Fire partition or wall. The use of fire walls in construction

Fire partitions are installed to prevent the spread of fire within one floor or room; sometimes they are installed on landings and transitions from floor to floor. With their help, it is easy to redevelop an object that is already in operation, repurpose a separate room or floor as a whole for use for a different purpose, create new jobs and areas, equip technical compartments and warehouses.

We can say that fire partitions in the hands of an architect are a very convenient, almost universal tool for equipping and refurbishment of any building. Capital walls and ceilings are not affected. Depending on the planned design of the room and its general purpose, partitions of different types, types and designs are used. They must be certified and tested to achieve a specific fire resistance rating.

For general purpose partitions, the most common are two classes - EI15 and EI45, but in some places structures with fire resistance of 30 minutes and 60 are also installed. The type and class of the partition is determined by the fire safety requirements for the building, noted in the design and operating rules. There are many factors to consider here:

• Type of fire hazard of the premises;
• Material of construction;
• The number of people constantly staying in the premises;
• Purpose of the structure;
• Intensity of use...

There are many more such factors, because the overall level of fire safety depends even on the placement of equipment or the location of desks of office employees.

Types of fire-fighting stationary structures:

Fire partitions of type 1 fire resistance are structures of level EI45, which are constructed indoors, the walls of which are built from non-combustible building materials - brick, concrete, foam concrete and their combinations. They can be used both in premises for work or study of a large number of people, as well as in warehouses or technical premises - the manufacturing materials allow the use of such partitions as ordinary walls that have sufficient mechanical strength to protect against burglary.

Fire partitions of the first type are made from easy-to-process and install metals, plasterboard and mineral fillers. As a rule, these are frame structures covered with sheets of plasterboard impregnated with special wood compounds, or completely filled with heat-resistant double-glazed windows. Glazing can be partial in the upper part, or simply in the form of a window structure.

Fully glazed fire partitions of type 2 are characterized by a fire resistance limit of EI15. They are used in shopping malls, cinema lobbies and train stations. They are often installed at the entrances to educational institutions and public buildings to create access control zones in various institutions. Their frame is made of aluminum or stainless steel, which have high design qualities.

Plasterboard partitions:

To create blind structures or cover the lower part of office partitions, plasterboard sheets with fire-resistant properties (GKLO) are used. A type 1 fire partition made of plasterboard is mounted on a frame base made of steel or aluminum box profile, the internal volume of which is tightly filled with a heat-insulating substance of mineral composition. Some profiles are filled with polymer foaming compounds. Fillers serve to reduce the thermal permeability of the frame structure and uniformly distribute the thermal load to prevent thermal deformation.

Type 1 fire partitions are sheathed on both sides with GC sheets of the same thickness, between which thermal insulation slabs are installed. It is not permitted to lay electrical cables or gas pipes inside a fire-resistant partition. During installation, the fire partition must cross the suspended ceiling, if any, to its entire height and be closely connected to the main ceiling.
The fire resistance of the metal base on which type 1 fire partitions made of gypsum plasterboard are mounted must be 75 minutes, and for type 2 partitions - more than 45 minutes. This ratio guarantees the stability of the entire structure as a whole until its plane burns out. The same temporary requirements apply to junctions with walls and ceilings.

Doors and windows are installed in partitions with a fire resistance class one level lower. The minimum thickness of a gypsum plasterboard fire partition must be at least 125 mm. Depending on the number of layers of drywall and the quality of the insulating filling, the thickness can be significantly greater. But in this case, its specific gravity also increases, which must be taken into account when installing such partitions on the upper floors of buildings.
Fireproof partitions made of plasterboard are usually made in a stationary version. Mobile partitions of types 1 and 2 are best mounted from polymer sandwich panels with partial glazing.

To zone the workspace in offices or educational institutions, type 2 fire partitions with a fire resistance of 15 minutes are installed. It is allowed to install fireproof doors and windows, install double-glazed windows and ventilation devices in them. As a rule, they are quickly erected and quickly dismantled, allowing the layout to be changed without compromising the overall level of fire safety.

Apartments, public places, as well as technical premises and production areas require proper arrangement of space. Some objects require special attention and the use of special materials. Fire partitions are structures that are necessary for arranging premises that meet fire safety standards.

Based on fire resistance, types of fire partitions are divided into 2 classes. They do not depend on the type of construction or materials used in production:

The meanings must be deciphered. “E” is the integrity coefficient of a fireproof partition connected to a non-combustible wall until the structure collapses. The letter “I” denotes the loss of ability to retain heat from the outside, and “W” is the coefficient of maximum dense radiant heat flux used to evaluate glass structures.

In buildings where an increased level of safety is required, types 1 and 2 of products must have advanced properties. The protection time for them changes to 90 and 60 minutes, respectively. .

Type 1 partitions

The products are of capital nature. Type 1 partitions are used for installation in the following locations:

Fire partitions are also used in other places, which is taken into account during individual design. When choosing a plastic partition (hereinafter referred to as PP), they are guided by state rules and regulations.

If the rules and general fire safety scheme are violated in the event of an emergency, tens of times more people will die. Strict adherence to standards is a direct path to competent organization of emergency exits.

The list for the first type of fire partitions consists of the following materials:

• prefabricated reinforced concrete panels, manufactured at the factory or on site by pouring concrete into the formwork (on a frame made of steel reinforcement);
• brickwork;
• building blocks filled with gypsum or slag.

Partitions consisting of plasterboard, glass or metal can be classified as type 1 EI 45 if they are manufactured in full compliance with fire safety standards.

Partitions 2 types

Fire partitions of type 2 are not always of a permanent nature, unlike structures of type 1. Sometimes they are installed temporarily for the purpose of redeveloping a floor of a building or other large area. Fire-resistant partitions created according to type 2 are most often used to create dedicated rooms and offices in large rooms, arrange meeting rooms and organize additional workplaces.

The main purpose of installing fire-resistant partitions is to ensure the safe evacuation of personnel, clients and visitors of the organization, and residents of the house.

This is due to the relatively short time of resistance to open fire.

The secondary purpose of using partitions of the second type, especially when combining two structures (with the inclusion of type 1 PP), is to prevent the spread of fire in other rooms.

There are special fire partitions - curtains. They are subject to separate requirements, and the use of curtains is appropriate in different rooms where conventional curtains are non-functional.

Curtains are used to cover large openings in which partitions cannot be installed due to technical features and different fire safety classes.

They are also used for other purposes:

• fencing of elevator rooms, stair escalators;
• arrangement of atriums;
• as a non-flammable blanket, which is installed in areas with an insulating type of fire extinguishing;
• to protect structures from parallel fire if they do not have the required fire resistance;
• when building facades are located at different angles to each other;
• protection of floors, roofs and ceiling openings;
• access to escape routes.

Curtains are used to protect against the spread of fire in above-ground and underground spaces.

Types of fire partitions

Fire partitions are used in various fields, but their use in social infrastructure is especially popular. PPs are installed in clinics, maternity hospitals, clinical hospitals, as well as in all buildings of educational institutions.

Fact! Partitions are often found in shopping centers and pavilions, but their use in private or apartment buildings for living is no less popular.

Fireproof structures are also used in the service sector: cafes, canteens. Almost every office and large business center has a room equipped with software. Entertainment centers, clubs, and cinemas are equipped with similar elements.

PPs are widely used to organize production enterprises, factories, factories, and warehouses. Fire-resistant types of fire-resistant structures must be used in warehouses where flammable and flammable substances are constantly stored. Here are the zones in which they are installed:

There are several types of PP, differing from each other in material. The scope of application of the design completely depends on it.

The most popular material for the production of PP is aluminum. Profiles - frames and frameworks - are created from it. Often combined with fire-resistant glass. Fire-resistant aluminum partitions can also be used with other materials, including gypsum plasterboard, wood and mineral wool mats.

Aluminum structures have several advantages:

• high degree of reliability;
• neat appearance;
• easy installation;
• simplicity and ease of use;
• light weight (compared to steel).

The material has practically no disadvantages, and the cost is much lower than that of steel. The only negative that may scare off some groups of buyers is the high price tag when using glass and transparent structures.

Important! Aluminum PP can be of types 1 and 2 according to safety standards. The type is determined by the installation location and manufacturing method.

Aluminum partitions are equipped with thin coatings of fire-resistant paint. In this case, it is possible to achieve class EI 45, and the design will correspond to type 1. For the installation of type 2 PP, no coatings are required.

Plasterboard

Fireproof plasterboard partitions are the most popular type of construction for home and public use. Their main advantage is their low cost. When making partitions from plasterboard sheets (GKL), a wooden, steel or aluminum frame is used.

PP made from gypsum plasterboard consist of several durable layers, between which there are additional fire-resistant sheets made of aluminum alloys and non-combustible fibers. Compared to brick or reinforced concrete partitions, plasterboard structures with a high fire resistance limit are much easier to manufacture.

A significant advantage of gypsum boards is ease of installation. Even if you rent a premises, you can install a structure that complies with the standards without additional permission from the tenant.

The cost of gypsum plasterboard is lower than that of glass or translucent materials on the same metal profile. Plasterboard fire partitions are much easier to dismantle and provide good protection from extraneous noise.

Glass

Aesthetically beautiful, practical fire-resistant glass partitions are made using an aluminum, or less commonly, steel frame. They use special glass with increased fire resistance. Partitions made from it meet not only safety standards, but also the aesthetic requirements of some enterprises and institutions.

Glazed partitions are manufactured in the same way as glass fire doors and have similar advantages:

The only drawback of a translucent fire partition is its relatively high cost.

Important! Glass PPs are made solid, “blind”, or with a fire door that opens as needed.

Often there are options when the partition is made of glass, and the door is made of metal or wood, but it can also be transparent.

Glass PP have a resistance class of 16 to 60 minutes EIW. Translucent partitions differ from glass partitions in the material that is installed in the frame. The fire safety class of PP made from translucent material is usually EIW 60 or EIW 45.

Brick

Stationary fireproof brick partitions are 120 mm or 65 mm thick. Usually they belong to type 1 and are often supplied with reinforcing mesh every 5-6 rows of masonry.

Important! The fire resistance limit of PP brick made of 65 mm does not exceed EI 45, while a thickness of 120 mm gives protection class EI 150.

Several types of bricks are used for the production of structures:

Stationary red brick PPs are preferable, but there are still buildings where silicate materials are used entirely.

Steel

Steel is almost always used as a profile in fire-resistant structures, but is sometimes used as a base material. For production, steel sheets are used to sheathe fire-resistant gypsum board sheets, mats made of wood or mineral materials.

Steel partitions have increased load-bearing capacity, as they are stronger than aluminum and last much longer than wood. During installation, the steel frame helps to create different design solutions, since the sheets can be designed: imitation of textures, stones and other surfaces.

Steel PP is resistant to high temperatures, but they have some disadvantages:

• the cost is significantly higher than that of aluminum;
• large-sized structures weigh many times more than other materials and are not suitable for installation in some buildings on 2 or higher floors;
• do not transmit light even partially.

But where strong, powerful profiles are needed that provide maximum safety, steel fire partitions are best suited.

Testing partitions for fire resistance

Tests are carried out to determine the fire resistance limit, which is expressed in minutes. Conditions for a real fire are created. In the process, the ability of the partition to protect the room from the penetration of fire and smoke is assessed. There are several types of limit states according to specified parameters; they are regulated by GOST 30247.0-94:

• “R” - stability indicator - the structure loses its load-bearing properties due to collapse or severe deformation;
• “E” - integrity parameter - integrity is violated, cracks and holes appear that allow flame or smoke to pass through;
• “I” is an indicator of heat resistance - the heat-insulating properties are lost due to reaching extreme temperatures;
• “W” - thermal protection indicator - maximum heat flux density at a specified distance from the structure containing the flame;
• “S” - parameter of resistance to gas or smoke penetration - gas and smoke penetrate into the room.

For partitions, limit states “E” (loss of integrity) and “I” (loss of thermal insulation properties) are used.

To test fire-resistant partitions, a test furnace is used, into which the required sample will fit, as well as systems for measuring and recording pressure and temperature in different areas of the structure being tested.

Important! Type 2 and 1 fire partitions of the size that will be used in real conditions are suitable for testing.

Fireproof fabrics are tested on both sides; the number of tested samples depends on this. If there is a high risk of exposure to both sides in a fire, then 2 samples are created for each test.

If, theoretically, only one side is exposed to fire, then 1 sample is tested.

Test equipment

A test is carried out in the prepared furnace that meets certain conditions:

During the process, the temperature inside the furnace where the sample is installed begins to rise. At set intervals, the pressure of the gases, as well as the temperature itself, is recorded on the surface of the fireproof sample.

After testing, the customer receives accurate results with minimum, average and maximum temperatures.

The assessment of limit states occurs mainly according to 2 indicators:

• “E” - integrity - bring a cotton swab to places where cracks or holes could form (even invisible at first glance). The use of a tampon begins at 15/45/60 or 90 minutes of testing - depending on whether type 1 or 2 of PP is being tested. If a gap appears, the tampon ignites;
• “I” - thermal insulation - is assessed by the indicators of thermocouples that take the temperature. If the parameters do not exceed critical levels, then the fire safety sample is assigned the appropriate class.

The temperature outside the sample (the side not exposed to the flame), as well as on the heated part, differs significantly. Sets GOST indicators.

Important! If the PP loses its integrity before the time it claims, or the temperature on the unheated side of the sample increases significantly, then the design cannot meet the declared parameters.

After the tests, the customer receives all the documents, as well as a report on the test results. Upon successful completion, a quality certificate is issued.

Standards and requirements

Fire safety requirements for software are set out in Federal Law No. 123. SNiP 21-01-97 establishes a detailed description of the rules for using partitions, as well as the designation of all existing types. The standards define 5 classes of fire resistance, 2 of which are basic:

• EIW 15, rated for 15 minutes of flame resistance;
• EIW 45, corresponding to 45 minutes of continuous fire.

Less popular are classes such as EIW-30, 60 and 90. Type 1 partitions can have a limit of at least EIW-45, and type 2 parts are manufactured in accordance with class EIW-15 and higher.

Features of partitions 1 and 2 types

Federal Law No. 123 establishes that fire partitions are construction items, as well as an element of any engineering solutions, buildings that have a fixed limit of resistance to fire.

A fire barrier is used to prevent a fire from spreading from one part of a building to another (or from one building to an adjacent one).

Important! Fire resistance of type 1 PP cannot be less than EI 45, this means that: the structure retains its size, does not deform, does not heat up above the standard permissible temperature, and also does not allow even small flames to pass through for at least 45 minutes .

In some buildings, this limit should be much higher - EI 60 or even EI 90. When designing premises, arranging them and dividing them into compartments, the position of the fire control panel is taken into account, which should not block people’s access to escape routes, fire hydrants and cabinets. At the same time, they should not significantly reduce the width of corridors and passages.

Brief requirements described in building codes for partitions of category 1:

• PP can only be installed to separate 100% of the space - without gaps or left voids - along the length, at an angle, as well as along the width and behind the suspended ceiling;
• there should be no openings or openings in the PP, including those specially made for laying utilities - they are strictly sealed with fire-resistant, non-combustible materials (fire-retardant basalt and others). The material must fill the space of the PP throughout its entire thickness. Fire couplings can be used on both sides;
• construction openings must be filled - the standards are established in SNiP;
• areas where the PP connects to a wall or ceiling must be sealed with a material that provides a fire and heat resistance rating of the same class as fire barriers.

Requirements for fire curtains

For certain types of structures - fire curtains (FZ), special requirements established by SNiP are used:

PZ, like ordinary partitions, undergo appropriate tests. However, natural size samples are not used.

Documentation for software

When ordering any item that must comply with certain fire safety rules, you must ensure that the documents are available. Fire protection structures must have:

If at least one of the documents is missing when delivering fire protection products, they cannot comply with the law. Therefore, it is impossible to install PP in places requiring fire protection.

The choice of fire partitions is only one area of ​​​​tasks that must be solved by a tenant or a company engaged in the construction of public and residential facilities.

Not only the aesthetic component is important, but also the quality of the fireproof structure, because if you use illegal items that do not meet the requirements, you can face terrible consequences - the death of dozens of people.

It happens that the fire forms a solid wall, rapidly moving in different directions, consuming all the new space. When the enemy attacks, the first thing you need to do is create a defense. Likewise, barriers help in the fight against the spread of fire, a fire wall against a wall of fire.

Military actions against fire can be defined as active and passive. All activities aimed at extinguishing the flame are considered active actions. Barriers that can withstand explosions and stop the movement of fire are classified as passive. A fire limited in space will subside on its own as the flammable substances and materials burn out.

Obstacles include building structures, which also have a fire resistance limit. These include:

1. Walls and partitions.
2. Floors.
3. Curtains, screens, curtains.
4. Water curtains.
5. Mineralized stripes.
6. Fire breaks.

Almost everyone is familiar with walls, partitions, and ceilings. But curtains, screens, curtains are most often a fire-resistant fabric that automatically unwinds (straightens) when an alarm is triggered, preventing the spread of fire and smoke. Water curtains irrigate space and equipment with foam, water, preventing them from heating up. Mineralized strips are used in the fight against forest and steppe fires; they represent cleared, plowed areas. Gaps include the gap between the combustion source and the rest of the space.

It is worth noting that, according to the technical regulations on fire safety requirements, curtains, strips, and gaps are classified as barriers, but they are not standardized in terms of fire resistance limit and structural hazard class.

Fire resistance limit

Under the influence of fire, all substances in the process of chemical reactions and accompanying phenomena lose their physical properties. For building structures it is important:

• Loss of bearing capacity, which externally looks like deformation, deflection, collapse.
• Violation of integrity, that is, the appearance of cracks and holes.
• Lack of thermal insulation properties; when structures are heated to their entire thickness, the temperature of the unheated surface also reaches high values.

These signs are called limit states. The fire resistance limit is the time from the onset of flame exposure to the structure until the appearance of the limiting state. It is designated as REI, where R is the loss of load-bearing capacity, E is integrity, I is thermal insulation property.

Fire resistance limit of walls

For those who don’t know or have forgotten, a partition is the same wall, only a more economical option. Its difference is that it is thinner, lighter, and is used to divide a room into separate rooms, rooms, and storage rooms. Therefore, when exposed to fire, they reach the limiting state faster than walls.

Walls and partitions are most often. Technical regulations divide them into two types: 1 and 2. Their fire resistance limit is standardized as:

These indicators should be understood as follows: a type 1 fire barrier completely heats up, becomes deformed, and begins to collapse 45 minutes after the start of the fire. Through holes may appear in it, allowing the flame to move to another room.

All structures are divided into load-bearing and self-supporting. Those of them on which the floor slabs rest, perceive (bear) the load not only from them, but also the weight of equipment, vehicles, people, furniture, etc. If structures support only their own weight, they are called self-supporting.

You probably noticed that the partition is not standardized in terms of load-bearing capacity. It carries only its own weight; its collapse does not in any way affect the spatial parameters of the premises or building. By definition, a fire wall is a structure that should limit not only the development of a fire, but also the spread of toxic combustion products: smoke, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. From this point of view, the partition does not always cope with these responsibilities.

Fire resistance level of buildings

All buildings are classified according to fire safety. The main criteria are:

• structural fire hazard (C0-C4);
• functional fire hazard (F1-F5);
• degree of fire resistance (I-V).

All buildings and structures are classified into 5 degrees. The dependence of the fire resistance of walls and buildings is as follows:

Fire resistance level of buildings	Walls
	External non-structural	carriers
I	E30	R 120
II	E15	R90
III	E15	R45
IV	E15	R15
V	—	—

Another important concept for establishing fire safety is the fire compartment. It is a part of a building or structure, limited by structures (walls, ceilings) that can withstand fire. We can say that the fire is locked in space.

When designing, builders use tables SP 2.13130.2012, which establish the area of ​​fire compartments in accordance with the height of the building, its functionality, fire resistance and functional fire hazard. When approving projects, the fire protection service of the Civil Defense must check fire barriers.

For example, for residential buildings with a height of 75 m, structural hazard class C0, fire resistance degree I, the fire compartment area of ​​the floor is 2500 m2, limited by fire walls of the 1st type.

Types and installation rules

What affects the ability of barriers to withstand the action of flame? Of course, the material from which they are made. Depending on the material they are:

1. Wooden.
2. Brick.
3. Concrete.
4. Steel

According to design features, they are distinguished:

• from single materials (brick, block);
• prefabricated (panel);
• monolithic.

Where a type 2 fire wall is installed, a type 1 fire wall, determining the proper location, their number in the building - all these issues are resolved in accordance with the technical regulations (Federal Law No. 123-FZ) and SP 2.13130.2012. The rules for fire barriers are as follows:

• There should not be any hidden combustion in them.
• The fire resistance of walls depends on the fire resistance of the elements: adjoining structures, fastenings, and filling of openings.
• They are erected up to fireproof ceilings or to the entire height of the building. They are raised to a height of 30 cm above the roof if the roofing materials are of groups G1, G2 (slightly flammable) and 60 cm if the materials are of groups G3, G4 (highly flammable). It is allowed not to go beyond the roof level when using materials from the NG group (except for elements of the waterproofing carpet).
• In external fences, it is allowed to place windows at a distance of 8 m from the roof of the adjacent part of the building, 4 m from the wall of the adjacent building.
• Fire barriers should protect stairs and escape routes.

Brick structures

There is no doubt that brick barriers are most effective against the spread of fire. And this is not surprising, because the process of creating bricks involves firing. The most famous bricks are clay and silicate.

Clay brick can withstand temperatures up to 900 o C for a long time (about 5 hours) without destruction. The material has a porous structure and high thermal insulation properties. When heated, it does not release toxic substances.

Sand-lime brick consists of 90 percent quartz sand. Its thermal insulation properties are significantly lower than clay. It is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 600 o C for 2.5 hours without destruction.

Depending on the additives and production processes, a fire-resistant (heat-resistant) material is obtained. Such products can withstand temperatures of about 1500 o C and are used for the construction of furnaces.

Properties of wood

Wood is a flammable material. In case of fire, the rate of reduction in the thickness of a wooden structure is up to 1 mm/min. Such properties allow us to talk about instant combustion. Although, it should be noted that wood 60 mm thick will burn within an hour.

In addition, wooden structures are protected with a layer of plaster and special fire-prevention impregnations. Plaster can delay the fire time by 30 minutes. Impregnations create a film that prevents the passage of oxygen or creates a flame-suppressing environment. However, there are no means to completely protect wood, so it is not used as a fire barrier.

Metal constructions

Metals melt at very high temperatures. However, when exposed to temperatures of only 400-500 o C, metal structures lose their load-bearing capacity and become deformed. Of course, metals act differently: cast iron is the most resistant to fire, and aluminum deforms most quickly.

Of course, fire walls and partitions of types 1 and 2 are never made exclusively of metal. Steel is part of reinforced concrete structures or used as guides and enclosing parts of sandwich panels. To increase the durability of the metal, special fire-retardant coatings are used.

Today, aluminum fire partitions are offered for sale. Considering that aluminum is easily deformed, how to choose fire partitions of types 1, 2, what do they consist of? In fact, they use aluminum hollow bent profiles filled with non-combustible materials. They are made in the form of a frame, and the partition fabric is made of heat-resistant glass or fire-resistant gypsum board (plasterboard). Although they don't look very durable, they can withstand flames for 15 to 90 minutes.

Concrete and reinforced concrete

Products made of concrete/reinforced concrete are non-flammable and fire-resistant, they can easily withstand flames. However, prolonged exposure to high temperatures is detrimental to them. At 250-300 o C the strength decreases, and at 550 o C the material begins to collapse. There is heat-resistant concrete that can withstand 1000 o C.

The stability of structures is influenced by the constituent materials, cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement content. As a rule, the greater the thickness of the barrier, the higher the fire resistance limit. The graph shows the dependence of the material on the thickness of the structure and the duration of the fire. It can be seen that a type 1 fire barrier is a barrier about 60 mm thick.

Fire partitions are durable dividing structures, in the manufacture of which new generation fire-resistant materials are used. They delimit the room, localize the fire and stop its spread across the floors of the building.

The presence of such structures makes it possible to secure evacuation routes for citizens. Fire partitions can be solid or opening, with or without glass doors. In this case, the area of ​​the openings in them should be no more than 25%.

According to the level of fire protection, fire partitions are divided into several categories:

• E – the partition loses the integrity of its structure after 15–360 minutes;

• I – the structure completely loses its ability to thermally insulate within 15–360 minutes;

• El – the fire-resistant partition completely loses its heat-insulating properties and the integrity of the structure after 15–360 minutes;

• W - Durable design resists heat for 15-360 minutes.

Fire partition materials

Fire resistance type 1 partitions are made from different materials:

• From plasterboard,

• From brick,

• Made of aluminum

• From glass.

Most often you can find type 1 fire partitions made from plasterboard sheets (GKL). The construction of a gypsum plasterboard partition is similar to a layer cake: inside there is a frame filled with insulating material, and outside there are various sheets of drywall.

As components of the frame, a profile is mainly used - strong steel strips with a thickness of 0.5 to 0.8 mm. These elements give the structure rigidity without weighing it down.

Brick partitions come in thicknesses of 12 cm (half a brick) and 6.5 cm (a quarter of a brick). For strength and stability in fire resistant partitions type 1 made of brick Reinforcement is inserted every 5-6 rows of brickwork. Type 1 aluminum fire partitions are based on aluminum profiles from the world's best manufacturers. They have high fire resistance due to the fact that the profile chambers are filled with materials that absorb heat and are poorly susceptible to extreme high temperatures. Using an aluminum profile, it is also possible to create fire-resistant glass partitions of the 1st type, which meet the highest safety requirements.

Fire partitions EI45 are erected in shopping areas, office buildings and cultural centers, since transparent partitions are most appropriate in such premises.

For glazing, special packages are used, consisting of several sheets of heat-resistant transparent glass with increased mechanical strength.

Special gel or powder compositions are placed between the layers. This double-glazed window is transparent and has very good noise and heat insulation. Advantages of type 1 glass fire partitions:

• They allow you to flexibly and functionally change the layout of interior spaces.

• They fit well into the interior without disturbing its aesthetic properties.

• They allow the installation of glass single-leaf or double-leaf fire doors, as well as blinds, which maximizes the functionality of the partitions.

• They comply with modern fire safety standards for protection from the effects of flame and smoke, evacuation of victims and access of fire brigades to the fire zone.

Application area

Installation of fire partitions and doors is carried out in all office and shopping centers, educational institutions. This allows the construction of safe zones that are not affected by fire, and creates conditions for the successful evacuation of victims from a building engulfed in fire. Fire protection structures also allow you to preserve material property in the event of a fire.

The functional purpose of a fire wall is related to limiting the area of ​​fire and reducing damage from fire. Thanks to such a design solution, until the fire brigade arrives, you will not have to worry about preserving the burning structure. In the absence of fire walls, a fire can quickly spread throughout the entire facility, causing the collapse of load-bearing structures and walls.

Fire wall as an effective way to protect a building from fire

At the initial stage of construction of industrial and residential structures, care should be taken to select and construct fire walls. It is advisable to become familiar with the design features of fire walls, which will make it possible to save property and people’s lives when installing them. First of all, according to their placement in a building, external and internal fire walls are distinguished, and according to the perception of the applied load, they are divided into self-supporting and load-bearing type structures.

The wall is classified as a type of fire barrier; externally and structurally it looks like a barrier that separates different parts of the structure. So, the main types of barriers include:

• partitions;
• floors;
• walls;
• vestibule-gateways.

Fire barriers are structures that can withstand the spread of fire for a certain time. Thus, in accordance with SNiP standards, walls slow down the spread of fire for at least 2.5 and 0.75 hours. At the same time, type 1 fire doors, windows and gates are installed in type 1 fire walls. For the manufacture of barriers, including for the manufacture of fire walls, fire-resistant materials are used (for example, reinforced concrete or metal).

A fire wall is considered a reliable and effective method and the ability to limit the spread of fire within one residential block. Thanks to a type 1 fire wall, fire does not spread from one part of the structure to another. This design is one of the most common fire safety elements of any building or structure.

Requirements for installing fire walls

There are certain requirements for such structures:

1. For the manufacture of such walls, materials resistant to high temperatures are used.
2. Such structures should be mounted in special places - on partitions, i.e. where it is possible to stop the fire in the event of a fire.
3. Individual rooms may have different levels of fire load, so they should be installed to separate rooms with different fire hazard properties.
4. When designing and drawing up a project, it is necessary to take into account the fire resistance limit of individual rooms so that the wall is able to withstand the load.

The first type of fire wall shows that the wall is under its own load and the load of various ceilings and building structures. Fire walls during construction must necessarily rise 60 centimeters above the level of the structure. Fire walls of any type can separate any floor, and they are installed along the height of the entire structure. The installation of fire walls in a building of any type must be carried out in strict accordance with regulatory requirements.