Wells

After sibilant letters, the letter e is written. How o and e are written after sibilants at the root of a word

§13

After f, w, h, sch, c letters are written a, y (and are not written I, yu ),

eg: sorry, Zhanna, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I'll say; noise, Shura, enormous; feeling, silent; pike, forgive me; in a row, to father.

Note 1. In several foreign language common nouns after f, w letter is written Yu : jury, julienne, brochure, parachute and some others, more rare.

Note 2. In some foreign-language proper names, ethnic names after f, w, c letters are written I, yu , eg: Samogit Upland, Jules, Saint Just, Zyuraitis, Siauliai, Zurich, Kotsyubinsky, Tsyurupa, Qu Yuan, Tsyavlovsky, Qianjiang, Qiang(nationality). In these cases, the sounds conveyed by letters f, w, c , are often pronounced softly.

Letters Yu And I are written according to tradition after h in some surnames ( Yu – mainly in Lithuanian), e.g.: Čiurlionis, Steponavičius, Mkrtchyan, Chyumina.

Letters And, s

§14

After w, w, h, sch letter is written And (and not written s ),

eg: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

§15

After ts letter is written And or s .

Letter s is written in the following cases.

1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick chick, chick, chick, chick(and in derivative words, e.g.: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick, tut, tut, tut).

2. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; short, pale-faced, narrow-faced.

3. In the suffix of adjectives −yn, eg: Sestritsyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. Geographical names are also written on -tsyn, -tsino, eg: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno.

§16

In all other cases, after ts letter is written And , namely:

A) in the roots of words, including foreign proper names, for example: circus, cycle, cylinder, tsigeyka, scurvy, mat, figure, shell, civilization, specificity, cyclone, barber, vaccine, revolution, tsutsik; Cicero, Circe, Zimmerwald, Cincinnati;

b) in suffixes of foreign language origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism;

V) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, Central Election Commission.

Letters O, e, e after the hissing ones

Letters O, e, e in place of stressed vowels

§17

After f, h, w, sch uh letter is written e ,

eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name), on the boundary, about a candle, a soul, a sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

§18

After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .

Letter O is written in the following cases.

1. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs −o, eg: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; stranger, big, stranger, big; fresh, hot, good, general(short forms of neuter adjectives and adverbs).

2. In suffixes of nouns:

−OK, eg: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump and so on.;
−onok And − chonok, eg: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap;
−onysh: uzhonysh;
−He to(a) and −onk(and), eg: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, rhymes;
−ovk(a) (in denominative derivative words), e.g.: Chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), khrychovka, small things;
−about(A): thicket, clearing(deforestation); same in word slum, where the suffix does not stand out in modern language, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in the word studies is written e ;
−open(A): ratchet;
−sheepskin(A): stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives −ov, eg: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on −ovka, −ovnik, derived from adjectives with the suffix −ov (−ev): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick‘cliff-billed heron’ ( tick-borne), fight (pugnacious, from brawler‘kind of plane’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The word is spelled the same way gooseberry, where the suffix is not distinguished in modern language.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs −okhonk, eg: fresh, good and good.

5. In place of a fluent vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: glutton, glutton, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burnout, heartburn(cf. I'm burning, I'm burning); trouble(cf. gen. p. why the hell), the seam (seam); princes(genus plural from princess), scabbard(genus from sheath́ – outdated. variant of the word sheath), scrotum, scrotum(genus plural and diminution from purse), intestines, intestines(genus and diminution from guts), sauerkraut(decrease from sauerkraut), cat And terrible(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); This also includes words with the suffix −ok: hook, jump(gen. p. hook, jump) etc. (see above, point 2). However, in words accounting, accounting, account, account, calculation(cf. I will take into account, I will count, I will begin, I will count, I will count) the letter is written e (see § 19, paragraph 7).

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sibilants there is always shock and does not alternate with uh(in writing e): click(And keep quiet), zhoster, zhokh, glutton(and option glutton), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prim, clink, clink; shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The word is spelled the same way evening(And evening), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, paragraph 7).

With letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign) words. List of basic words: borjom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, cruchon, offshore, torshon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Shchors.

§19

In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after f, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:

1. In verb endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, eg: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push.

2. In imperfective verbs −yowl and verbal nouns in −yowling, eg: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, shading; in passive participles −bathed, eg: demarcated, uprooted, shaded.

3. In verbal nouns on −yovka, eg: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, delimitation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns −yor, eg: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives −yonn And −yong, eg: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; loaded, burnt, baked, baked, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, erudition, tense, detached, simplified, strained, burnt, stewed, condensed milk.

6. In the place of the fugitive O in verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( lit, burned, burned, burned, set fire and etc.; the same in participles: set fire and etc.; Wed I'll light it, I'll light it), − person (read, took into account etc., cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left etc., cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with the root burned contrasted with the writing of cognate nouns with the letter O : burn, arson, overburn(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound O corresponds in other words or forms of the same root to the vowel (stressed or unstressed) conveyed by the letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses, words with the same root or forms with the letter e after f, h, w, sch ).

Roots with combination same :

chewed (chew),
gutter (gutters, groove, grooved),
yellow (yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),
acorn (acorns, stomach'little acorn', acorn),
bile, gall(cf. options bile, gall; biliary, biliary),
wives, wifey, little wife, newlyweds (wife, woman, woman, feminine, getting married, getting married),
perch (pole, pole, pole),
millstone (millstone, millstone),
hard, rigidity (tough, harsh),
overarm (fathom And fathom),
heavy (heavier, grow heavier, outdated heavier).

Roots with combination what :

twine (twine, twine),
evening (evening, evening),
liver, hepatic (liver),
honor, honorable (honor),
bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),
counting, counting, crediting, report, accounting, counter, counting, crediting, accounting, crosswise, even, odd, even, rosary (count, recount, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),
shit (chebotar),
bangs, bangs, bangs(plural) ( brow, petition, beard),
canoe (shuttles, shuttle),
cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline(compare option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),
black (black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),
callous, callousness (callous, become callous),
damn, damn, little devil (devils, devils, devils, devils, damn, devilry),
dash (devil, damn, devil, draw, drawing),
comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),
clear, clear, distinct (rosary),
tap dance (taps).

Roots with combination she :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),
Koshevka (kosheva),
wallet (wallet, purse),
millet, millet (millet),
lattice, sieve(plural) lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),
silk, silk (silk, silky),
whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whispers),
fur, long-haired, short-haired (wool, woolen, woolen).
Roots with combination more :
dandy (foppish, foppish, flaunt, flaunt),
cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),
tickles (tickle, tickle),
lye, lye (crack, cracks),
click, click (click, click),
lye, lye (alkalis, alkaline),
whelped (whelp, puppy),

brush (bristle).

8. In the sentence n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O, vowel sound of the source language, e.g. wives premier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters O, e in place of unstressed vowels

§20

In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ).

This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (cap), leg (schenkel), ironing (angling), cloudy (candle); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (cockerel), punch, raincoat (penny, borscht), watchman (siskin), more(cf. big), red-haired (to someone else's), more powerful (hot). Some spellings with e after hissing ones they are not checked by the striking position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, move, lisp, rough, latch.

§21

In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O .

List of basic words: Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio(compare option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after sibilants (see § 18, paragraph 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after the sibilant is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torsion(from torchon), choker(from choker), cleaning rod(plural from ramrod).

Letters O And e after ts

§22

After ts to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O , to transmit percussion uh– letter e, eg: cluck, cap, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber, cucumbers, sheep; valuable, whole, whole(letter name), tsetse(fly), sheep, about father.

§23

In an unstressed position after ts letter is written e – in accordance with the drum uh, and with shock O, for example: a) price(cf. prices), strain (squeals), censorship (censor), bird (pollen); b) dance(cf. dancer), turn crimson (crimson), calico (pepper), swamp (porch), like a bird (pollen), fingers (wise men), little(cf. big), kutse(cf. Fine). Some spellings with e are not checked by striking position, e.g.: kiss, cellophane.

§24

In some words of foreign origin in an unstressed position after ts letter is written O : duke, intermezzo, mezzo, palazzo, scherzo, canzonetta, zoisite(mineral), pozzolanas(rocks). The word is spelled the same way clatter and its derivatives clatter, clatter(cf. clatter).

Letter uh after the hissing and ts

§25

Letter uh written after letters f, h, w, c only in the following special cases.

1. In abbreviations, for example: ZhEA(housing maintenance office), ZhES(railway power station), CHES(frequency electromagnetic sensing), CELT(color cathode ray tube), TsEM(Tsentroelektromontazh is the name of the trust).

2. After the console between, the first parts of complex and compound words at the beginning of roots starting with a letter uh , eg: interfloor, interethnic, Vnesheconombank, blitz emission, special exporter, special effect, special electrode.

3. When transmitting some Chinese words, for example: she(nationality in China), ren(the basic concept of Confucian philosophy), Lao She(Chinese writer) Chengdu, Shenyang(cities), Zhejiang(provinces), Shenzhen(industrial zone in China).

It is rightfully considered one of the most complex languages in the world, because there are more than enough rules, exceptions and all sorts of peculiarities in it. For example, did you know that in the Russian language there is a word with a zero root? This word " take it out." And the fact that the word “ wicked" is the only one-syllable adjective? Or that the British have to remember Russian " I love you", use the mnemonic " yellow-bluebus"? Isn't it interesting?

But even more interesting are the features of writing various parts of speech, for example, or letters. And, as practice shows, it is often the correct spelling of letters that causes the greatest difficulties for people, and to be even more specific, many often confuse the letters “ ABOUT" And " Yo" , when it comes to writing them after sibilants. You’ve probably also seen “interesting” words like: “ cockerel", "girl", "tap", "lying", etc.

How do you spell " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing ones

Below we will look at the spelling of letters " ABOUT" And " Yo" in stressed positions (in endings, suffixes, roots and other parts, as well as in pronouns and borrowed words) and in unstressed positions.

Writing ABOUT And Yo after sibilants under stress

Always in a strong position, i.e. under stress, after the letters “zh”, “sh”, “sch” and “ch” you should write “O”, i.e.:

In the endings of nouns or adjectives, as well as in the suffixes of adverbs that end in “ O".For example: cloak, shoulder, hut, knife; hot, good; stranger - stranger, big - big

In suffixes of nouns. For example:

"Ovshchin (a)": stabbing
"Otk (a)": rattle, however tap dance is an exception
“About (a)”: slum, thicket, however studies is an exception
"Onk(a)" or " onk(s)”: trousers, little hands, little book, vest
"Onysh" or " onok": little frog, little barrel, little bear, little mouse, little boy
“Ok”: cockerel, borscht, boot, push, hook, jump
“Ovk (a)”: rechovka, raincoat, hacksaw, chizhovka, small things - but it is important to note here that “ ABOUT" is used only in words that are derived from adjectives and nouns, and should not be confused with verbal nouns, for example, “ overnight"

In the suffixes of adjectives " ov". For example: canvas, brocade, hedgehog, penny.

In suffixes of adjectives and adverbs " okhonk." For example: fresh, fresh.

In adjectives and nouns, in place of the fluent vowel “ O". For example:

Colloquial words: nuzhon (from needed), doljon (from must), strashon (from scary)
Ridiculous (from funny)
Intestines (from the intestines)
Scrotum (from moshna)
Knyazhon (from the princess)
Seam (from seam)
Arson, heartburn, burn (from burning)
Gluttonous, glutton, glutton (from eating)

In the roots of words, when the letter " ABOUT" does not alternate with the letter " Yo" after sibilant letters and is always located in a strong position (under stress). For example: evening, rustle, shuffle, prim, clink glasses, blinkers.

In Russian surnames, which are derived from adjectives, " ABOUT" or " Yo" are written based on the traditional form, i.e. the way it was recorded in the documents. For example: Pugachev, Kalachev, Kalachov, Khrushchev, Khrushchov, Chernyshev, Chernyshov, etc.

Separately, you need to remember how to write the following proper names with the letter “ ABOUT" after the hissing ones: Sholokhov, Zhora, Pechora, Pechory, Zhostovo

If words are borrowed from any other language, then after the hissing letters it will also be written “ ABOUT", in a strong position. For example: show, shop, shorts, offshore, torchon, gherkin, cruchon, hood, anchovy, kharcho, force majeure, dude, joule, joker, junk, borjom, etc.

Foreign-language proper names are similarly written with the letter “ ABOUT". For example: George, Georges, Chaucer, Shaw, John, Johnny, Jody, Joyce and others

In any other case, after the hissing letters “zh”, “ch”, “sh”, “sch”, which are in the stressed position, it is necessary to write the letter “Ё”, i.e.:

At the endings of verbs “- eat", "-eat", "-eat". For example: you lie, you push, you bake, you bake, you cut, you cut.

In imperfect verbs that end in " -yow", as well as in passive participles and nouns formed from them. For example: uproot – uprooted – uprooting; demarcate – delimited – delimitation

In nouns formed from verbs and ending in “- yovka." For example: to peel - peeling, to shade - shading, to spend the night - overnight.

In nouns with the suffix " –er.” For example: massager, groomer, trainer, conductor, trainee, retoucher.

In passive participles, as well as in adjectives formed from verbs and having the suffixes “- yon" And "- yonn", and in the words derived from them. For example: waxed, learned - learning, stewed - stew, baked, loaded, burnt - burnt, detached - detachment - detached - detached, softened - softened, baked - baked, tense - tense - tension - tense - tense

In past tense verbs and words derived from them, instead of the fluent " ABOUT". For example: walked - left - came, read - studied, burned - set fire - burned - burned - burned - lit.

In pronouns in the prepositional case. For example: on what? About what? And also in the words: how much, no matter, moreover, more

At the root in a strong position after the letters " w", "h", "sh", "sch" must be written " Yo" in the event that words with the same root are marked with “ E". For example:

Click (click), lye (alkalis), lye (slit), cheeks (cheek), dandy (flaunt)
Sherstka (wool), whisper (whisper), lattice (sieve), millet (millet), purse (purse), cheap, cheap (cheaper)
Callous (stale), black (rabble), bangs (chelo), bees (bee), pechechka (liver), honor (honor), vecherka (evening), twine (becheva)
Heavy (heaviness), hard (tin), perch (perch), wives (wife), yellow (yolk), gutter (groove), chewed (chew)

In words borrowed from foreign languages, in which a vowel sound that differs from Russian appears in a strong position “ ABOUT". For example: Schönbrunn, Schönberg, Schötz, Schözh, Schöst, Schönbeck

Writing " ABOUT" And "Yo" after hissing ones in unstressed positions

Regarding the writing " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters " w", "h", "sh", "sch", then there are only two basic rules:

In certain words borrowed from other languages, in unstressed position it is necessary to write “ ABOUT". For example: driver, chocolate, highway, shock, chauvinism, poncho, ranch, lecho, chonguri, banjo, majordomo, majoritarian, juggler, jockey, Chogori, Jonathan

In words that contain the prefix “- between", in an unstressed position one should similarly put “ ABOUT". For example: intercommunity, intersectoral, interregional

Thus, we have considered the main rules for writing “ ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters. And we are sure that if you repeat them a few more times and master their spelling properly, you will no longer have problems and confusion, but will become more competent.

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Spelling the letters O and E after sibilants
In order to accurately write a dubious vowel (O or E) after sibilants (Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch) and not CHOKE, you must first find out in which part of the word the vowel being tested is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the word being tested belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL AT THE ROOT OF A WORD?

1. At the ROOT WORD under stress, you need to write E if in other forms of this word or in words with the same root the letter E is written: WHISPER (because WHISPERS), BEES (because BEE), BLACK (because BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), SHEL (because COME), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to find a test word, then after the hissing words, at the root, under the stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, BLINDERS, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, GLUTTER, Clink Clinks, Slum. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant at the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGGLE.

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL IN SUFFIX AND ENDING?

1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, KAMYSH-OV-YY, HOT-O.
2. AT THE ENDING OF nouns and adjectives, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In SUFFIXES of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: PECH-ET, YOU-KORCH-EV-YVA-TY, YOU-KORCH-EV-KA, PERE-SECH-YONN-YY , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LISH-YONN-YY.

Please note that the nouns STEW, SGUSHCHENKA, OCHEVKA and some others are written with the letter E. The letter E is written in the suffixes of these words, since they are related in meaning to the verbs STEW, CONDENSATE and OVERNIGHT.

Please note that the words RECHOVKA, MELOCHOVKA, PLASCHOVKA are written with an O. The letter O is written in the suffixes of nouns according to the rule stated above.

Please note that the word BECHEVKA is written with the letter E. The letter E is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.

Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule of writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: SEVERE BURN, ARSON COMMITTED TO A HOUSE. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter E. For example: SEVERELY BURNED MY HANDS, AN UNKNOWN MAN SET THE HOUSE BURNED, THE AUTHOR BURNED THE MANUSCRIPTS.

1. – And why the hell didn’t I go straight to the Streltsy! - Wartkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the noise during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and sh_fer said: “We’ve arrived.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment a mask appeared in front of him and put its hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlov resident went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but ours said that there was “only enough dirt.” (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ...Looks into the field through the lattice of the window, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of air ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. For some time he listened intently. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Below are lush, densely green flowering meadows, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Peace was soon concluded, and Erast returned to Moscow, burdened with debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ...I would bow to him with a smile and say warmly: “Hello, dear shepherd _ k.” (N. M. Karamzin)
11. ...The sad story of those times when the ferocious Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the surrounding area with fire and sword... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their gravediggers as cheerful and playful people. (A.S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A.S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end not honorable at all, just like that. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a tarpaulin top was getting wet, and next to the car, two people in shiny raincoats were bending down to the pavement of a third one, dressed in black and wet. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty big-lipped big man with rosy cheeks, pointing his fingers as he walked and dancing, walked towards the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a “wetman”, or a “bespectacled man”, as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a tight black bandage hiding the lower half of his face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he distinctly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to screw the cap on, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised when he felt proud. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Are you familiar with the toy called “Bad Wolf”? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, who knows where they can hit me in the skull? I could be hanged at any moment, so what, now – don’t leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two in cloaks turned around at once and looked at Victor for several moments from under their pulled-up hoods. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would be sweetly frocked, and pale young men with burning eyes would be trailing on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, catarrh, and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. “You and I, our psyches are not adapted to such sh_ cams. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some rustling, like fog, rustled, creeping over the ground. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. – Well, stop! - Sh _ then they said from the darkness and pressed something familiar into their chest. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep pulled up to the entrance, the door opened, and a young man with glasses and a briefcase and his lanky companion got out into the rain, covered with only a raincoat. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy, a shelter rat, a product of the port slums, could know such words _ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-lit entrance to the cinema, where very identical young people of indeterminate gender, in shiny raincoats down to their heels, crowded under the canopy. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to work himself up to the last degree, splashes flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and demonstratively wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most courageous act in my life, except for the time when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. – Has everyone read my works?
“Yes,” responded the children’s voices. - We read it. All.
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. – Polish _ n, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other in embarrassment, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly reasoned that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee, he thought. Where did I put the bungee _? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. There were a lot of people here, some semi-familiar men and women, they stood in a circle and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced dude, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. This morning an investigator came to see me. You see, it’s brutal, my head is pounding, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this cudgel appears and starts doing business. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, wincing from the pain in his eyes, began to grope for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with their headlights on were crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov (“League of Schools”)

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Letters o - ё - e in the roots of words after hissing words

After the words hissing in the roots under stress instead of O is written her), if at change words or related education words in this root appear e: w e l - w e best, w e light - w e fly, sh e lk - sh e lka; h e t, zach e t, otch e t, sch e t - calc e T; sch e gol - sch e walk, w e forehead - f e forehead, w e acorn - acorn, h e rt - h e rti, sh e sweat - sh e bird and so on.

Letter O written in roots under stress after hissing ones in the absence of alternation with e: clamp O R(ice jam during ice drift), life safety fundamentals O ra, f O click(fade, wither), and O m, (press), and O X(swindler) j O nka(light ship) mazh O rnary(cheerful), w O h, w O mpol, w O rnik(making a harness) w O roh, h O porno, h O hom(wholesale, without invoice), etc.

The same rule applies to words kryzh O sank, slum O bah, bang O weave, in which the root or suffix is obscured.

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Writing o/e after sibilants in suffixes and endings of nouns, adjectives and adverbs

Writing letters "O" or "e" after sibilants in suffixes and endings of nouns, adjectives and adverbs depends on stress.

Algorithm for selecting letters o/e after sibilants

To select a letter "O" or "e" after the hissing sound, we proceed step by step using the following algorithm.

First step- determination of the part of speech to which the word belongs.

Second step- analysis of a word by composition (morpheme analysis) to find out in which part of it the spelling problem is located.

Having analyzed the word according to its composition, we will make sure that it is suffix or ending noun, adjective or adverb. Then, in order to correctly write the letter after a hissing consonant "e" or "O" in the suffix or ending of words of these parts of speech, we are guided by the spelling rule:

Let's look at how this rule works using examples of words from the indicated parts of speech.

Writing letters o/e after sibilants in nouns

For nouns under stress, after the sibilant root in the suffixes and endings of instrumental case forms, we write the letter "O".

Examples:

listen ok, chest ok, jump ok;

girl onk, money onk, shirt onk;

with the strongman, borscht, under the rack, circulation om;

with the doctor oh, the rook oh, the candle oh, the locust oh, the cloak oh.

Let's write the letter without accent - "e":

In borrowed nouns with suffix -er- and in the Russian word "suitor" after the sibilant root the letter is written "e":

We distinguish these spellings from the word "major" and a derivative adjective, the morphemic composition of which does not contain the specified suffix:

major - root/suffix/ending.

We mean that nouns formed from verbs retain the suffix of this part of speech and are written after the sibilant root with the letter "e":

noch eva - noch ev k a;

korch eva - korch ev k a;

between eva - between ev to a;

grow eva - grow ev k a;

perekoch eva - perekoch ev k a.

Writing the letters o, e after sibilants in suffixes and endings of adjectives

Adjectives have similar stress in suffixes -ov-, -on and at the endings after the sibilant consonants of the root the letter is written "O".

walrus
reed
brocade
penny
hedgehog
canvas
he's funny (fluent "O")
big
stranger

but ry and e mu, good w to her.

Writing adverb suffixes after sibilants

In accordance with the specified spelling rule, in adverb suffixes, after the sibilant consonants of the base, the letter is written under stress "O", without accent - "e":

grief h O

new and O

about sch O

goals w ohm

naked w oh,

but quieter, closer, further, awkward

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Vowels after sibilants and ts

Rules for using letters

After f, w, h, sch, c letters are written a, y (and are not written I, yu ),

eg: sorry, Zhanna, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I'll say; noise, Shura, enormous; feeling, silent; pike, forgive me; in a row, to father.

Note 1. In several foreign language common nouns after f, w letter is written Yu : jury, julienne, brochure, parachute and some others, more rare.

Letters Yu And I are written according to tradition after h in some surnames ( Yu – mainly in Lithuanian), e.g.: Čiurlionis, Steponavičius, Mkrtchyan, Chyumina.

After w, w, h, sch letter is written And (and not written s ),

eg: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

After ts letter is written And or s .

Letter s is written in the following cases.

1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick chick, chick, chick, chick(and in derivative words, e.g.: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick, tut, tut, tut).

2. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; short, pale-faced, narrow-faced.

3. In the suffix of adjectives −yn, eg: Sestritsyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. Geographical names are also written on -tsyn, -tsino, eg: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno.

In all other cases, after ts letter is written And , namely:

b) in suffixes of foreign language origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism;

V) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, Central Election Commission.

Letters O, e, e after the hissing ones

Letters O, e, e in place of stressed vowels

After f, h, w, sch uh letter is written e ,

eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name), on the boundary, about a candle, a soul, a sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .

Letter O is written in the following cases.

2. In suffixes of nouns:

−OK, eg: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump and so on.;

−onok And − chonok, eg: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap;

−onysh: uzhonysh;

−He to(a) and −onk(and), eg: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, rhymes;

−ovk(a) (in denominative derivative words), e.g.: Chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), khrychovka, small things;

−about(A): thicket, clearing(deforestation); same in word slum, where the suffix does not stand out in modern language, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in the word studies is written e ;

−open(A): ratchet;

−sheepskin(A): stabbing.

Note 1. Denominate nouns in −ovka type small saw, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, paragraph 3).

Note 2. In Russian surnames there is a hissing + −ov (−yov) is written O or e in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchov And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs −okhonk, eg: fresh, good and good.

The word is spelled the same way evening(And evening), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, paragraph 7).

With letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after f, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:

1. In verb endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, eg: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push.

3. In verbal nouns on −yovka, eg: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, delimitation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns −yor, eg: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

Roots with combination same :

chewed (chew),

gutter (gutters, groove, grooved),

yellow (yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),

acorn (acorns, stomach'little acorn', acorn),

bile, gall(cf. options bile, gall; biliary, biliary),

wives, wifey, little wife, newlyweds (wife, woman, woman, feminine, getting married, getting married),

perch (pole, pole, pole),

millstone (millstone, millstone),

hard, rigidity (tough, harsh),

overarm (fathom And fathom),

heavy (heavier, grow heavier, outdated heavier).

Roots with combination what :

twine (twine, twine),

evening (evening, evening),

liver, hepatic (liver),

honor, honorable (honor),

bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),

counting, counting, crediting, report, accounting, counter, counting, crediting, accounting, crosswise, even, odd, even, rosary (count, recount, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),

shit (chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(plural) ( brow, petition, beard),

canoe (shuttles, shuttle),

cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline(compare option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

black (black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness (callous, become callous),

damn, damn, little devil (devils, devils, devils, devils, damn, devilry),

dash (devil, damn, devil, draw, drawing),

comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct (rosary),

tap dance (taps).

Roots with combination she :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

Koshevka (kosheva),

wallet (wallet, purse),

millet, millet (millet),

lattice, sieve(plural) lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk (silk, silky),

whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whispers),

fur, long-haired, short-haired (wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with combination more :

dandy (foppish, foppish, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),

tickles (tickle, tickle),

lye, lye (crack, cracks),

click, click (click, click),

lye, lye (alkalis, alkaline),

whelped (whelp, puppy),

8. In the sentence n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O, vowel sound of the source language, e.g. wives premier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters O, e in place of unstressed vowels

In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ).

In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O .

Note 1. Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix between and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.

Note 2. Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: nutty(from asshole), prim(from prim), rustling(‘barely audible rustling’), freshly(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).

Letters O And e after ts

Note 1. Letter O written after ts not under stress in words with the first parts blitz, social, special, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: blitz operation, blitz survey, social obligation, special clothing, special department.

Note 2. Letter O after ts not under stress is also written when conveying non-normative stress variants that penetrate written speech, for example: dancer(stress variant found in poetry), plinth(professional form named after plural word plinth - plinths).

Letter uh after the hissing and ts

Letter uh written after letters f, h, w, c only in the following special cases.

Answered by Yesenia Pavlotski, linguist-morphologist, expert at the Institute of Philology, Mass Information and Psychology of Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University.

We should start with the fact that the letter e in a language there is a special status of a sign, the strict obligatory use of which is limited. No other letter of our alphabet enjoys such a “privilege.” It's hard to imagine that we could write or not write a, t or at, if we so want. But here's the word before you hedgehog- same as hedgehog. The result is a “stereo picture”: a hedgehog is a hedgehog, and in our minds this is the same word.

Many people have a question: if there is no difference, if the use of a letter is not mandatory, then why is such a sign needed at all? Who needed to enter it and why?

So, in order. In understanding language as a system, treating it as a historical phenomenon will greatly help. When we read a textbook on the history of Russia, we are carried back into the past by exciting stories of fierce battles and great achievements. But believe me, the textbook on the grammar of the Old Russian language knows stories no less exciting than the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Kursk and the collapse of the USSR. What are the first, second and third palatalizations worth, the development of intersyllabic synharmonism and the great fall of the reduced ones. If you get acquainted with the history of the language, you will never again think that someone forcibly changes it, spoils it, introduces something into it, takes something out of it, and all for the sake of some bad people in order to confuse all the other good people.

Appearance of the sign e was the result of a global transformation in the Old Russian language - the transition<е>V<о>(transition of sound [e] to sound [o]). You can read more about this process in any historical grammar textbook. (He writes in great detail about the prerequisites and the phenomenon itself. V.V. Kolesov.) Most often, the following example is given for understanding: before the transition<е>V<о>word honey pronounced like [ m´ed], and then they began to pronounce it the way we hear it today - [ Maud]. (The sign in the transcription indicates the softness of the consonant.) So, the phonetic phenomenon was formed, but there was no expression for it, but the appearance of a special sign, of course, was inevitable. In the 18th century, a combination appeared for this purpose io— miod, however, he was not destined to take root, like other options - o, ё, їô, ió, io.

Denotation of one sound by two letters io the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences questioned E.R. Dashkova. And, despite the fact that the replacement she proposed e those offered later could come ö, ø, ε, ę, ē, ĕ , it is this letter that we know today as part of our alphabet. The search for another form of sound designation was natural: the fact is that the outline e requires three broken actions, and in this e is also unique - not a single letter of our alphabet consists of three separate characters, the writing of which is limited by cursive. Write a word with a pen, in the middle of which there will be e- you will track what you need to write e, stop, return your hand back, put one point and then the second. All this, of course, is not very convenient.

But e throughout its history it has been objectionable not only for this. Its spread in the 18th - 19th centuries was blocked by the attitude towards pronunciation with e as ignoble, philistine. Pronunciation with e instead of e was considered something like ours don't call instead of calls— emphasized belonging to an approved group of native speakers. Pronunciation with e was considered common, denigrating the language. President of the Russian Academy A. S. Shishkov wrote that writing “stars” instead of “star” is a complete corruption of the language.

There is an opinion (and you can check its validity yourself) that the text with e is much more difficult to read than the same text with e. Perhaps, due to the optional use of this letter and its ambiguous status, we have not been able to properly get used to its appearance and return to it not only when writing - with our hands, but also when reading - with our eyes, as if “stuttering”.

Well, in the end, e they even refuse to be a full-fledged letter. So, A.A. Reformed writes that there is only a special icon umlaut(two dots) above the letter e, which is an opportunity to avoid discrepancies - but not an independent letter e.

So, we have already found out that the path is e difficult, unenviable fate. It remains to understand the main thing: are there cases when the norm establishes its obligatory nature. Yes, there are such cases.

Firstly, e required in special texts: primers, school textbooks for native Russian speakers and foreigners, as well as dictionaries. It is necessary for learning the language.

Secondly, e is required to indicate the correct pronunciation in cases where the word is new, little-known, or vice versa - characterized by widespread erroneous pronunciation, like words *convicted, *newborn. Letter e, which, as a rule, indicates the place of stress, also helps indicate the norm - convict, newborn.

And thirdly, you will agree that there is a difference between let's take a break we, or still let's take a break. In some cases e has a meaningful function - All And All, perfect And perfect.

Also e required in proper names.

In all other cases, use e optional and determined by the choice of the author of the text.

Letters o, e, e after sibilants

Letters o, e, e in place of stressed vowels

After w, w, h, sch uh letter is written e , eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same (name of the letter), on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .

Letter O is written in the following cases.

1. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs -o, for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; stranger, big, stranger, big; fresh, hot, good, general(short forms of neuter adjectives and adverbs).

2. In suffixes of nouns:

-OK , eg: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump, etc.;

-onok and -chonok , eg: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap;
-onysh : uzhonysh;

-onk(a) and -onk(i) , eg: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, pants, rhymes;

-ovk(a) (in denominate derivative words), e.g.: siskin (female siskin), mousebird (rodent), khrychovka, smallmouth;

–both) : thicket, chischoba (forest clearing); the same in the word slum, where the suffix is not distinguished in modern language, and in the ironic formation khrushchoba, created after its model.
Exception: in the word study it is written e;

-otk(a) : ratchet;

-ovshchin(s) : stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives -oe-, eg: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns ending in – ovka, -ovnik , derived from adjectives with the suffix -ov- (-ev-) : pear and pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and knife version), cherry plum(cherry plum), guzhovka(drawn), punch(punch), tick‘tick-billed heron’ (tick-billed), fight(drachovy, from drach ‘kind of plane’), raincoat(raincoat), speech(speech), hogweed(borscht), zhovnik(snake). The word is spelled the same way gooseberry, where the suffix is not distinguished in modern language.

Note 1. Denominal nouns in –sheep type small saw, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay.

Note 2. In Russian surnames, the sibilant + – ov(s) written o or е in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov and Chernyshev, Kalachov and Kalachev, Khrushchev and Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs -okhonk- , eg: fresh, good and good.

5. On the spot fluent vowel o in nouns and adjectives, for example: w op, glutton, gluttonous (cf. eat), pulp (cf. zhmu), burn, arson, overburn, heartburn (cf. burn, burned); trouble (cf. gen. n. rod), seam (seam); knyazhon (genus plural from princess), nozhon (genus plural from scabbard - an obsolete version of the word scabbard), scrotum, scrotum (genus plural and diminutive from moshna), intestines , kishochki (gender and diminutive from intestine), kvashonka (diminutive from kvashnya), koshomka and koshomny (from koshma), ochochki (from ochka), ochochko (from ochko), smeshon (short form of the masculine gender from funny); This also includes words with the suffix - OK : hook, jump(kind of hook, jump), etc. (see above, point 2). However, in words accounting, accounting, account, account, calculation(cf. I will take into account, I will count, I will begin, I will count, I will count) is written letter e .

Note. As well as ridiculous, where necessary, colloquial versions of the short forms husband are written. sort of terrible, must, need.

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sibilants there is always shock and does not alternate with uh (in letter ё): zholknut (and zholknut), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor (and variant zazhora), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prim, clink, clink; shorkat, rustle, blinkers (and saddlery, saddler).

The word is spelled the same way evening (and evening good), although it is related to the word evening (and evening).

With letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora (river), Pechory (city), Sholokhov.

7. B roots borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borjom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, cruchon, offshore, torshon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Shchors.

In all other cases, to convey a stressed vowel o after w, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:

1. In verb endings -eat ,-yotu -yom, -yote , eg: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push.

2. In imperfective verbs - howl and verbal nouns in -yowling , eg: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, shading; in passive participles -yovanny , eg: demarcated, uprooted, shaded.

3. In verbal nouns on -yovka , eg: overnight (from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching (from retouch), peeling (from peeling).

4. In the suffix of nouns -yor , eg: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives -yonn- And -yon- , eg: tense (and tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; loaded, burnt, baked, baked, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, erudition, tense, detached, simplified, strained, burnt, stewed, condensed milk.

6. On the spot fluent about in verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( lit, burned, burned, burned, set fire and etc.; the same in participles: set fire and etc.; Wed I'll light it, I'll light it), - man (read, took into account etc., cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left etc., cf. walked, came, left). At the same time, the writing of verb forms with the root zheg is opposed to the writing of cognate nouns with the letter o: burn, arson, burnout.

7. In those roots of Russian words where the shock sound O corresponds in other words or forms of the same root to the vowel (stressed or unstressed) conveyed by the letter e . The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses, words with the same root or forms with the letter e after zh, h, sh, shch are indicated).

Roots with combination same :

chewed (chew),

gutter (gutter, groove, grooved),

yellow (yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),

acorn (acorns, stomach ‘small acorn’, acorn),

bile, bile (cf. variants bile, bile; bile, bile),

wives, little wife, little wife, newlywed (wife, woman, woman, female, getting married, getting married),

perch (pole, perch, perch),

millstone (millstone, millstone),

hard, rigidity (hard, harsh),

sazhenki (sazhen and sazhen),

heavy (heavier, heavier, obsolete. Harder).

Roots with combination what :

twine (string, twine),

evening (evening, evening),

liver, hepatic (liver),

honour, honorable (honor),

bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),

account, account, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, offset, accounting, cross, even, odd, even, rosary (count, count, recalculate, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),

cheboty (chebotar),

bangs, bangs, chela (plural) (brow, petition, ochelya), cheln (shuttles, shuttle),

cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline (cf. option cross out; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

black (black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness (callous, callous),

devil, devil, devil (devils, devil, devil, devil, devilish, devilry),

dash (dash, devil, draws, draws, drawing),

comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (comb, comb, comb, comb),

clear, clarity, distinct (rosary),

tap dancing (tapping).

Roots with combination she :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, get cheaper),

Koshevka (kosheva),

wallet (wallet, wallet),

millet, millet (millet),

lattice, sieve (plural), lattice (option: lattice; sieve, lattice),

silk, silky (silks, silky),

whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whispers),

wool, long-haired, short-haired (wool, woolly, woolly).

Roots with combination more :

dandy (dandy, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, buccal (cheek, cheeky),

tickle (tickle, tickle),

lye, lye (slit, cracks),

click, click (click, click),

lye, alkali (alkalis, alkaline),

puppy (puppy, puppy), brush (bristles).

Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written O . In accordance with tradition and registration in official documents, the letter o is written in such proper names as, for example, Choboty (name of a locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov (surnames).

8. In the sentence n. pronouns What : about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O , vowel sound of the source language, e.g. wife-premier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters o, e in place of unstressed vowels

1. In an unstressed position after w, h, w, sch letter is written e - in accordance with both the stressed e (in the letter ё) and the stressed o (in the letter o or ё). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings.

Examples: a) tin (cf. tin), cap (bonnet), shenkelya (shenkel), ironing (uge), tuche (candle); b) turn yellow (cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), pea (cockerel), punch, raincoat (penny, borscht), watchman (siskin), larger (cf. large), red (alien), mighty (hot).

Some spellings with e after hissing ones they are not checked by the shock position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, stir, lisp, rough, latch.

2. In a number of words of foreign origin after w, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O . List of basic words:
Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio (cf. capriccio variant); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, eg: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio.

Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after hissing words (see paragraph 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after the hissing word is unstressed, for example: shock (from shock), torshonate (from torshon), chokerovka (from choker), ramrod (plural from ramrod) .

Note 1. Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.

Note 2. Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: shaggy (from zhokh), prim-new (from prim), shoroshok (‘barely audible rustle’), freshly (from fresh, according to a rough sample, completely).