Presentation of the yurt as a work of architecture. Yurt - the national home of the Mongol

Educational objectives:

• Educational: introduce students to the structure and decoration of the yurt as one of the oldest types of mobile housing for the Kazakhs, adapted to the nomadic lifestyle; practice practical skills in depicting a hanging bag using knowledge of linear perspective.
• Educational: moral, patriotic and aesthetic education using the example of studying the structure and decoration of the Kazakh national home - the yurt; fostering respect for the culture of other peoples.
• Developmental: expand your intellectual horizons; develop skills in compositional construction and working with gouache paints; to develop interest in the customs and traditions of the Kazakh people; develop students' observation, visual memory and creative abilities.

Lesson type: lesson of studying and primary consolidation of knowledge.

Methods: explanatory and illustrative, reproductive, discussions for the purpose of generalization, systematization of received educational information, independent work.

Visual range:

• Illustrations of national types of housing.
• Illustrations depicting yurt decoration items.
• Illustrations with images of a hanging bag for storing dishes - ayak cap.
• Stages of depicting a hanging bag.
• Samples of student drawings.

Video sequence:

• Presentation “Yurt”.

Materials: white paper, pencil.

During the classes

I. Organizational stage.

Preparing students for work in the classroom.
Organization of attention.
Familiarize students with the topic and objectives of the lesson.

II. Updating basic knowledge and skills, forming cognitive motives.

1. Introductory conversation.

Different peoples lived and live in different parts of our planet. For a representative of any nation, there is no more revered place than their home or home. The type and shape of housing varies greatly among different peoples.

– What national dwellings do you know, and what peoples live in them? (Yurt - nomads of Central Asia, hut - residents of Russia, wigwam - American Indians, yaranga - the dwelling of the Eskimos...)

2. An overview of the national dwellings of the peoples of the world. View slides on the interactive whiteboard with conversation elements and teacher comments.

Now we will look at the slides and answer the question of what other national dwellings exist in the world.

Izba is a wooden frame (log) residential building in rural wooded areas of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. In steppe regions rich in clay, huts (huts) were built instead of huts.

Yaranga is a portable dwelling of some nomadic peoples (Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Yukaghirs) of the North of Russia. In plan it is usually a circle. The frame and conical dome of the yaranga are assembled from light wooden poles, after which they are covered with reindeer skins.

The wigwam is the home of the forest Indians of North America and has a dome shape. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, mats or skins.

A tipi is a more mobile than a wigwam, a portable dwelling of the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains and Central America. It is a cone-shaped hut - the frame of poles is covered with bison or deer skins.

An igloo is a house made of snow blocks, usually domed, which is built by the Eskimos of Canada and Greenland during their winter camps. The entrance to the igloo is through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor leads, dug in the snow below floor level. If the snow is shallow, the entrance is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is also built in front of it.

A hut is a dwelling in the jungle of the Brazilian Amazon, made of straw and placed on posts.

Hogan is the main traditional dwelling of the Navajo people (North America). The traditional hogan is round and conical in shape, but square hogans are becoming more common these days. The door usually faces east - it is believed that the sun entering through it brings good luck.

Palosa (Spain) - a house made of stone, 4–5 meters high, round or oval in cross-section, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or only a small window opening.

3. Generalization.

– Draw a conclusion: what determines the shape and type of home? (This is due to natural conditions, landscape features, the availability of building materials, as well as national customs and traditions of the people.)

III. Assimilation of new knowledge.

Today we will get acquainted in more detail with the structure and interior decoration of the portable dwelling of Asian nomads - the yurt.

View the presentation “Yurt”<Презентация. ppt>

IV. Initial check of students' understanding of new material.

Conversation on questions:

1. What is a yurt? (Portable housing among Asian nomads.)

2. What are the features of the Kazakh national home? (The yurt is easy to assemble and disassemble, it is conveniently transported by wheeled vehicles and packs, it keeps cool on hot days, and reliably protects from piercing winds. The yurt can usually be installed by 2-3 people within one hour. All this makes the yurt a unique type of home.)

3. Name the main materials used to make a yurt. (Wood, felt.)

4. Name the elements that make up the skeleton of the yurt. (Sykyrlauk, shanyrak, kerege, uyk.)

5. Which element of the yurt frame is depicted on the Coat of Arms of Kazakhstan? (Shanyrak.)

6. List the details of the yurt decoration. (Wooden furniture: bed (tosekagash), food storage (kebezhe), chests for things (sandyk); a set of leather and wooden utensils: for kumiss - saba, torsyk, for drinking it - ozhau, shara; felt carpets: syrmaki, tekemy, tuskiiz ; bags for storing things - kerme, dishes - ayak cap.)

7. What materials were the yurt furnishings made from? (Wood, leather, felt.)

V. Doing practical work. Picture of a hanging bag - ayak cap.

1. View a picture of a hanging bag with teacher comments.

Among the many items of interior decoration of the yurt, ayak-kap bags stand out <Рисунок 9> . The ayak kap was usually located in the utility part of the yurt - to the right of the entrance. This felt or carpet utensil bag often has a rounded bottom trimmed with fringe and hand-woven lace. The decorations on the bag are appliqués made of red or black velvet and multi-colored embroideries with national ornaments. The top of the bag is equipped with a triangular flap with a pattern consisting of similar elements that do not repeat, but develop the theme of the main composition. The construction of a pattern always emphasizes the shape of a thing.

2. Work according to the table “Stages of depicting a hanging bag” (textbook for 5th grade of secondary schools of the Republic of Kazakhstan, publishing house “Atamura”, p. 91).

3. Doing practical work. Constructing an image of a hanging bag (steps 1,2).

VI. View and analyze student work. Summing up the lesson.

VII. Homework instructions.

1. Work from the textbook (textbook for 5th grade of secondary schools of the Republic of Kazakhstan, publishing house “Atamura”, pp. 85–88).

2. Completion of work in color (textbook for grade 5 of secondary schools of the Republic of Kazakhstan, publishing house “Atamura”, p. 91, stages 3, 4).

The main dwelling of the Buryats is a yurt. The Buryat yurt is rounded and polygonal in shape and comes from the Mongolian felt yurt. A yurt is a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering among nomads. She is ideally suited for a nomadic lifestyle. Light weight, quickly assembled and disassembled, people lived in it all year round. Nomadic dwelling With the advent of Russians in the Baikal region, a wooden yurt similar to Russian huts appeared.

A felt yurt looks like this: its walls are lattice, they are made of processed willow branches, which are connected together with leather straps. There are poles going up from the walls - this is the ceiling. One end rests against the wall, and the second at the top is in a round rim (chimney), it is also wooden. The top was covered with felt in three rows. The smoke hole in the roof served as the only source of light in the yurt; the wider it was, the brighter it was in the yurt, but it could not be made very wide, otherwise the rain could flood things inside the yurt itself. The Buryats had many religious rituals associated with the smoke hole. Through it they “sprayed” to the ancestors and heavenly deities and sent prayers to them.

Inside, a Buryat dwelling represents a unique spatial model of the world. The yurt is divided into four conventional parts in accordance with the cardinal points. The door of the yurt is always located on the south side. According to the Buryat tradition, it was divided into two halves: the right - female, the left - male (this is if you stand facing its northern part). The men's half contained harnesses, tools, etc., and the women's half contained various household utensils and foodstuffs. The northern side of the yurt (khoimor) was considered honorable; guests were received there. There was a hearth in the very center, and at the top there was a special hole for the smoke to escape. Traditionally, it was placed with the entrance to the south.

The yurt fits organically into the environment, repeating the shape of the sky dome above it, semicircular hills and hills. In the summer heat and heat, it has life-saving coolness; in the cold, a live fire in the hearth creates uniform heating and a special microclimate that eliminates pathogenic energy harmful to human health. Modern yurt design

“Fergana Valley” - Broad-leaved and spruce forests of Sary-Chelek, Kyrgyzstan Photo: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (V. Novikov). Mountain lake and reserve Sary-Chelek, Kyrgyzstan Photo: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (V. Novikov). Biological diversity. Ecological state of the Fergana Valley region. Mountain flowers in the vicinity of Iskanderkul, Tajikistan Photo: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (V. Novikov).

“Region Foreign Asia” - The peoples of Asia belong to approximately 15 language families. Such linguistic diversity is not found in any other major region on the planet. The four peoples of the region (Chinese, Hindustani, Bengalis and Japanese) number more than 100 million each. Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all major religions; all three world religions originated here: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.

“Regions of Foreign Asia” - Natural conditions and resources. Three main features. Population 3.75 billion people. From west to east 10 thousand km. The deep situation of some countries. Foreign Asia. From north to south 7 thousand km. Area 27.7 million km 38 sovereign states. General characteristics of the region. Boundaries. The coastal position of most countries.

"Countries in Asia" - Population. Inland water resources. World Heritage Sites – The Great Wall of China, the Gugong Imperial Palace, the complex of palaces and temples in Kyoto. The north of China and Mongolia - taiga (even areas of permafrost) In the south, in Indonesia and Malaysia - equatorial climate, jungle. Political-geographical situation.

“Türkiye” - Such wide short pants were worn by Janissary warriors. In terms of taste and richness, Turkish cuisine is one of the three best in the world. Turkish cuisine. National Costume. Both caftans had a deep neckline. Four major national holidays are accompanied by military parades and dances. Big cities in Turkey are relatively safe compared to other countries.

“Characteristics of Asia” - Population. There are about 40 states on the political map. The political map of Overseas Asia has recently undergone great changes. 3.6 billion people live here. Before World War II, 90% of the region's population lived in colonies. Geographical position. The average population density reaches 100 people per 1 sq. km.

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Compiled by: Sirotina L.V.,
art teacher
art school-gymnasium No. 20
them. Titova. SKO, Shymkent

A yurt (in most Turkic languages ​​yurt, yurta; Mongolian ger) is a portable dwelling among nomads.

Yurt
Yurt(in
(in most
most Turkic
Turkic languages
languagesyurt,
yurt,
yurta;
yurta; mong.
mong.ger)
ger)-
- portable
portable housing
housing
nomads.
nomads.

The Kazakhs called the yurt “kiiz uy” - “felt house”.

Kazakhs
Kazakhs were called
called yurt
yurt "kiiz"
"kizui"
uh" -
-
"felt
"felt house".
house".

The yurt fully satisfied the needs of the nomad due to its convenience and practicality.

Yurt
Yurtacompletely
fully satisfied
satisfied the needs
needs
nomad
nomadby force
strength of its own
of your own convenience
amenities
practicality.
practicality.

It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by one family within one hour.

She
She's fast
assembles quickly
assembles and easily
easy to disassemble
understands
forces
alone
one family
family during
within one
one hour.
hours.

It is easily transported by camels and horses.

She
She's easy
easy to transport
transported to
camels
camels and horses.
horses.

Its felt covering resists rain, wind and moderate cold.

Her
Herfelt
felt covering
coverage not
doesn't let through
lets the rain through,
rain,
wind
windy and moderate
moderate cold.
cold.

The frame of the yurt consists of four main elements:

skeleton
Ostovyurt
yurts make up
make up four
quadruple
main
element:
element:
uyk
uyk
sykyrlauk
sykyrlauk
shanyrak
shanyrak
kerege
kerege

Kerege is a sliding lattice base. The grilles are installed on both sides of the door until they are completely closed in a circle, fastening them with carpet strips.

Kerege
Kerege–sliding
sliding lattice
lattice base.
the basis.
Lattices
Grilles are installed
install by
both
both sides
parties
doors
to the door
additional
full circuit
circuits in a circle,
circle, fastening
fastening
their
their carpets
carpet tapes.
ribbons.
sykyrlauk
sykyrlauk
kerege
kerege

Kerege is a sliding lattice base.

Kerege
Kerege–sliding
sliding lattice
lattice base.
the basis.

Uyk – dome poles.

Uyk
Uyk––dome
dome poles.
poles.
uyk
uyk

Uyk – dome poles.

Uyk
Uyk––dome
dome poles.
poles.

The yurt is crowned with a shanyrak - a round surface with a hole.

crowns
Crowned Turtu
yurtushanyrak
shanyrak–round
– round surface
surface
with hole.
hole.
shanyrak
shanyrak

Shanyrak is the circular top of the dome.

Shanyrak
Shanyrak–circular
circular top
on top of the dome.
domes.

The hole in the tundyk serves as a window. During bad weather, it is covered with a rectangular piece of felt covered with cord.

Hole
HoleTundyk
tundykserves
serves as a window.
window.
In
During
bad weather time
bad weather
it closes
closes
quadrangular
quadrangular piece
a piece of felt,
felt, covered
sheathed
cord.
cord.

Shanyrak is supported by a bakan - a long wooden stick forked at one end.

Shanyrak
Shanyrak supports
supports canopy
cormorant–forked
forkedss
one
one end
endlong
longwooden
wooden stick.
stick.
cormorant
cormorant

The frame of the yurt is covered with mats and large sheets of felt in two layers.

Frame
Karkasyurts
yurts are covered
covered
mats
mats and large
large panels
felt panels
felt
vvdva
two layers.
layer.
tuurlyk
tuurlyk--
lower
bottom felt
felt
uzuk
uzuk––
upper
upper
felt
felt

Tuurlyk – bottom felt

Tuurlyk
Tuurlyk––lower
bottom felt
felt

Uzuk – top felt

Uzuk
Uzuk–Upper
upper felt
felt

The felt coverings of the yurt are fastened to the body with ropes and patterned ribbons - beldeu.

Felt
Felt coverings
yurt coverings
yurts are fastened
fastenedss
body
body with ropes
ropes and patterned
patterned ribbons
ribbons––
Beldeu.
Beldeu.
Beldeu
Beldeu

Wide pile and lint-free paths - baskurs - also serve to decorate the yurt.

Wide
Wide pile
lint and lint-free
lint-free paths
tracks––
baskuras
baskursserve
also serve
also for
For decoration
yurt decorations.
yurts.
Baskurs
Baskurs

From the inside, the yurt is divided into two halves:

From the inside
From inside the yurt
yurta is divided
divided by
above two
two halves:
half:
south
south-
-male
men's
north
north-
-female
women's

On the men's side - closer to the door, that is, closer to the ground - there is the owners' bed.

On
Namuzhskaya
male half
half-
-closer
closer to the door,
doors, then
that is
There is
closer
closer to the ground
earth, -
-located
there is a bed
bed masters
owners.
Tosekagash
Tosekagash-bed
bed
Seitep
Seitep-bedspread
cover
Zhastyk
Zhastykkap
drip pillowcase
pillowcase

Men's weapons, horse harness, and talismans are hung here.

Here
Hanging here
hanging weapons
weaponsmen,
men, horse
horse
harness,
harness, talismans.
talismans.
seatpost
seatpost
bridle
bridle
belt
belt
hunter
hunter

On the women's - maiden - bed of the bride - the owner's daughter.

On
Nazhenskaya
female-
-girlish
girlish
-bed
bride's bed
brides––
daughters
the owner's daughter.
owner.
Abdre
Abdre––chest
box

Below - towards the door - is a cupboard, a mortar for beating kumiss - a symbol of Prosperity.

Below
Below-
-kkdoors
doors-
-dishware
cupboard,
wardrobe, stupa
stupa for
For
whipping
whipping kumiss
kumiss-
-symbol
symbol of Prosperity.
Prosperity.
Assadal
Asadal––cabinet
closet
For
for dishes
dishes
Ayak-kap
Ayak-kap––bag
bag
For
for dishes
dishes
Kebezhe
Kebezhe–stall
stall
For
for products
products

Kitchen
Kitchenware
utensil
Kit
Nabordle
For
kumiss
kumiss
Shara
Shara–bowl
bowl
For
for kumys
kumiss
Torsyk
Torsyk––
vessel
vesselfor
for kumys.
koumiss.
Ojau
Ozhau - ladle
ladle

In the center of the yurt there is a fire, a hearth. A place of veneration of the Spirit of Fire - the Guardian of the Hearth.

IN
In the center
centurts
yurts-
-Fire,
Fire, hearth.
hearth.place
Places of worship
veneration
Spirit
Spirit of Fire
Fire-
-Guardian
Guardian of the Hearth.
Hearth.

Ot-Ana, May-Ana - The Kazakhs call fire Mother. Fire gave man warmth, hot food, and melted iron (stirrups and arrows).

From-Ana,
Ot-Ana, May-Ana
May-Ana-
-Mother
Mother's name
name is fire
fireKazakhs.
Kazakhs.
Fire
Ogondal
gave to the man
the person is warm,
warm, hot
hot food,
food,
melted
melted the iron
iron(stirrups
(stirrups and arrows).
arrows).

The nomad found the Saddle - his workplace. He honors him - the saddle stands on a raised platform, decorated with patterns.

Nomad
Nomadfound
foundSaddle
Saddle-
-yours
his work
workplace.
place.He
He
honors
honor him
his-
-saddle
saddles up
worth it
on an eminence,
elevation,
decorated
decorated with patterns.
patterns.
Er
Ep–saddle
saddle

Patterned felt carpets played a major role in the decoration of the yurt:

IN
Vubranstvo
decoration of the yurt
yurtsmain
main role
played a role
were playing
patterned
patternedchristmas
felt carpets:
carpets:
tekemets
tekemets
syrmaki
syrmaki
tuskiiz
tuskiiz

Tekemet is a bedding felt made by felting patterns from dyed unspun wool onto a semi-finished base.

Tekemet
Tekemet is a nightmare
nightmare,
bedding, received
received
by
by tumbling in
dumping drawings
drawings
painted
painted
unspun
unspun wool
wool
half-ready
semi-finished base.
basis.

Syrmak - bedding panels made by sewing two different-colored but identical patterns cut out of

Syrmak
Syrmak–cloths
bedding sheets,
bedding,
manufactured
manufactured by
by sewing
sewing on
on
first principle
first principles of two
two-colored,
colorful, but
but identical
identical
drawings,
drawings, cut out
cut from
subtle
fine felt.
felt

Tuskiiz – felt wall carpet. Appliqué on felt with velvet, cut out in the form of ornamental designs in two colors.

Tuskiiz
Tuskiiz––carpet
carpet felt
felt wall.
wall.
Application
Applicationby
felt
felt cubarhat,
velvet, cut
cut out
in view
video ornamental
ornamental designs
two drawings
two-color.
colors.

Each family decorated the yurt according to its own taste and discretion.

Each
Each family
family decorated
decorated the yurt
yurtupo
in my own way
to his
taste
taste and discretion.
discretion.
A. Kasteev. Interior view of the yurt.

The beauty and elegance of the yurt depended on the owners themselves and their imagination.

beauty
Beauty and elegance
elegance of mouths
yurts depended
depended on
most of all
themselves
owners
ownersfrom
calm down
their fantasies.
fantasies.

The yurt is still the most convenient summer home for livestock farmers in Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan.

Yurt
Yurta to this day
still is
is the most
most convenient
convenient
summer
summer home
housing for
for livestock breeders
livestock breeders
Kazakhstan,
Kazakhstan, Mongolia
Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan.
Kyrgyzstan.