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What refers to the communicative component of the political system. Political communication, its functions and means

The political sphere is the most important component of the structure of the modern state and society. At the same time, a key role in political processes is played by different kind forms of political communication, which, according to political scientists, fill all political processes with life, since they simultaneously connect the subjects of political interaction, political-legal and state institutions, ultimately ensuring the consistency of the sequence of political events.

The origin of the term "political communication" happened relatively recently - in the middle of the last century, due to the increased interest of researchers in conducting an in-depth analysis of propaganda carried out during the Second World War. Gradually developing and taking shape in an independent direction of political science, the study of political communication led to the formation of various approaches to the definition of the concept of the category under consideration. Thus, representatives of the first point of view formulated the following definition of political communication:

Definition 1

Political communication is a continuous process of transferring political information between various elements of the political system, as well as between the political system and society.

Within the framework of the second approach, political communication is defined as follows:

Definition 2

Political communication is the whole range of communication processes of an informal nature that take place in society and have a diverse impact on the current state of politics.

Finally, the third approach has developed the following definition of political communication:

Definition 3

Political communication is a constant exchange of political meanings between members of society on the one hand, and political forces on the other, the ultimate goal of which is to achieve a certain agreement, consensus between them on socially significant and state-political issues.

Thus, despite the existence of different approaches to the definition of the concept of political communication, it is necessary to conclude that most researchers are unanimous in understanding that political communication should be understood as the totality of formal and informal communication processes occurring in society that have a diverse impact on the political sphere. .

Elements of political communication

Carrying out a further characterization of political communication, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the consideration of those elements that make up the main content of the analyzed category. As relevant elements, first of all, it is customary to single out political messages and information flows. At the same time, understanding under political messages the information transmitted between the subjects of politics in the process of the struggle for power and its implementation, it is customary to distinguish three main types of corresponding messages:

Incentive political messages containing demands or calls for certain actions or the formation of a specific model of behavior. As a rule, they are expressed in the form of persuasion or order;
Informative political messages - that is, messages containing certain politically significant information (not always corresponding to reality);
Factual political messages aimed at establishing and maintaining the necessary degree of interaction between policy actors.

The next element of political communication - information flows, is also characterized by internal heterogeneity, in connection with which, it is customary to distinguish three levels of the corresponding flows:

The first level is the political and information flows necessary to serve the interests of public authorities and administration. As a rule, the information transmitted within this level is of an official nature and is therefore not subject to wide publicity;
The second level is an independent political and informational environment associated with the activities of political parties, public associations and organizations, etc. The means of political communication at this level are, first of all, the announcement of the programs of the relevant political subjects, as well as their evaluation, discussion, etc. - as a result of which a special array of political information is formed;
The third level is the most extensive element of political communication. This is due to the fact that the formation and dissemination of politically significant information takes place on it, the source of which is public opinion, mass legal and political consciousness, political behavior the masses, etc.

Remark 1

As a result, having considered the elements of political communication and revealed their internal heterogeneity, one should pay attention to the fact that, despite a certain isolation of messages and information flows within political communication, all of them are closely interconnected and interdependent, forming, ultimately, information the space of the political sphere of public life.

Functions of political communication

Political communication, as a real and most important component of the political sphere of public life, performs a number of functions in relation to the political system and society as a whole, the key of which are:

Information function, the content of which is that through political communication, the necessary knowledge about the elements of the modern political system and its functioning is disseminated;
Regulatory function, the result of which is the development of optimal mechanisms for interaction both within the political system and outside it - with civil society and individuals;
The function of political socialization, expressed in the promotion of political communication to the processes of establishing and assimilation by society of the most important and necessary political rules and norms;
Manipulative function designed to influence the formation public opinion on the most important political issues.

What is included in the communicative components of the political system? and got the best answer

Answer from Ipso facto[guru]
Political communication according to D. Graeber is "composing, transmitting, receiving and processing messages that are likely to have a significant impact on the course of politics"].
There are two types of political communications: horizontal and vertical. The first is communications between relatively nearby institutional components or social actors (between different elite groups or ordinary citizens interacting in mass actions). The second involves the relationship between different hierarchical levels of the macropolitical structure: this occurs in the case of demands from various groups of the electorate to the government through declarations of political parties regarding the adjustment of the social policy line. The function of political communication is performed modern facilities mass communication (MSC): press, radio, television, computer network and traditional channels for the transmission of political and other social information: various kinds of personal contacts between people in primary social groups - family, work collective, kindred groups, church or rural communities, etc. P.

Answer from Russian Knight[master]
Twitter for communication with Medvedev.

When discussing the political sphere of public life, we usually imagine a set of certain phenomena, objects and actors that are associated with the concept of "politics". These are parties, the state, political norms, institutions (such as suffrage or monarchy), symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), values of political culture, etc. All these structural elements of policy do not exist in isolation, independently of each other, but constitute system - a set, all parts of which are interconnected so that a change in at least one part leads to changes in the entire system. The elements of the political system are ordered, interdependent and form a certain systemic integrity.

The political system can name the ordered set of norms, institutions, organizations, ideas, as well as the relationships and interactions between them, during which political power is exercised.

A complex of state and non-state institutions that carry out political functions, that is, activities related to the functioning of state power.

The concept of a political system is more capacious than the concept of "public administration", since it covers all persons and all institutions participating in the political process, as well as informal and non-governmental factors and phenomena that affect the mechanism for identifying and posing problems, the development and implementation of solutions in the field of state-power relations. In the broadest interpretation, the concept of "political system" includes everything that is related to politics.

The political system is characterized:

, traditions and customs.

The political system carries out the following functions:

conversion, that is, the transformation of social demands into political decisions;
adaptation, that is, the adaptation of the political system to the changing conditions of social life;
mobilization of human and material resources (funds, voters, etc.) to achieve political goals.

protective function - protection of the socio-political system, its original basic values and principles;
foreign policy - the establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with other states;
consolidating - harmonization of collective interests and requirements of various social groups;
distribution - the creation and distribution of material and spiritual values;

Classification of political systems

There are various classifications of political systems.

Under political culture understand an integral part of the spiritual culture of mankind, which includes a set of political knowledge, values and behaviors, as well as the political language, symbols and traditions of statehood.

All elements of the political system, being in constant interaction, contribute to the performance of important social functions:

determination of perspective directions of social development;
optimization of society's movement towards its goals;
allocation of resources;
coordination of interests of various subjects; involvement of citizens in active participation in politics;
development of norms and rules of conduct for members of society;
control over the implementation of norms, laws and regulations;
ensuring stability and security in society.

The political system includes the following institutions:

and his ;
socio-political movements;
pressure groups, or .

State

In relation to the political system, parties are divided into systemic and non-systemic. Systemic form part of a given political system and act according to those rules, guided by its laws. The system party fights for power by legal methods, that is, accepted in this system, in elections. Non-system parties do not recognize this political system, fight for its change or elimination - as a rule, by force. They are usually illegal or semi-legal.

The role of the party in the political system determined by its authority and the trust of voters. It is the parties that formulate the one that the state implements when this party becomes the ruling one. In democratic systems, as a rule, there is a rotation of the party: they move from the ruling to the opposition, and from the opposition - back to the ruling. According to the number of parties, political systems are classified as follows: one-party - authoritarian or totalitarian; two-party; multi-party (the latter prevail). The Russian political system is multi-party.

Socio-political movements

Socio-political movements occupy an insignificant place in political systems. In terms of their goals, the movements are similar to political parties, but they do not have a charter and registered membership. In Russia socio-political movements are not allowed to participate in elections: they cannot nominate their own candidates for deputies; an organization that sets itself political goals, but does not have 50 thousand members, is transferred to public organizations.

Pressure groups or interest groups

Pressure groups, or interest groups - trade unions, industrial organizations, large monopolies(especially transnational), church, means mass media and other institutions - organizations that do not have the goal of coming to power. Their goal is to exert such pressure on the government that it satisfies their specific interest - for example, lower taxes.

All of the listed structural elements, state and non-state institutions act, as a rule, in accordance with certain political norms and traditions that have been developed as a result of extensive experience. , shall we say, should be an election, not a parody. For example, it is normal for each ballot to have at least two candidates. Among the political traditions, one can note the holding of rallies, demonstrations with political slogans, meetings of candidates and deputies with voters.

Means of political influence

State power is only the power of the state, but the power of the entire political system. Political power functions through a whole range of institutions and appears to be rather impersonal.

Means of political influence- is a set of political institutions, relationships and ideas that personifies a certain. The mechanism of such influence is the system of government, or the system of political authorities.

The functions of the system of political authorities are reactions to the influence of subjects entering this system: demands and support.

Requirements The most frequently encountered by representatives of the authorities are related to:

with the distribution of benefits (for example, demands regarding wages and working hours, improved transport);
ensuring public safety;
improvement of sanitary conditions, conditions of education, health care, etc.;
processes in the field of communication and information (information about policy goals and decisions made by rulers, demonstration of available resources, etc.).

Support community strengthens the position of officials and the system of government itself. It is grouped in the following areas:

material support (payment of taxes and other charges, provision of services to the system, such as volunteer work or military service);
compliance with laws and directives;
participation in political life(voting, demonstrations and other forms);
attention to official information, loyalty, respect for official symbols and ceremonies.

The response of the system of government to the impact of various actors is grouped into three main functions:

rule-making (development of laws that actually determine the legal forms of behavior individual groups and people in society)
enforcement of laws;
control over compliance with laws.

A more detailed list of the functions of a government system might look like this: The distribution function is expressed in the organization of the creation and distribution of material and spiritual values, honors, status positions in accordance with the "table of ranks" in a given political system. The foreign policy function implies the establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with foreign organizations. The program-strategic function means the definition of goals, objectives, ways of development of society, the development of specific programs for its activities. The mobilization function implies the attraction and organization of human, material and other resources to perform various social tasks. The function of political socialization is the ideological integration of social groups and individuals into the political community, the formation of a collective political consciousness. The protective function is the protection of this form of political relations in the community, its original basic values and principles, ensuring external and internal security.

Thus, in response to the influence of various political actors, the system of government brings about changes in the community and at the same time maintains stability in it. The ability to quickly and adequately respond to requirements, achieve goals, keep political relations within the recognized norms ensures the effectiveness of the government system.

The concept and functions of the political system

When discussing the political sphere of public life, we usually imagine a set of certain phenomena, objects and actors that are associated with the concept of "politics". These are parties, the state, political norms, institutions (such as suffrage or monarchy), symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), values of political culture, etc. All these structural elements of the policy do not exist separately, independently of each other, but constitute a system - a set, all parts of which are interconnected so that a change in at least one part leads to changes in the entire system. The elements of the political system are ordered, interdependent and form a certain systemic integrity.

The political system can be called an ordered set of norms, institutions, organizations, ideas, as well as relationships and interactions between them, during which political power is exercised.

The political system is a complex of state and non-state institutions that perform political functions, that is, activities related to the functioning of state power.

The political system is characterized by:

political ideology;

political culture;

political norms, traditions and customs.

The political system performs the following functions:

conversions, that is, the transformation of social demands into political decisions;

adaptation, that is, the adaptation of the political system to the changing conditions of social life;

mobilization human and material resources (money, voters, etc.) to achieve political goals.

protective function- protection of the socio-political system, its original basic values and principles;

foreign policy- establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with other states;

consolidating- coordination of collective interests and requirements of various social groups;

distribution- creation and distribution of material and spiritual values;

Classification of political systems

There are various classifications of political systems.

Political regime- is a set of principles of organization and functioning of the institutions of political power.

The principles by which the functioning of political systems is divided are:

way of making power decisions;

the limits of government interference in the regulation of social relations.

By the method of making power decisions, one can distinguish between democratic and authoritarian political systems.

Another sign of the division of political systems is the limits of the intervention of the authorities in the regulation of social relations. Liberal and totalitarian political regimes are distinguished by this criterion.

According to the socio-economic basis, they are divided into the following types.

Totalitarian distribution. They are based on the state-owned economy and the state distribution of material wealth. The political regime in such a system is totalitarian.

Liberal Democratic. Their basis is market economy, they are characterized by a democratic political regime.

Convergence and mobilization. They are based on a combination of state intervention in the economy with the market. Such systems usually correspond to a regime of varying degrees of authoritarianism.

Elements of the political system

It is obvious that in each specific society its own specific political system is formed, since its constituent elements - traditions, institutions, political values, etc. are different in different societies. Note that politics is an open system, i.e. it actively interacts with other spheres of society's life - economic, spiritual, social, influencing them and experiencing a reciprocal influence.

There are various reasons for highlighting the main elements of the political system. Consider the first of the classifications, in which subsystems are distinguished:

organizational-institutional - these are organizations (social groups, revolutionary movements, etc.) and institutions - parliamentarism, parties, public service, judiciary, citizenship, presidency, etc.;

normative-regulatory - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;

communicative - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;

cultural and ideological - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

Organizational and institutional subsystem

Political organization- an organized group of people acting together to achieve a specific political goal, for example: a political party; socio-political movement; an initiative group of citizens nominating a candidate for deputies; a public association that influences state policy; a cell of revolutionaries, etc. You can also single out organizations that have political goals, but these goals are not the main ones for them (for example, trade unions or the church). Finally, some organizations do not have explicit political goals (for example, a club of mushroom pickers), but under certain conditions they can act as political organizations.

political institution- a more complex element of the political system, which is a stable type of social interaction that regulates a certain area of the political sphere of society. The Institute performs an important function (or several functions) that is significant for the whole society, while forming an ordered system of social roles and rules of interaction.

Examples of political institutions are parliamentarism, the institution of civil service, institutions of executive power, the institution of the head of state, the presidency, the monarchy, the judiciary, citizenship, suffrage, political parties, etc.. The main institution in the political system is the state.

Communication subsystem

The communicative component of the political system of society includes relations, connections, forms of interaction and communication that develop in the course of political activity.

In order to achieve their political goals, participants in political activity (institutions, organizations, large social communities, individuals) must build various relationships between themselves and the social environment. Connections, forms of interaction and communication that develop in this process represent a communicative subsystem of the political system of society. For example, this is the interaction of parliamentary committees; ties that arise between parties and state bodies; relations between the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government; communication between the state and the population, etc.

Communication channels play an important role in the communication subsystem, through which information about the needs of the population is transmitted from the population to the state (this can be open hearings, commissions of inquiry, opinion polls, election results) and vice versa - from the state to the population (the media play an important role here which acquaint the population with political decisions, adopted laws, etc.).

The norms of political interaction include political, legal and moral norms, as well as customs and traditions.

The communicative component of the political system includes: 1) Value orientations and attitudes of people in the political field 2) connections between

subjects of politics 3) programs of political parties 4) Traditions and norms watered. behavior

1. The state, political parties, socio-political movements form:

1) the normative component of the political system
2) the communicative component of the political system
3) the cultural component of the political system
4) organizational component of the political system

Part A.

1. A citizen participates in politics when:

a) expresses his opinion
referendum B) receives higher education

B) pay government
taxes D)
discovers something new in the physical picture of the world

2. Are the following statements correct?

On an ideological basis
parties are divided into:

A. Mass and personnel

B. Conservative,
liberal, social democratic.

A) right A b)
right B c) both are right d) both are wrong.

3. Democratic political
personality culture implies a willingness to perform the following roles:

BUT)
voter b)
worker c) family man d)
friend.

4. In a presidential republic, popularly
the elected president is the head of state, and:

A) chief executive
power b)
head of the judiciary

B) head
parliament D)
leader of the majority faction in parliament

5. The communicative component of the political system includes:

B4. Characterization of the political system of society requires consideration of its individual components. Which of the following is a normative

subsystem of the political system of society?

1) political traditions

2) party charter

3) political ideals

4) party program

6) political culture

A16. Are the following judgments about the political system of society correct?

A. The composition of the political system of society may include public organizations.

B. The political system of society includes state authorities.

1. only A is true

2. only B is correct

3. both judgments are correct

4. both judgments are wrong

A12. Are the following statements about socialization correct?

A. In the process of socialization, the process of assimilation by the individual of the sociocultural experience necessary for life in a given society takes place.

B. The process of socialization does not depend on the social status of the individual.

1. only A is true

2. only B is correct

3. both judgments are correct

4. both judgments are wrong

A17. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is a legal document of direct action. It means that

1) its main goal is the recognition and protection of human and civil rights

2) it is based on international documents ratified by the state

3) in case of violation of their rights, a person can apply to the court, referring to its articles

4) under no circumstances may it be amended or supplemented.

A20. Are the following judgments about branches of law correct?

A. Civil law governs property and related personal non-property relations.

B. The subject of regulation of financial law are public relations in the area of taxation.

1. only A is true

2. only B is correct

3. both judgments are correct

4. both judgments are wrong

A16. Are the following judgments about the institutions of civil society correct?

A. One of the directions for the development of civil society in modern Russia is the creation of boards of trustees at schools.

B. Citizens can defend their interests through such institutions of civil society as the court and the prosecutor's office.

1. only A is true

2. only B is correct

3. both judgments are correct

4. both judgments are wrong