.

Construction conditions. The possibility of construction and normal operation was a priori provided for in any area on the territory of the Russian Federation. Transportation costs and delivery to hard-to-reach areas are burdensome for a developer who is building buildings from brick, foam block and glued beams due to the own weight of the main building materials (brick, foam block, wood). Construction on complex terrain and unstable soils will add to the cost of building the above-ground part of the building, the cost of foundations, which in the case of "heavy" technologies will be more expensive and require more labor. Seasonality (not including the foundation) and weather conditions are primarily important when building walls made of bricks and foam blocks, i.e. during construction associated with the operating temperature required for sand-cement mortar. All the considered technologies have the possibility of construction in areas with increased seismic hazard. However, for brick/foam masonry walls, this is only possible with a series of constructive measures that increase the cost.

Economic parameters. The decisive factor in the choice of technology at a first superficial glance, of course, is the cost of construction for fine finishing. The construction of a wall made of glued laminated timber will cost the developer the most (24.2 thousand rubles / m2); approximately 2 and 5 thousand rubles cheaper than brick and foam block walls. The most budgetary options turned out to be the construction of a wooden frame wall (15.2 thousand rubles/m2) and using the LSTK technology (16.5 thousand rubles/m2).

The next parameter should also be attributed to economic ones, since it is responsible for the number of square meters for a given external dimensions of a house of 8 × 10 m. With an average cost of 1 m2 in St. Petersburg of 70–80 thousand rubles. the struggle for additional space makes sense. According to this parameter, the technology of frame construction became the winner (wall thickness - 23.4 cm, area - 71.8 m2), the last place was taken by brick construction (wall thickness - 49.5 cm, area - 63.16 m2). In absolute terms, the difference was about 8.5 m2, or 640 thousand rubles; in relative terms, about 12%.

Additional works/reconstruction. Additional work before the interior finishing after the box was erected was necessary in all three frameless technologies. In turn, the use of drywall sheets (GKL) as a rough coating makes it possible to start finishing without additional labor costs. The same block also includes the parameter "Special requirements for the supporting structure of the building, additional work." Without special requirements, it is possible to erect brick walls and walls using the LSTC technology. The creation of armored belts during laying with foam blocks, the treatment of wooden structures with antiseptics and fire retardants, a certain moisture content of lumber - all this should be taken into account in the remaining structures.

Changing the facade finish, based on financial costs, leads to significant additional investments, which are relatively less only in the case of frame construction. A qualitative factor in the laying of engineering systems is the presence / absence of the possibility of hiding in the wall, for example, electrical wiring, with a small laboriousness of laying work (labor-intensive work is gating). The results are presented in the table.

Probabilistic parameters. This block of parameters included: changing the geometry, properties of the supporting structure of the building under the influence of external factors and time, as well as the probability of error as a result of the human factor. In the case of the first parameter, the main trouble is shrinkage or chipping of wooden elements, as well as the appearance of such a defect as a change in straightness. For non-wood structures, changes in geometry and properties over time are not typical. (In this case, biodamages were not considered.) The probability of an error in the construction of wall structures depends on the experience of the work and the professionalism of the builders, which is important in modern realities. Work related to laying bricks and foam blocks has a maximum probability of error; detailed elaboration of working documentation and accuracy of manufacturing of mounted elements reduces the likelihood of errors (glulam wall, frame technologies). The project of a house made of LSTC, unlike a conventional construction project, belongs to machine-building design and industrializes the construction process to the maximum, makes it easily manageable and therefore attractive to the customer. The ease of assembly of the LSTK frame without any adjustment essentially resembles the LEGO constructor

The results of the analysis are summarized in the table. A parameter that was not included in it, but is sometimes key in choosing a design, is the weight of 1 m2 of the wall. Taking into account the average values ​​of the specific gravity of the materials used, the following results were obtained. The heavyweight in this category, as expected, was a brick wall - 416 kg / m2. The gap from other frameless technologies (foam block - 329 kg / m2, glued laminated timber - 316 kg / m2) was about 100 kg. Frame technologies, represented by a wooden frame and LSTK, by weight of 1 m2 of the wall turned out to be almost 5 times lighter than a brick wall, namely, 88 and 85 kg, respectively. Another indisputable advantage of LSTK houses is the possibility of effective repair and reconstruction. Walls made of metal structures are much easier to replace or move than brick or log walls. The costs and inconveniences of reconstruction are incomparably less than when rebuilding houses from traditional materials.

Tab. 1. Comparative assessment of construction using various technologies

Comparative assessment on a five-point scale in each of the 20 parameters revealed building technology, which are the most optimal, cost-effective. The leaders became frame technologies:

• LSTK - 98 points;
• frame wooden wall - 92 points;

Frameless construction technologies took a worthy second place:

• brick wall - 77 points;
• foam block wall - 80 points;
• a wall made of glued laminated timber - 78 points.

The choice is yours!

To date, various technologies aimed at the rapid construction of frame houses are the basis for the construction of low-rise cottage-type buildings, living in which is characterized by increased comfort. We are talking about such technologies, as well as systems of standards for the construction of small houses, and will be discussed in this article.

Technology of low-rise construction

The modern construction industry in Russia uses a number of unique technologies for the construction of low-rise buildings. Among them are:

• wooden and metal frame housing construction;
• multilayer structures, the so-called "sandwich" buildings;
• ordinary brick construction;
• the use of foam concrete or aerated concrete blocks;
• erection of structures with fixed formwork;
• stone construction.

Using the most modern technologies, as well as high-quality building materials, the maximum level of heat saving, strength and durability of finished structures is achieved already at the initial stage of construction.

Due to the pre-planned arrangement of future rooms and various auxiliary premises, it is possible to carry out installation work on laying communication routes with much greater efficiency.

Canadian technology - the benchmark for low-rise construction

Often, the construction of low-rise buildings is carried out on the basis of Canadian technologies. Their essence lies in the use of special SIP-panels. Thanks to this material, it is possible to achieve a lower level of cost of the finished building. And this is achieved due to the low material consumption.

SIP panels have a number of significant advantages over brick or concrete. So, for example, the thermal insulation properties of such panels are 8 times higher than the characteristics of concrete and brick walls. Therefore, in order to heat a room with walls made of SIP panels, much less financial investment will be required.

Brick - material for centuries

Despite the fact that brick is a rather expensive building material, the popularity and demand for it does not decrease at all. And this is due primarily to the fact that a brick house is a building for centuries.

In addition, you can also highlight such advantages of bricks as:

• the possibility of using a different style solution in the construction of a brick low-rise building, which allows you to create real masterpieces of architecture;
• since only natural clay is used in the brick production process, it can rightly be called an environmentally friendly material;
• the ability of a brick to "breathe" or, in other words, perfectly pass air makes it possible to create a favorable environment for living;
• high noise insulation, resistance to fire and various negative environmental reactions in the form of rain, hurricane, snow, as well as the ability to retain heat;
• the harmful effects of various pests, fungus, mold, microorganisms are absolutely not terrible for bricks.

Aerated concrete - aesthetics and reliability

Modern low-rise housing construction makes extensive use of aerated concrete or artificial stone. Meeting all modern standards and requirements, this material allows you to combine the aesthetics of such a building with the most important conditions for comfortable living. In other words, aerated concrete houses are frost-resistant, with excellent heat and sound insulation.

The ergonomics of cottages built from the mentioned material can significantly reduce the financial costs of heating.

The relatively low weight of aerated concrete blocks facilitates the construction of a residential structure without the use of additional heavy lifting equipment, and also allows you to accept absolutely any type of foundation.

Construction of a low-rise house from a bar

Along with the use of ordinary timber, recently more and more preference is given to profiled timber. Its essential difference lies in the design itself, which has special grooves and spikes.

Among the main advantages of a profiled beam, compared with an ordinary one, the following can be distinguished:

• thanks to the production technology itself, which involves the use of a planer, at least one of the sides of this product will have a perfectly flat and smooth surface at the exit;
• thanks to the tongue and groove design, the formation of gaps is minimized.

Technology of low-rise monolithic houses

As a rule, modern monolithic houses have a unique fixed formwork design. Among the undeniable advantages of such buildings are:

• high level of heat and sound insulation;
• no need to use heavy special equipment;
• the possibility of using absolutely any type of foundation, due to the relatively low weight of the structure;
• durability (tested by many years of practice).

The role of stone in building a house

Stone remains the most affordable. A rich variety of color palette of rocks, types, textures allows you to embody the most incredible ideas and fantasies in building a house. Along with this, this building material has a fairly high level of strength, reliability and durability.

In addition, one can single out the unique compatibility of stone with other building materials.

Low-rise construction: projects of modern buildings

The branch of building design of low-rise buildings is classified in several directions.

1. Country buildings.

A country house is an object located on a land plot specially allocated for these purposes in an array of any gardening. An essential feature of a country house, which distinguishes it, for example, from a cottage, is the destination area, designed for periodic residence. In order to build a country house, no special coordination measures are required. However, a number of restrictions are imposed on the design of the house itself within the framework of the law. Therefore, before proceeding to the immediate stage of construction, a reconciliation with the current legislation should be carried out.

2. Residential individual buildings.

According to the modern urban planning code in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, an individual residential building is a house with no more than three floors and designed to accommodate only one family. Such low-rise construction is located, as a rule, on the territory of “land of settlements”. These houses provide for the possibility of registration. Before building an individual housing construction, it is mandatory to obtain a permit issued by the Department of Architecture. Modern construction companies mainly offer their customers a list of standard IZHS projects, which you can familiarize yourself with, as well as make a choice, directly from the developer.

3. Townhouse.

A townhouse is a low-rise residential building with a construction of multi-level apartments. Each apartment has its own entrance, isolated from the rest. The fashion for low-rise construction of townhouses came to us from Europe, where this industry has been flourishing for a long time and successfully. Such a significant demand for this kind of housing, which has emerged recently, is not at all accidental. Indeed, for a sum of money equivalent to, say, a two-room apartment, the buyer receives almost 2 times more, and in addition to this, a small land plot, approximately 1-2 acres. The entire list of project documentation for the construction of a townhouse is similar to IZHS.

4. Project of a low-rise apartment building.

Such buildings are similar to standard apartment buildings, with the only difference being that the number of floors does not exceed four. The design feature of such buildings is available to choose from. It can be either monolithic technology, or brick or frame.

Compliance with construction technologies is a guarantee of obtaining a quality result

The construction of low-rise buildings implies the obligatory observance of a huge number of rules and standards, in other words, the so-called SNIP. Low-rise construction in compliance with certain technical standards will provide an opportunity to get not only a beautiful, but also a cozy and safe house that can provide the most comfortable living for all family members.

And constantly changing technologies are able to give the house brightness, individuality and dynamism.

The world around us is becoming more and more perfect every day, progress is observed in all sectors. Thanks to this, new materials and technologies appear in housing construction, which raise it to a completely different level. First of all, they allow you to carry out work at any time of the year, which has a positive effect on the speed of construction of facilities, and significantly improve their performance.

Characteristics and properties of modern materials

The choice of building material is influenced by cost, the speed of wall construction, strength and thermal conductivity, and the need for finishing. In low-rise construction in Russia today they are increasingly using:

1. glued timber;
2. foam and aerated concrete blocks;
3. SIP panels.

Glued laminated timber

This material can be called elite, as it is not cheap.

Advantages:

• strength;
• precise geometric shapes;
• does not shrink;
• ease of assembly.

In addition to the high price, glued laminated timber has another drawback that affects its environmental friendliness: the glue used in the manufacture.

Foam concrete blocks

Nowadays, foam concrete blocks are often used in cottage construction, which:

• perfectly retain heat;
• have a small weight;
• normalize humidity;
• easy to install and handle.

The disadvantages include fragility and hydrophobia. Therefore, when working with this material, it is necessary to use reinforcement and provide for additional finishing.

Aerated concrete blocks

In terms of popularity, they are not inferior to the previous material. In their structure, they differ in large pores.

Advantages:

• light weight helps to reduce the load on the foundation;
• ease of installation;
• precise geometric shapes facilitate finishing;
• the presence of plasticizers allows installation at low temperatures;
• reliability and durability;
• low cost;

For aerated concrete blocks, in addition to the outer cladding, insulation is required.

SIP panels

Increasingly, low-rise construction uses new technologies that are borrowed from other countries. Today, in cottage settlements, you can often find warm and comfortable houses made of SIP panels, made according to Canadian technology.

Advantages:

• Ease of installation. The panels are fastened with self-tapping screws to the timber. The term for the construction of such a house is a couple of weeks.
• Ease of finishing.
• Quick redevelopment if necessary.
• High sound insulation.

The disadvantages include the fact that they practically do not let air through and belong to the group of combustible building materials.

New technologies in private housing construction

Traditionally, private houses were built of wood. Despite the high price, this technology is quite popular in our country. At the same time, for the construction of private housing, blocks are increasingly being used, which are much cheaper than wood. An unconventional approach to construction is the TISE method.

What is TISE technology?

The technology involves the installation of pile elements or a columnar foundation, understaffed with a grillage.

The essence of the method is that the module is fixed at the location of the wall, and later concrete is poured into it. The molds are dismantled after the mortar has hardened and installed in another place.

Advantages:

• No thermal bridges;
• Special equipment is not required;
• Possibility of choosing the composition for the wall filler;
• 2-3 people are enough to carry out the work.

When building a house using TISE technology, it is important to control the construction process. So, every 4-5 rows a reinforcing mesh is laid, then the verticality of the wall being erected is checked.

Construction of a frame house

The frame is assembled after the foundation has been poured. The design consists of beam elements fastened together, installed diagonally, horizontally and vertically. Wood or metal is used as the base.

The role of sheathing is performed by walls, for the construction of which various materials are used:

• on a wooden frame made of OSB boards. Expanded clay, foam concrete, light fibrous materials are used as thermal insulation.
• completed shields.

For the second option, you will have to use special equipment, since the shields are quite heavy. And to collect them, observing the technology, is also quite difficult.

Advantages:

• For the construction of such a house, any foundation is suitable.
• Redevelopment does not require large investments.
• It allows you to increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhousing at no extra cost.

Any material can be used as a finish for frame buildings without restrictions.

3D panels

Reminiscent of the frame-panel assembly method. The difference lies in the fact that they are produced under industrial conditions and are monolithic slabs of expanded polystyrene, which are pre-reinforced and reinforced on all sides with meshes. They are connected to each other with metal rods passing through the entire structure diagonally. Buildings built from such blocks are durable, warm and economical.

Advantages:

• The frame of the house, in its classical sense, is absent with this technology. The panels, rigidly interconnected, form load-bearing walls, which, after erection, are covered on both sides with a concrete jacket.
• The panels are made of polymer materials with a high energy efficiency index, therefore, heat loss will be negligible.
• Reduced construction time due to ease of assembly.
• Industrial production is a guarantee of the quality of individual elements, and therefore the building itself.
• The light weight of the panels eliminates the need to install a heavy foundation.

The cost of 3D panels cannot be attributed to the budget, but it is comparable to the price of foam and aerated concrete products.

House using fixed formwork technology

Formwork, with this method, remains in place and becomes part of the wall or foundation. The principle of installation is similar to brickwork. In the structural elements there are grooves or special connections made according to the type of locks.

Opposite blocks are fastened with ties. Reinforcement in this case is vertical. Filling is carried out in cycles, in one run the height should not exceed 3-4 rows of blocks.

Advantages:

• The result is a monolithic design that is reliable in itself. Fixed formwork forms an additional frame, which further strengthens the walls of the house.
• Monolithic walls exert less pressure on the foundation, which allows you to increase the number of storeys of the building.
• Expanded polystyrene is not only an excellent insulation, but also has good soundproofing characteristics.
• There is no need to rent expensive special equipment with this technology. And the filling process itself is not particularly laborious.
• Finishing outside and inside the building will not require extra costs, so the surface of the walls created by the blocks turns out to be even.
• The service life of such buildings, subject to technology, is not less than a century.

The cost of a house built in this way will be significantly lower than a brick or wooden one.

Conclusion: Innovations in low-rise housing construction are aimed at solving specific problems. It is almost impossible to predict what it will be like in a couple of decades. But one way or another, the latest technologies in construction will be aimed at providing comfort, efficiency, reliability and durability of our housing.

» Comparative analysis of low-rise construction

Low-rise residential buildings made of brick, aerated concrete, timber, SIP panels.

(Selection of materials for low-rise construction residential houses .)

You have decided to build a residential building - then this article is for you!

Your future home should have the following qualities: should be beautiful outside and inside; comfortable, warm and convenient for living; durable; durable; inexpensive; have minimal operating costs .

You understand that it is impossible to achieve all these ideal qualities of a house at the same time - any built residential building is a reasonable compromise between the desires and capabilities of a person.

When choosing load-bearing wall materials for building a house, in addition to architectural expressiveness, the following issues are usually considered:

Resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures;

The influence of the bearing wall material on the space-planning parameters of the house;

Construction of the foundation of the house;

The influence of the bearing wall material on the possible ways of exterior and interior decoration of the house;

Technology and organization of building a house, labor intensity and construction time;

Durability, fire safety and strength of the house;

The cost of building a house;

Energy efficiency and operating costs for maintaining the house;

During the construction of multi-storey buildings (more than three floors), there are no problems with the choice of building materials for the installation of load-bearing walls of the building. The most durable and reliable materials in Russia are: reinforced concrete prefabricated wall panels; brick; monolithic reinforced concrete.

In the construction of low-rise (up to three floors) residential buildings, the choice of load-bearing wall materials is wider. In addition to the load-bearing wall materials mentioned above, which are common for Russia, other lighter and cheaper materials are used for the construction of load-bearing walls of a building: foam or aerated concrete; layered wall blocks; beam; SIP panels; frame houses, etc.

The main reasons for using alternative materials for the load-bearing walls of a building are: reducing the cost of construction by reducing the load on the foundation of the building and minimizing the cost of its installation, as well as increasing the thermal protection of the building and minimizing the cost of heating it.

In the case of using a wooden beam for the construction of the outer walls of the building, in addition, it is supposed to reduce the cost of interior and exterior decoration of the house and increase its architectural expressiveness.

In various information sources on the construction of low-rise buildings, as a rule, the qualitative characteristics of the use of a particular material for the bearing walls of a building are given, and the authors operate with such concepts as: durable houses; lungs; cheap; durable; eco-friendly; fireproof; warm, etc. There are absolutely no quantitative technical characteristics, let alone cost indicators of the final cost of building a house when it is built from one or another load-bearing wall material. The whole complex of technological and organizational problems to be solved when using one or another load-bearing wall material is not considered. Only characteristics of materials that are beneficial for the manufacturer are given, which very often misleads customers, and even builders, regarding the cost and laboriousness of building a house. If they begin to compare materials, then this is necessarily done according to one indicator: for example, a wooden beam is compared with a brick in terms of thermal performance and the conclusion is based on this that a wooden beam is good, and a brick is bad. Let's not forget a simple truth: there are no bad building materials - there are bad builders and the wrong area for building materials.

Consider the use of load-bearing brick wall materials; aerated concrete; rounded timber of natural moisture (most of the machined products have a diameter of 18 to 22 cm, let's take 22 cm); glued laminated timber (we will take the widest manufactured laminated timber -240mm); SIP-panels ("Canadian technology") for the construction of a 2-storey house with an external size in terms of 7.85m * 8.75m in Kuzbass. House without a basement. (Photos and plans of this house built by our company in 2011 in the village of Metallploshchadka, Kemerovo district, Kemerovo region are given on the website). Comparison results are given in Table 1.

For clarity of comparison, we will perform these options for houses the same on the outside and inside, as well as in terms of thermal characteristics .

From the outside, all houses will be finished to look like a “log”, only for rounded and glued beams - this is a natural surface, and in houses made of brick, aerated concrete and SIP panels - Holzplast vinyl siding, which is a plastic panel, in its geometry and color execution imitating a natural log / blockhouse.

The appearance of the interior decoration of the rooms will also look the same:

- houses made of rounded and glued beams : internal non-bearing partitions made of GKL thicknesses. 150mm with sound insulation boards ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS thickness. 100mm; ceilings made of wooden beams with a step of 500 mm, section 200 * 100 mm, tile bars 50 * 50 mm, flooring from boards of thickness. 30mm, bottom filing with OSB boards, thicknesses 12mm, top floorboards thickness. 28mm, vapor barrier films from "Izospan D" and sound insulation and insulation with ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS plates, thicknesses. 200mm; the inner walls of the bedrooms and the living room of the houses are made of unfinished timber (only protective bio and flame retardant coatings and varnishing), the outer walls are insulated from the inside and finished with wooden cedar clapboard on a metal frame, the floors are made of laminate, the ceilings are plasterboard slabs thick. 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass and painted; rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes - a boiler room, a pantry, bathrooms, a kitchen, a vestibule, a corridor, a stairwell - the outer walls are insulated, finished with gypsum boards thick. 12.5 mm on a metal frame, lined with ceramic tiles, internal walls of partitions made of plasterboard lined with ceramic tiles, ceramic tile floors on a screed of GVL slabs (waterproofing in bathrooms and kitchen), plasterboard ceilings of thicknesses. 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; plastic windows; internal and external doors - wooden. It should be noted that the interior or exterior decoration of a wooden house is undesirable., because timber requires constant care, it must freely interact with the internal and external atmosphere. In this case, the internal thermal insulation of houses made of timber is included, because. otherwise, houses made of timber become unsuitable for permanent residence due to thermal characteristics or require an additional large amount of thermal energy for heating. In the calculations below, the characteristics of houses made of timber with and without internal additional insulation are given;

- brick houses: internal non-bearing partitions made of plasterboard, thicknesses 150mm with sound insulation boards ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS thickness. 100mm; ceilings made of wooden beams with a step of 500 mm, section 200 * 100 mm, tile bars 50 * 50 mm, flooring from boards of thickness. 30mm, bottom filing with OSB boards, thicknesses 12mm, top floorboards thickness. 28mm, vapor barrier films from "Izospan D" and sound insulation and insulation with ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS plates, thickness. 200mm; the inner and outer walls of the bedrooms and the living room of the house are finished with cedar clapboard on a metal frame, the floors are made of laminate, the ceilings are gypsum plaster boards with a thickness of 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes - a boiler room, a pantry, bathrooms, a kitchen, a vestibule, a corridor, a stairwell - the outer walls are plastered, lined with ceramic tiles, the internal walls of partitions made of plasterboard are lined with ceramic tiles, the floors are made of ceramic tiles on a screed of GVL boards ( waterproofing in bathrooms and kitchen), plasterboard ceilings, thicknesses 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; plastic windows; internal and external doors - wooden;

- aerated concrete houses : internal non-bearing partitions made of GKL thicknesses. 150mm with sound insulation boards ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS thickness. 100mm; ceilings made of wooden beams with a step of 500 mm, section 200 * 100 mm, tile bars 50 * 50 mm, flooring from boards of thickness. 30mm, bottom filing with OSB boards, thicknesses 12mm, top floorboards thickness. 28 mm, vapor barrier films from "Izospan D" and sound insulation and insulation with ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS plates, thickness. 200mm; the inner and outer walls of the bedrooms and the living room of the house are finished with cedar clapboard on a metal frame, the floors are made of laminate, the ceilings are finished with sheets of gypsum board thickness. 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes - a boiler room, a pantry, bathrooms, a kitchen, a vestibule, a corridor, a stairwell - the outer walls and the inner load-bearing wall are finished with sheets of moisture-resistant gypsum board thickness. 12.5 mm on a metal frame, lined with ceramic tiles, internal walls of partitions made of plasterboard lined with ceramic tiles, ceramic tile floors on a screed of GVL slabs (waterproofing in bathrooms and kitchen), plasterboard ceilings of thicknesses. 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; plastic windows; internal and external doors - wooden

- SIP panel house : internal non-bearing partitions from SIP panels; the inner and outer walls of the bedrooms and the living room of the house are finished with a single layer of gypsum plasterboard, thicknesses 9.5mm without a frame and cedar lining without a frame, laminate floors, plasterboard ceilings, thickness. 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes - a boiler room, a pantry, bathrooms, a kitchen, a vestibule, a corridor, a stairwell - are finished with one layer of gypsum board thickness. 9.5 mm without a frame, lined with ceramic tiles, the internal walls of the partitions made of SIP panels are lined with one layer of GKL thickness. 9.5 mm without a frame and finished with ceramic tiles, ceramic tile floors on a screed of GVL slabs (waterproofing in bathrooms and kitchens), GCR slab ceilings, thickness. 9.5 mm in two layers without a frame, covered with glass wallpaper and painted; plastic windows; internal and external doors - wooden;

Table 1

Influence of load-bearing wall material on the parameters of a low-rise building for permanent residence

The main characteristics of the walls	Type of load-bearing wall materials
Heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures (according to SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings" - the normalized heat transfer resistance of the wall of a residential building for the conditions of Kemerovo, is: 3.901 m2*С°/W , at the optimum temperature of the living room +22 C °, according to the table. 1 GOST 30494-96 “Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters")	Brick (thickness 250mm)	Ro \u003d 0.516 m2 * С ° / W (1/8,7+0,25/0,7+1/23=0,516) Required brick wall thickness 262cm (To bring to the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003 with thicknesses. brick 250mm thermal insulation outside the building will be required with mineral wool boards, ROCKWOOL VENTY BATTS class (0.042 W / m * C °; 90 kg / m3) (thickness 141 mm, in fact, taking into account the assortment of plates - 150 mm (100 mm + 50 mm)), and the inner surface of the walls - cement-sand plaster thicknesses. 20mm)
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	Ro \u003d 1.067 m2 * С ° / W (1/8,7+1/0,22+1/23=1,067) Required wall thickness from "Sibit" 82cm ( at thickness aerated concrete 200mm thermal insulation outside the building will be required with mineral wool boards of the ROCKWOOL class VENTY BATTS (0.042 W / m * C °; 90 kg / m3) (thickness 118 mm, in fact, taking into account the assortment of plates - 120 mm (70 mm + 50 mm)), and the inner surface of the walls - plaster from a special dry solution of thicknesses. 10mm)
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	Ro \u003d 0.944 m2 * С ° / W (thickness at the junction of the bars 110mm) (1/8,7+0,11/0,14+1/23=0,944) Required log diameter 104cm (To bring to the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003 at dia. logs 220mm (without violating the architectural beauty of the building from the outside of the house) thermal insulation from the inside of the building will be required with ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS class mineral wool boards (0.042 W / m * C °; 35 kg / m3) thickness. 119mm, in fact, taking into account the range of boards - 120 mm (70mm + 50mm), according to the substructure, including a vertical frame of 30 * 50mm bars, a plywood layer of thickness. 12mm, insulation layer, vapor barrier layer from "Izospan D", cladding with GCR boards, thickness. 12.5mm on a metal frame or wooden "lining")
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	Ro \u003d 1.873 m2 * С ° / W (1/8,7+0,24/0,14+1/23=1,873) Required wall thickness of glued beams 52 cm (To bring to the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003 at thickness timber 240 mm (without violating the architectural beauty of the building from the outside of the house) thermal insulation from the inside of the building will be required with ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS class mineral wool boards (0.042 W / m * C °; 35 kg / m3) thickness. 80mm, in fact, taking into account the range of boards - 100 mm (50 mm + 50mm)), according to the substructure including a vertical frame of 30 * 50mm bars, a plywood layer of thickness. 12mm, insulation layer, vapor barrier layer from "Izospan D", cladding with GCR boards, thickness. 12.5mm on a metal frame or wooden "lining")
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	Ro \u003d 3.943 m2 * С ° / W (1/8,7+0,024/0,13+0,15/0,041+1/23=3,943) Required wall thickness of SIP panel 17.2cm (To bring to the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003 thickness needs to be reduced. insulation by 2mm) (When finishing the SIP-panel from the inside with 10 mm thick plasterboard sheets or wooden "lining", Ro \u003d 4.048 m2 * С ° / W)
The influence of the bearing wall material on the area of ​​​​the premises of the house	Brick (thickness 250mm)	The area of ​​2 floors of the house along the outer contours of the brick: 137.38 m2 ; 117.47m2; The area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 99.3m2
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The area of ​​2 floors of the house according to the outer contours of the blocks: 137.38 m2; Residential building area (according to the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 119.11 m2; 100.7 m2
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	137.38 m2 ; Residential building area (according to the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 114.24m2 (123.15 m2- ; The area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 92.87m2 (100.11m2 -
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	The area of ​​2 floors of the house along the outer contours of the timber: 137.38 m2 ; Residential building area (according to the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 110.91m2 (121.9 m2- without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum plasterboard in rooms with a humid regime and escape routes) ; The area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 92.52m2 (101.69m2 - without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum plasterboard in rooms with a humid regime and escape routes)
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The area of ​​2 floors of the house according to the outer contours of the panels: 137.38 m2 ; Residential building area (according to the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 124.68m2; The area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 108.94m2;
House foundation design (1. Type of base soil: soft-plastic loam; design soil resistance at a depth of 0.5 m - 5.8 kg / cm2; at a depth of 2.5 m - 5.08 kg / cm2; 2. Snow load - 127 kg / m2 (at rafter angle 45°); 3) Operating load (furniture, equipment, etc.)): for the first floor: 144.87 kg / m2; second floor - 130.37 kg / m2; for the attic floor - 105 kg / m2 (according to SNiP 11-6-74 "Loads and effects")	Brick (thickness 250mm)	228575kg , incl. 192893 kg weight of house structures, including: 45132 kg - strip foundation with crushed stone bedding; 123884kg - weight of external and internal walls, partitions and ceilings; 23877kg - weight of interior and exterior finishes, roofing, windows and doors); 14785 kg - snow load weight; 20897kg payload weight for house floors The load on 1 m2 of the base of the house, 7.85 * 8.75 m in size, is: 3328 kg / m2 The load per 1 cm2 of the base under the strip foundation of the house is: 1.36 kg / cm2 The payload is 9.14% of the permanent and temporary load of the weight of the house
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The foundation is a shallow-reinforced concrete tape foundation with a section of 400 * 800 mm (due to design considerations: the height is equal to twice the width), with crushed stone preparation of thicknesses. 300mm. taking into account the constant and temporary load from the weight of the house to calculate the foundation - 155413kg , incl. 119549 kg weight of house structures, including: 45132 kg - strip foundation with crushed stone bedding; 46461kg - weight of external and internal walls, partitions and ceilings; 27956kg - weight of interior and exterior finishes, roofing, windows and doors); 14785 kg - snow load weight; 21079kg payload weight for house floors The load on 1 m2 of the base of the house, 7.85 * 8.75 m in size, is: 2263 kg / m2 The load per 1 cm2 of the base under the strip foundation of the house is: 0.93 kg / cm2 The payload is 13.56% of the permanent and temporary load of the weight of the house
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	The foundation of screw metal piles SV-108, dia. pile shaft 108mm, length 3000mm, diam. blades 300mm. Rostverk from channel No. 20. The number of piles is 28, taking into account the constant and temporary load from the weight of the house to calculate the foundation - 98715kg , incl. 63929 kg weight of the house structures, including: 1748 kg - pile foundation with channel No. 20 piping; 43468kg - weight of external and internal walls, partitions and ceilings; 18713 kg - weight of interior and exterior finishes, roofing, windows and doors); 14785 kg - snow load weight; 20001 kg payload weight for house floors The load on 1m2 of the base of the house, measuring 7.85 * 8.75m, is: 1437 kg / m2 The load per 1 cm2 of the base under the pile blade is: 4.99 kg/cm2 The payload is 20.26% of the permanent and temporary load of the weight of the house
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	Foundation from screw metal piles SV-108, dia. pile shaft 108mm, length 3000mm, diam. blades 300mm. Rostverk from channel No. 20. The number of piles is 29, taking into account the constant and temporary load from the weight of the house to calculate the foundation - 99654kg , incl. 64916 kg weight of the house structures, including: 1776 kg - pile foundation with channel No. 20 piping; 44835kg - weight of external and internal walls, partitions and ceilings; 18305kg - weight of interior and exterior finishes, roofing, windows and doors); 14785 kg - snow load weight; 19953kg payload weight for house floors The load on 1m2 of the base of the house, 7.85 * 8.75m in size, is: 1450 kg / m2 The load per 1 cm2 of the base under the pile blade is: 4.86 kg/cm2 The payload is 20.02% of the permanent and temporary load of the weight of the house
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The foundation of screw metal piles SV-108, dia. pile shaft 108mm, length 3000mm, diam. blades 300mm. Rostverk from channel No. 16. The number of piles is 20, taking into account the constant and temporary load from the weight of the house to calculate the foundation - 71773kg , incl. 34770 kg weight of house structures, including: 1894 kg - pile foundation with channel No. 16 piping and grillage; 13469kg - weight of a house set made of SIP panels with bars and fasteners; 19407 kg - weight of interior and exterior finishes, roofing, windows and doors); 14785kg - snow load weight; 22218kg payload weight for house floors The load on 1 m2 of the base of the house, 7.85 * 8.75 m in size, is: 1045 kg / m2 The load per 1 cm2 of the base under the pile blade is: 5.08 kg/cm2 The payload is 30.96% of the permanent and temporary load of the weight of the house
Organization of house construction .	Brick (thickness 250mm)	The device of the foundation of the house is desirable to perform in the warm season. After laying the foundation in the warm season, a technological break of at least 7 days is required, at an outside air temperature of at least 20 degrees. C. Brickwork, ceilings, roofing, exterior finishes - at any time of the year. When performing brickwork in the winter season, measures should be taken to prevent the destruction of the building during the thawing process in the spring. The interior decoration of the building can be carried out immediately after the erection of the walls of the building, roofing, exterior windows and doors, exterior decoration and installation of the heating system.
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The device of the foundation of the house is desirable to perform in the warm season. After laying the foundation in the warm season, a technological break of at least 7 days is required, at an outside air temperature of at least 20 degrees. C. Masonry, ceilings, roofing, exterior finishes - at any time of the year. When performing masonry in the winter season, measures should be taken to prevent the destruction of the building during the thawing process in the spring. The interior decoration of the building can be carried out after the erection of the walls of the building, roofing, exterior windows and doors, exterior decoration, installation of the heating system and drying of the building to equilibrium humidity for 3-4 months, and sliding fastening of the guides for gypsum boards should be used, i.e. aerated concrete is subject to air-humidity changes within 3-5% (“Sibit” - high-quality autoclaved aerated concrete-1-3%) A very important point when building a house from aerated concrete is the bulk density of aerated concrete and its strength. The bulk density should not be less than 600 kg / m3, otherwise it will be impossible to fix the outer and inner finishing frame to such a wall.
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	The construction of the foundation of the house, walls made of timber, ceilings, roofing, can be performed at any time of the year. The interior decoration of the building, except for the installation of the heating system and floor installation, can be carried out after complete drying and settlement of the beam, i.e. 4-5 years after the erection of the walls of the building from a bar and its caulking, the next year after the erection, after 2-3 years and after 5 years (a bar of natural humidity is subject to air-humidity changes within 3-5%). In the first year after the construction and launch of the heating system, the internal temperature in the premises should not be higher than 16 degrees. WITH. . For finishing, you should use a sliding fastening of guides for gypsum boards and wooden bars, but in any case, interior finishing work should not be started earlier than 1 year after the walls were erected from a bar. It is imperative to complete the "leg" of window and door openings in the process of erecting walls from a bar. A very important point is the process of conservation of a house from a bar, in case it is impossible to erect a permanent roof over the building.
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	The construction of the foundation of the house, walls made of timber, ceilings, roofing, can be performed at any time of the year. The interior decoration of the building, except for the installation of the heating system and floor installation, can be carried out after complete drying and settlement of the beam, i.e. 1-2 years after the erection of the walls of the building from timber (glulam is subject to air-humidity changes within 1-3%). In the first year after the construction and launch of the heating system, the internal temperature in the premises should not be higher than 16 degrees. WITH. . For finishing, you should use a sliding fastening of guides for gypsum boards and wooden bars, but in any case, interior finishing work should not be started earlier than 1 year after the walls were erected from a bar. A very important point is the process of conservation of a house from a bar, in case it is impossible to erect a permanent roof over the building.
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The device of the foundation of the house, exterior decoration, roofing, can be performed at any time of the year. Installation of a house kit from SIP panels must be carried out at a temperature not lower than - 10 degrees. C, because at lower temperatures, even winter polyurethane foam does not expand well. The interior decoration of the building can be carried out immediately after the erection of the walls of the building, roofing, exterior windows and doors, exterior decoration and installation of the heating system. Much attention should be paid to the maximum reduction in the construction time of the house kit and the installation of the roof over the building, in order to avoid soaking the panels. The second important point is the need to use only dry wood for tie boards installed for fastening the panels in order to avoid large opening of the panel joints.
Labor intensity and terms of building a house (1. The labor intensity of construction was determined on the basis of a standard construction estimate for general construction works (excluding the same costs: engineering internal and external communications, landscaping); 2. When determining the construction time, a team of 6 people was adopted and a one-shift 8-hour work )	Brick (thickness 250mm)	The total labor intensity of building a house is 3208 people. - hours. The total construction period is 67 working days, including: Brick laying of walls, installation of reinforced concrete lintels, installation of ceilings and partitions from GCR - 816 pers. - hour. (17 days); Facade insulation, facade and plinth cladding made of vinyl siding, external drain pipes, door and window openings, hanging gutter, cornice finishing -909 people. - hour (19 days); Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, stairs) - 891 people. - hour. (19 days). Note: The calendar period of construction will be: (67 working days + 7 days technological break after the installation of the facility = 74 days: 22 days = 3.4 months.)
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The total labor intensity of building a house is 3232 people. - hours. The total construction period is 67 working days, including: Earthworks, crushed stone preparation, strip reinforced concrete foundation, foundation waterproofing, backfilling -254 people. - hour (5 days); Laying of walls from aerated concrete blocks, installation of reinforced concrete lintels, installation of ceilings and partitions from plasterboard - 598 people. - hour. (12 days); Rafters, roofing - 292 people. - hour. (6 days); Facade insulation, facade and plinth cladding made of vinyl siding, external drain pipes, door and window openings, hanging gutter, cornice finishing -845 people. - hour (18 days); External windows and door - 46 pers. - hour. (1 day); Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, stairs) - 1196 people. - hour. (25 days). Note: The calendar construction period will be: (67 working days + 7 days technological break after the construction of the f-ta + 90 days for the draft of the house during the drying process = 164 days: 22 days = 7.5 months.)
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	The total labor intensity of building a house is 4109 people. - hours. (3368 man-hours - without work on additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from the beam with ceramic tiles on the substructure of GKL in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes) Total construction period - 86 working days (71 working days - without work on additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from the beam with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum board in rooms with a wet regime and escape routes), including: Foundation of screw piles, with channel piping -64 people. - hour (2 days); Installation of timber, ceilings and partitions from GKL-1604 pers. - hour. (33 days); Rafters, roofing - 292 people. - hour. (6 days); Facade with cleaning and varnishing, vinyl siding plinth, outdoor drain pipes, door and window openings, hanging gutter, cornice trim -318 people. - hour (7 days); External windows and door - 46 pers. - hour. (1 day); Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, stairs) - 1785 people. - hour. (37 days) (1044 man-hours; 22 working days - without additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the GKL substructure in rooms with a humid regime and evacuation routes). Note: The calendar period of construction will be: (86 working days: 22 days = 3.9 months.) + 12 months technological break for timber settlement before interior finishing of the house = 15.9 months. Without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the GKL substructure in rooms with a humid regime and evacuation routes - 15.2 months.
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	The total labor intensity of building a house is 3988 people. - hours. (3317 man-hours - without work on the additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from the beam with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum plasterboard in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes) Total construction period - 83 working days (69 working days - without work on additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from the beam with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum board in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes), including: Foundation of screw piles, with channel piping -66 people. - hour (2 days); Installation of timber, ceilings and partitions from GKL-1602 pers. - hour. (33 days); Rafters, roofing - 292 people. - hour. (6 days); Lacquered façade, vinyl siding plinth, outdoor drain pipes, door and window trim, hanging gutter, cornice trim -238 people. - hour (5 days); External windows and door - 46 pers. - hour. (1 day); Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, stairs) - 1744 people. - hour. (36 days) (1073 man-hours; 22 working days - without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the GKL substructure in rooms with a humid regime and evacuation routes). Note: The calendar period of construction will be: (83 working days: 22 days = 3.8 months.) + 12 months technological break for timber settlement before interior finishing of the house = 15.8 months. Without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the plasterboard in rooms with a humid regime and escape routes - 15.1 months.
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The total labor intensity of building a house is 2602 people. - hours. The total construction period is 55 working days, including: The foundation of screw piles, with channel piping and wooden grillage - 81 people. - hour (2 days); Installation of a house kit - 538 people. - hour. (11 days); Rafters, roofing, gables - 312 people. - hour. (7 days); Vinyl siding façade, outdoor drain pipes, door and window trim, hanging gutter, cornice trim -523 pers. - hour (11 days); External windows and door - 46 pers. - hour. (1 day); Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, stairs) - 1102 people. - hour. (23 days) Note: The calendar term of construction will be: 55 slave. days: 22 days = 2.5 months.
The cost of building a house at current prices in January 2012 ; cost structure (determined on the basis of a standard construction estimate for general construction work, excluding the same costs: engineering internal and external communications, as well as chapters 1; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 of the consolidated estimate calculation)	Brick (thickness 250mm)	The total cost of building a house is 4,121,348 rubles. with VAT 18, including: Brickwork of walls, installation of reinforced concrete lintels, installation of ceilings and partitions from plasterboard - 1204483 rubles; Facade insulation, facade and plinth cladding made of vinyl siding, external drain pipes, door and window openings, hanging gutter, cornice trim - 1,182,282 rubles; Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, doors, stairs) - 928302 rubles. Note: the cost of house frame materials (bearing walls made of solid clay brick M100 (250*120*65 mm), floors, partitions, antiseptics, fasteners) is: 834,850 rubles, i.e. 20.26% of the value of the house, incl. brick cost: 195365 rub. (4.74% of the cost of the house) (The cost of 1 brick of solid clay grade M100 (250 * 120 * 65mm) is 8430 rubles with VAT 18% in January 2012 prices) The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 35084.26 rubles; The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 41504.01 rubles.
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The total cost of building a house is 4,226,822 rubles. with VAT 18, including: Earthworks, crushed stone preparation, strip reinforced concrete foundation, foundation waterproofing, backfilling -284874 rubles; Laying of walls from aerated concrete blocks, installation of reinforced concrete lintels, installation of ceilings and partitions from plasterboard - 1104919 rubles; Rafters, roofing - 252875 rubles; Facade insulation, facade and plinth cladding made of vinyl siding, external drain pipes, door and window openings, hanging gutter, cornice trim - 1,084,657 rubles; External windows and door - 268533 rubles; Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, doors, stairs) - 1230964 rubles. Note: the cost of house frame materials (bearing walls made of Sibit aerated concrete (600 * 200 * 240 mm), ceilings, partitions, antiseptics, fasteners) is: 819,120 rubles, i.e. 19.38% of the value of the house, incl. the cost of Sibit aerated concrete blocks (600 * 200 * 240 mm): 190518 rubles. (4.51% of the cost of the house) (The cost of 1 m3 of Sibit aerated concrete blocks (600 * 200 * 240 mm) is 4390 rubles with VAT 18% in January 2012 prices) The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 35486.71 rubles; The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 41974.40 rubles.
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	The total cost of building a house is 4,779,754 rubles. with VAT 18%. (RUB 3,971,807 - without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the GKL substructure in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes), including: The foundation of screw piles, with channel piping - 261564 rubles; Installation of timber, ceilings and partitions from GKL - 1859909 rubles; Facade with cleaning and varnishing, vinyl siding plinth, outdoor drain pipes, door and window opening trim, hanging gutter, cornice trim -380828 rubles; External windows and door - 268533 rubles; Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, doors, stairs) - 1579100 rubles. (852541 rubles - without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum board in rooms with a humid regime and evacuation routes) Inflationary component on the cost of finishing the house, performed 1 year after the construction of the beam - (7.763 / 6.981 * 1579100 rubles - 1579100 rubles = 176888 rubles (taking into account the predicted deflator indices of the Central Central Center of the Kemerovo Region). (95500 rubles - without work on additional insulation lumber from the inside and finishing the walls from the lumber with ceramic tiles on a GKL substructure in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes) Note: the cost of materials for the frame of the house (bearing walls made of timber, ceilings, partitions, antiseptics, fasteners) is: 1145520 rubles, i.e. 23.97% of the cost of the house (28.84% - with the option without additional insulation), and the cost of the timber itself is 562,112 rubles, i.e. 11.76% of the cost of the house (14.15% - with the option without additional insulation). (The cost of 1 m3 of rounded timber with a diameter of 220 mm is accepted as 7800 rubles with VAT 18% in January 2012 prices) The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 41839.58 rubles; (32251.78 rubles - in the version without additional insulation ) The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 51467.15 rubles. (39674.43 rubles - in the version without additional insulation )
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	The total cost of building a house is 5836193 rubles. with VAT 18%. (RUB 5,028,534 - without additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from the beam with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum plasterboard in rooms with a wet regime and escape routes), including: The foundation of screw piles, with channel piping - 269058 rubles; Installation of timber, ceilings and partitions from GKL - 3060762 rubles; Rafters, roofing - 252932 rubles; Lacquered facade, vinyl siding plinth, outdoor drain pipes, door and window opening trim, hanging gutter, cornice trim - 271,587 rubles; Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, doors, stairs) - 1540731 rubles. (814430 rubles - without work on additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum board in rooms with a humid regime and evacuation routes) Inflationary component on the cost of finishing a house, performed 1 year after the erection of the beam - (7.763 / 6.981 * 1540731 rubles - 1540731 rubles = 172590 rubles (taking into account the predicted deflator indices of the Central Central Center of the Kemerovo Region). (91231 rubles - without work on additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from a bar with ceramic tiles on a substructure of gypsum plasterboard in rooms with a wet regime and escape routes Note: the cost of house frame materials (bearing walls made of timber, ceilings, partitions, antiseptics, fasteners) is: 2346828 rubles, i.e. 40.21% of the cost of the house (46.67% - with the option without additional insulation), and the cost of the timber itself is 1,763,449 rubles, i.e. 30.22% of the cost of the house (35.07% - with the option without additional insulation). (The cost of 1 m3 of glued laminated timber with a thickness of 240 mm is accepted as 28,000 rubles with VAT 18% in January 2012 prices.) The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 52620.98 rubles; (41251.30 rubles - in the version without additional insulation ) The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor: 63080.34 rubles (49449.64 rubles - in the version without additional insulation )
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The total cost of building a house is 3,938,362 rubles. with VAT 18%., including: The foundation of screw piles, with channel piping and a wooden grillage device -224452 rubles; Installation of a house kit - 1368967 rubles; Rafters, roofing, pediments - 274286 rubles; Vinyl siding façade, outdoor drain pipes, door and window trim, hanging gutter, cornice trim -653,603 rubles; External windows and door - 268533 rubles; Interior decoration (walls, floors, ceilings, doors, stairs) - 1148521 rubles. Note: the cost of the house kit materials (walls, ceilings, partitions, antiseptics, boards, mounting foam, fasteners) is: 1,101,262 rubles, i.e. 27.96% of the value of the house. The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​a residential building (on the internal finished surface of the outer walls of each floor): 31,587.76 rubles; The cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building (for the internal finished surface of the walls and partitions of each floor): 36151.66 rubles.
Durability, fire safety and strength of the house	Brick (thickness 250mm)	The load-bearing walls of the house are non-combustible, but the cement-sand mortar that holds the brick together at a temperature of over 500 degrees. C, which occurs during the fire and subsequent exposure to water, will lose its binding properties and the remaining brick walls will be possible to operate after major repairs and partial re-laying. Reinforced concrete strip foundation will require minor repairs; The mass of combustible material (wooden and plastic elements of the house: beams, floorboards and filings, rafters, lathing; laminate; plastic window elements, vinyl siding, etc.) is - 19528 kg From the point of view of protection against penetration into the dwelling by destroying the wall, they do not meet the requirements for the walls of bank vaults and are not a serious obstacle for persons carrying out such penetration, especially since there are many easier penetration points in the building: windows, doors, roof.
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The service life of the building, according to the durability and service life of the main non-repairable elements of the house, which determines its strength, stability and service life of the house as a whole, according to GOST 27751-88 “Reliability of building structures and foundations. The main provisions for the calculation “- not less than 50 years. In terms of fire safety at home, the following points should be noted: All wooden elements of the building: beams, floorboards and filings, stairs, stacks, lathing, etc. with high-quality treatment with long-acting flame retardants, they will retain their fire-fighting properties for 10-15 years; House evacuation routes are finished with non-combustible materials and people will be able to leave the building; The load-bearing walls of the house are non-combustible, but the adhesive mortar that holds the aerated concrete blocks together at a temperature of over 500 degrees. C, which occurs during the fire and subsequent exposure to water, will lose its astringent properties, and aerated concrete blocks will be impossible to operate after extinguishing the fire with water, because. they all crack. The walls of the house will have to be dismantled and laid out again. Reinforced concrete strip foundation will require minor repairs; The mass of combustible material (wooden and plastic elements of the house: beams, floorboards and filings, rafters, lathing; laminate; plastic window elements, vinyl siding, etc.) is - 19593 kg The strength of the house structures ensures the perception of all standard loads.
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)	The service life of the building, according to the durability and service life of the main non-repairable elements of the house, which determines its strength, stability and service life of the house as a whole, according to GOST 27751-88 “Reliability of building structures and foundations. The main provisions for the calculation “- not less than 50 years. In terms of fire safety at home, the following points should be noted: The mass of combustible material (rounded timber; wooden and plastic elements of the house: beams, floorboards and filings, rafters, lathing; laminate; plastic window elements, basement vinyl siding, etc.) is - 47051 kg From the point of view of protection against penetration into the dwelling by destroying the wall, they do not meet the requirements for the walls of bank vaults and are not a serious obstacle for persons carrying out such penetration, especially since there are many easier penetration points in the building: windows, doors, roof.
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	The service life of the building, according to the durability and service life of the main non-repairable elements of the house, which determines its strength, stability and service life of the house as a whole, according to GOST 27751-88 “Reliability of building structures and foundations. The main provisions for the calculation “- not less than 50 years. In terms of fire safety at home, the following points should be noted: All wooden elements of the building: round timber, beams, floorboards and filings, stairs, stacks, lathing, etc. with high-quality treatment with long-acting flame retardants, they will retain their fire-fighting properties for 10-15 years; The escape routes of the house are finished with non-combustible materials and people will be able to leave the building (in the option of finishing with additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the GKL substructure in rooms with a humid regime and escape routes); The load-bearing walls of the house are combustible, but at temperatures above 500 degrees. Since they arise during the fire process, they will either burn out completely or burn out from the outside if they are extinguished in a timely manner with water, the remaining unburned walls will be impossible to operate. The remains of the walls of the house will have to be disassembled and reassembled. The metal screw pile foundation will require reinforcement.; The mass of combustible material (glued timber; wooden and plastic elements of the house: beams, floorboards and filings, rafters, lathing; laminate; plastic window elements, vinyl siding of the basement, etc.) is - 51257 kg The strength of the house structures ensures the perception of all standard loads. The house is distinguished by high seismic resistance. From the point of view of protection against penetration into the dwelling by destroying the wall, they do not meet the requirements for the walls of bank vaults and are not a serious obstacle for persons carrying out such penetration, especially since there are many easier penetration points in the building: windows, doors, roof.
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The service life of the building, according to the durability and service life of the main non-repairable elements of the house, which determines its strength, stability and service life of the house as a whole, according to GOST 27751-88 “Reliability of building structures and foundations. The main provisions for the calculation “- not less than 50 years. In terms of fire safety at home, the following points should be noted: All wooden elements of the building: SIP-panels, strapping beams, beams, floor boards and filings, stairs, stacks, battens, etc. with high-quality treatment with long-acting flame retardants, they will retain their fire-fighting properties for 10-15 years; House evacuation routes are finished with non-combustible materials and people will be able to leave the building; The load-bearing walls of the house and ceilings are combustible and at temperatures above 500 degrees. With, arising in the process of fire, they will burn completely. The remains of the walls of the house and the ceiling will have to be disassembled and reassembled. The metal screw pile foundation will require reinforcement.; The mass of combustible material (SIP-panels, strapping bars, wooden and plastic elements of the house: beams, floorboards and filings, rafters, lathing; laminate; plastic window elements, vinyl siding, etc.) is - 21710 kg The strength of the house structures ensures the perception of all standard loads. The house is distinguished by high seismic resistance. From the point of view of protection against penetration into the dwelling by destroying the wall, they do not meet the requirements for the walls of bank vaults and are not a serious obstacle for persons carrying out such penetration, especially since there are many easier penetration points in the building: windows, doors, roof.
Energy Efficiency and Operating Costs of Home Maintenance	Brick (thickness 250mm)
	aerated concrete "Cybit" (thickness 200mm)	The house meets the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 23-02-2003 for energy efficiency, in terms of reduced heat transfer resistance and air permeability of building envelopes. The maximum allowable value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a house, kJ / (m2 * C * day) is not more than 120.There are no special costs for maintaining the house.
	Rounded timber (dia. 220mm)
	Glued laminated timber (thickness 240mm)	The house meets the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 23-02-2003 for energy efficiency, in terms of reduced heat transfer resistance and air permeability of building envelopes. The maximum allowable value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the house, kJ / (m2 * C * day) is not more than 120. There are no special costs for maintaining the house, except for the cost of maintaining an attractive appearance of the facade of the house.
	SIP panel (thickness 174mm)	The house meets the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 23-02-2003 for energy efficiency, in terms of reduced heat transfer resistance and air permeability of building envelopes. The maximum allowable value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the house, kJ / (m2 * C * day) is not more than 120. There are no special costs for maintaining the house.

Analyzing the results of the above calculations, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Houses made of brick, aerated concrete, rounded and glued beams cannot be operated without additional insulation, because. their thermal resistance is lower than required: for a brick house with a wall thickness of 250 mm, 7.56 times; houses from the rounded bar to dia. 220mm by 4.13 times (moreover, this will be 4-5 years after the full draft of the timber); houses from Sibit with wall thickness of 200 mm by 3.66 times; houses made of glued laminated timber with a wall thickness of 240 mm by 2.08 times (moreover, this will be 1-2 years after the full settlement of the timber). Houses from SIP-panels ("Canadian technology") - fully meet the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings".

2. It is advisable to build low-rise houses for permanent residence up to 3 floors of brick and aerated concrete with a wall thickness of no more than 250mm for brick and 200mm for aerated concrete, because. in any case, they will have to be additionally insulated, and with this thickness of the wall material, they fully withstand the load from the ceilings, incl. and when used as floors, hollow reinforced concrete panels.

3. It is advisable to build low-rise houses for permanent residence up to 3 floors from rounded and glued beams with a beam diameter of not more than 180mm, and glued with a wall thickness of about 160 mm, because in any case, they will have to be additionally insulated, and with this thickness of the wall material, they fully withstand the load from the ceilings and ensure the rigidity of the log house structure.

4. The most efficient use of load-bearing wall materials, in terms of obtaining the largest area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building, is for house structures made of SIP panels (“Canadian Technology”). If we take as 100% the area of ​​the premises of a residential building made of glued laminated timber with a thickness of 240 mm, then the area of ​​premises of a residential building made of rounded timber with a diameter of 220 mm will be 100.38%; clay brick 250mm thick -107.33%; aerated concrete "Sibit" wall thickness 200mm - 108.84%; houses from SIP panels ("Canadian Technology") - 117.75%. Thus, using various load-bearing wall materials, it is possible to significantly increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises of a residential building, with the same external dimensions of the building.

5. The lightest houses are obtained from SIP panels ("Canadian Technology"). If we take the weight of such a house as 1, then the weight of a brick house with a wall thickness of 250 mm (and the floors in this house are made of wood) will be 3.18 times higher; houses made of Sibit aerated concrete with a thickness of 200 mm are 2.17 times higher; a house made of glued laminated timber 240 mm thick - by 1.39 times; house from the rounded bar to dia. 220mm - 1.38 times. With such a weight of buildings, it becomes obvious that houses made of brick and aerated concrete can only be built on a strip reinforced concrete foundation, and it is good if the soil conditions allow such a foundation to be shallow. With strongly heaving or weak soils, the construction of foundations for low-rise buildings from these materials is a serious task and, apparently, one should think about the advisability of constructing a basement for such a house at a foundation depth below the freezing depth of the soil, or use a pile foundation with reinforced concrete piles and a grillage, or w / concrete slab.

6. The most efficient use of load-bearing wall materials in terms of the perception of the payload on the floors of a residential building near the structure of the house from SIP-panels ("Canadian technology"). If we take as 1 the ratio of the payload to the permanent and temporary load from the weight of the house for such buildings, then for a residential building made of clay bricks with a thickness of 250 mm this ratio will be 3.39 times worse; at houses made of aerated concrete "Sibit" with a wall thickness of 200 mm - 2.28 times; for houses made of glued laminated timber 240 mm thick - 1.55 times; for houses made of rounded timber with a diameter of 220 mm - 1.53 times.

7. The highest labor intensity is a house made of rounded timber with additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing walls made of timber with ceramic tiles on a GKL substructure in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes, if we take for 1 the laboriousness of building a house from SIP panels ("Canadian technology" ), then the labor intensity of a house made of rounded timber with a diameter of 220 mm with additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles according to the substructure of GKL in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes will be 1.58 times higher (without additional insulation - 1.29 times) ; the labor intensity of a house made of glued laminated timber 240 mm thick is 1.53 times higher (without additional insulation - 1.27 times); the labor intensity of a house made of Sibit aerated concrete with a thickness of 200 mm is 1.24 times higher; the labor intensity of a house made of clay bricks with a thickness of 250 mm is 1.23 times higher;

8. The longest construction period is a house made of rounded timber with additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing walls made of timber with ceramic tiles on a GKL substructure in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes, if we take 1 period of building a house from SIP panels (“Canadian technology ”), then the period of construction of a house from rounded timber with additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from timber with ceramic tiles on a GKL substructure in rooms with a humid regime and evacuation routes will be 1.56 times higher in working days and 6.36 times in calendar days (without additional insulation - 1.29 times and 6.08 times, respectively); the construction time for a house made of glued laminated timber 240 mm thick is 1.51 times higher in working days and 6.32 times in calendar days (without additional insulation - 1.25 times and 6.04 times, respectively); the construction time for houses made of Sibit aerated concrete with a thickness of 200 mm is 1.22 times higher in working days and 3 times higher in calendar days; the construction period of a house made of clay bricks with a thickness of 250 mm is 1.22 times higher;

9. The highest cost of construction is a house made of glued laminated timber 240 mm thick with additional insulation of the timber from the inside and finishing the walls from the timber with ceramic tiles on the substructure of the gypsum board in rooms with a wet regime and escape routes, if we take for 1 the total cost of building a house from SIP panels ( "Canadian Technology"), then the total cost of building a house from a glued beam 240 mm thick with additional insulation of the beam from the inside and finishing the walls from the beam with ceramic tiles according to the GKL substructure in rooms with a wet regime and evacuation routes will be 1.48 times higher (the cost of 1 m2 of total the area of ​​a residential building by 1.67 times; the cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​​​the premises of a residential building by 1.74 times; for the version of the house without additional insulation: by 1.28; 1.31 and 1.37 times, respectively); the total cost of building a house from rounded timber with a diameter of 220 mm with additional insulation is 1.21 times higher (the cost of 1 m2 of the total area of ​​​​a residential building is 1.32 times; 1.01, 1.02 and 1.1 times, respectively); the total cost of building houses from Sibit aerated concrete with a thickness of 200 mm is 1.07 times higher (the cost of 1 m2 of the total area of ​​​​a residential building is 1.12 times; the cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​premises of a residential building is 1.16 times higher); the total cost of building a house made of clay bricks with a thickness of 250 mm is 1.05 times higher (the cost of 1 m2 of the total area of ​​a residential building is 1.11 times; the cost of 1 m2 of the area of ​​premises of a residential building is 1.15 times higher);

10. The durability, fire safety and strength of all houses are almost the same, but if we take into account the mass of combustible materials in each house, then the most potentially dangerous house is a house made of glued laminated timber with a thickness of 240mm, if we take the mass of combustible materials in a house made of glued laminated timber with a thickness of 240mm as 1, then their mass in a house made of clay bricks with a thickness of 250 mm will be 2.62 times lower; in the house of aerated concrete "Sibit" thickness. 200mm - 2.62 times; in a house made of SIP panels ("Canadian Technology") - 2.36 times; in a house made of rounded timber with a diameter of 220 mm - by 1.09 times. Single-family residential buildings belong to class F1.4. functional fire hazard according to SNiP 21-01-97* "Fire safety of buildings and structures" fire on neighboring buildings and residential blocks, as well as providing access for fire department personnel to the house to carry out fire extinguishing and rescue activities. This takes into account the possibility of a fire inside any room and its exit to the surface of the house. For houses up to two stories high, inclusive, there are no requirements for the degree of fire resistance and the class of constructive fire hazard, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 “Single-apartment residential houses”.

11. All types of houses meet the requirements for energy efficiency, in terms of the reduced resistance to heat transfer and air permeability of building envelopes (except for houses made of logs and glued laminated timber without additional insulation - these houses are not intended for permanent residence in the conditions of Kuzbass).

Thus, when choosing a load-bearing wall material for the construction of a residential low-rise building, the future Customer must imagine what he will receive in the end, both in technical terms and in terms of quality and cost. All of the above materials make it possible to build a comfortable and durable house, of course, subject to the requirements of its construction technology, taking into account the characteristics of the building materials used. This article provides an analysis of the construction of a two-story house of a certain size, layout and decoration in the conditions of Kuzbass according to a number of basic parameters. With a change in the number of storeys, layout and type of decoration of the house, the specific indicators of a residential building under consideration will naturally change, but during its construction in the conditions of Kuzbass, the main relative ratios will remain unchanged. I hope that the above analysis will help you make a decision on how to build your residential building.

Technical Director of Construction Technologies LLC - S.N. Kurbatov

Home page » Comparative analysis of low-rise construction

The features of the current stage of development of housing construction are: increased requirements for low-rise residential buildings in the field of comfort and energy saving; a significant increase in prices for building materials and finished housing; inaccessibility of high-quality housing for low-income and middle-income segments of the population; lack of government orders for large-panel buildings on the market; changing the principles of investment policy, etc. Under these conditions, building science and practice faced the task of developing more advanced technologies for low-rise housing construction, taking into account modern new features.

An important role in modern housing construction is played by the construction of individual residential buildings with a height of 1-3 floors. The problem of designing, building and operating individual residential buildings in the Russian Federation is extremely relevant and is associated with the urgent need to provide citizens with high-quality and comfortable housing that would best suit the individual characteristics of each family and each person.

For this purpose, in 1997, a special federal target program "Own House" was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation and significant changes and additions were made to the SNiP "Residential Buildings" and other regulatory and methodological documents. This required a special, additional analysis and consideration of all new building codes and regulations for individual residential development in Russia.

The analysis showed that an important direction in promising housing development is the expansion of the use of not only traditional, but also non-traditional, alternative types of housing: prefabricated, mobile, transforming, buried, solar and other types of houses. The advantages of housing include: lower cost, faster construction time, simplified technology, the ability to dismantle the house and transport it to a new location, increase the area of ​​the house if necessary, energy saving and other factors. Extensive research in the field of monolithic reinforced concrete structures began in the sixties, when the industrialization of construction and its main elements (mechanization, prefabrication, flow, etc.) received significant development.

This period includes research work on a comprehensive assessment of manufacturability, methods are being developed for convolution into objective functions of various indicators when choosing the optimal technologies for erecting buildings.

Thus, the works of Yu.B. Monfreda, B.V. Prykina, R.V. Kryukov, SV. Kryukov, SV. Nikolaev and other scientists. Ways to improve the manufacturability of the construction of concrete masses were proposed by L.I. Abramov, A.I. Shtreiber, A.I. Churikov and their followers. Research in the field of technologies of monolithic reinforced concrete structures was carried out S.S. Ataev, A.A. Afanasiev, B.A. Krylov, V.P. Lysov, B.I. Petrakov and other scientists. The works of G.M. Bad'ina, Yu.A. Dykhovichny and their followers. Methods for the flow organization of construction, methods for assessing economic efficiency were studied in detail by V.A. Afanasiev, V.M. Vasiliev, A.K. Kuzmenko, V.Z. Velichkin, L.G. Dikman, Yu.P. Panibratov and V.V. Shakhparonov.

Much attention is paid to the use of promising types of concreting technologies and new compositions of concrete mixtures in the works of Yu.M. Bazhenova, A.G. Komara, I.N. Akhverdova, V.I. Kuzmina, G.D. Makaridze, V.B. Tikhonova, A.T. Oboldueva, V.A. Sakseeva, A.P. Tikhomirov and other authors.

However, the problems associated with the development of technologies for the construction of residential buildings, providing a reduction in cost and an increase in heat-shielding properties due to non-traditional multilayer brick-concrete structures, still remain unresolved.

The works of N.N. Karaseva, Yu.N. Kazakov and other scientists. They determined the theoretical justification of various promising and transforming technologies for civilian and other purposes.

The developed technologies had a narrow scope associated with the accelerated installation of buildings and structures, the service life of which, as a rule, did not exceed 20-30 years. In addition, mobile prefabricated buildings have the following significant disadvantages: poor fire resistance, fragility, high cost, insufficient heat-shielding properties, low architectural and artistic qualities, etc. Therefore, these technologies cannot be used as the basis for the construction of capital housing, characterized by significant service life, durability, fire resistance and other indicators.

JSC "LenNIIProekt" developed original wall structures using face brick, ceramic stone and concrete with a thickness of 770 mm in relation to the conditions of St. Petersburg. The recommended designs are made on the basis of calculations of temperature fields, taking into account the heat-conducting inclusions of lintels, ceilings, reinforcement of walls and balcony slabs. At the same time, the requirements of the 2nd stage of energy saving according to SNiP P-3-79* were taken into account, new types of porous stone with a bulk density of 950 kg/m3 and a voidness of 46% were used.

However, the main disadvantage of the technology for the construction of residential buildings according to these solutions is the high estimated cost due to the significant costs of factory building materials, transport and overhead costs.

This is practically inaccessible for the low-income and middle-income population of cities. Another disadvantage of the proposed technologies is the lack of an integrated approach to solving the entire technological sequence of the construction of facilities.

In the works of V.A. Zarenkova, I.I. Serikov from CJSC SSMO "LenSpetsSMU" substantiated progressive technologies for the construction of residential complexes from combined structural systems (CCS). A technology is proposed for the construction of monolithic buildings using combined systems that allow the construction of residential buildings of the required comfort from effective building materials.

The original design solutions for external fences are a multi-layer structure made of brick, air gap and aerated concrete, which has good energy performance compared to other solutions with a heat transfer resistance equal to 1.2 m C / W (Table 1).

Table 1

Comparative indicators of external walls

Wall construction	Annual heat consumption, kg of reference fuel
	For production and installation	For heating
Solid brickwork 1500 mm thick
Single layer expanded clay panel 350 mm thick
Three-layer reinforced concrete panel with insulation
Design "LenSpetsSMU"

The problem of developing new energy-saving building systems for low-rise housing construction using highly efficient multilayer structures made of aerated concrete and thermal vacuum ceilings in order to reduce the cost and increase the heat-shielding properties of external enclosing structures has not been resolved, they are not widely used, which justifies the relevance of its coverage in the present edition.

To this end, first of all, it is necessary to consider the technical and economic indicators of modern technologies for low-rise housing construction.