Low rise design. E.V

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

"KUZBAS STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of building structures

DESIGN OF A LOW-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Guidelines for the implementation of the course project No. 1 in the discipline "Fundamentals of architecture and building structures" for students

comrade specialty 291000 "Automobile roads and airfields"

Compiled by E.V. Peters

Approved at the meeting of the department

Minutes No. 7 dated 15.05.03

Minutes No. 9 dated 3.06.03

An electronic copy is in the library of the main building of the KuzGTU

Kemerovo 2003

PROJECT OBJECTIVE In the process of designing a low-rise residential building, students

receive professional knowledge and acquire skills in the development of a functional scheme and an architectural and planning solution, the selection of structural elements of a building for rural construction.

Work on the project involves the use of educational, regulatory and reference literature.

Designing and competent graphic design of drawings requires the practical application of knowledge.

DESIGN OBJECTIVE To develop a set of drawings of a residential building and a master plan

site, taking into account functional, sanitary-hygienic and fire-fighting requirements. Calculate technical and economic indicators (TEI) according to SNIP 2.08.01-89 "Residential buildings".

COMPOSITION OF THE PROJECT

1) the main facade of the building in M ​​1:100;

2) plan of the first and second floors in M ​​1:100, TEP;

3) longitudinal or transverse section along the stairs in M ​​1:100;

4) roof plan in M ​​1:200;

5) interfloor floor plan or truss plan (at the choice of the teacher) in M ​​1: 100;

6) constructive section along the wall from the base of the foundation to the roof in M ​​1:20; 1:25;

7) the general plan of the site with the construction of shadows in M ​​1:200, the balance of the territory and the explication of buildings and structures.

ELEMENTS OF THE APARTMENT

premises: kitchen, anteroom, bathroom or shower room, lavatory, pantry (or household built-in wardrobes). It is allowed to arrange a room for household work, a cold pantry (or cabinets), a ventilated drying cabinet for outerwear and shoes. The arrangement of balconies, loggias, terraces is allowed in climatic regions III and IV, and in the absence of adverse conditions also in climatic regions I and II. In rural residential buildings, the arrangement of verandas and terraces is allowed in all climatic regions.

The living room (common room) in apartments with 2 or more rooms may have an area of ​​at least 16 m2. The minimum size of a common room in width (in axes) is 3.3 m. The proportions are from 1:1 to 1:2.

Bedrooms:

- for one person (at least 8 m 2 );

- for two people (at least 12 m 2 );

- for a married couple (14 m 2 or more, which allows you to additionally place a baby cot in it).

The minimum width of the bedroom in the axes is 2.7 m.

The proportions of the bedrooms are usually more elongated than those of the common rooms. The most common proportions are 1:1.5 - 1:2 when the smaller side is on the facade.

Bedrooms are designed to be impassable and preferably located in one area of ​​the apartment, next to the bathrooms.

The maximum allowable depth of living rooms is 6 m.

Kitchens in modern construction practice are used in 3 types: kitchen niche, working kitchen, kitchen-dining room.

1. Kitchen-niche - a kitchen, the equipment of which is located in a niche of a living room or a front room, at least 5 m2. This type of kitchen is allowed only if equipped with an electric stove and artificial exhaust ventilation.

2. Working kitchen with an area of ​​5-6 m2. The minimum width is 1.9 m.

use is accompanied by the adjacent placement of a small (about 6 m2) dining room or the development of a eating area in a common room adjacent to the working kitchen.

3. Kitchen-dining room, in which, in addition to working equipment, a dining table is placed. The area must be at least 8 m2, the minimum width is 2 m.

The entrance to the working kitchen or kitchen-dining room is provided from the front or gateway. An additional opening is made between the working kitchen and the dining room or the kitchen-dining room and the living room.

Sanitary units are designed combined or separate. Minimum internal dimensions:

For a toilet when the door is opened outwards 0.8x1.2 m; - for the toilet when the door is opened inward 0.8x1.5 m; - for bathrooms - 1.75x1.6;

For a combined bathroom equipped with a bath, washbasin and toilet - 2.08x1.82;

For a combined bathroom equipped with a shower tray,

washbasin and toilet - 1.4x1.52; - for a combined bathroom equipped with a washbasin and a toilet

zom, - 1.2x1.4 or 1x1.5.

The front (entrance hall) is the entrance to the apartment and the connecting node between the premises and is designed with a minimum width

At the entrance to the house, a vestibule must be arranged with a depth of at least 1.4 m and a width of at least 1.2 m. Entrance doors open outward.

Communication rooms (corridors and locks) must be at least 0.85 m wide.

The area of ​​​​the storerooms is assigned at least 1.5 m2, the width is at least 0.8

Built-in wardrobes have a depth of:

- for clothes - 0.6 m;

- for household utensils - 0.45 m;

For books - 0.3 m.

Summer rooms(balconies with a slab extension of 0.9 - 1.05 m; loggias with a slab extension of 1.2 - 1.5 m) are designed with an area within 15% of the apartment area, but not more than 10. The area of ​​a glazed unheated veranda can be up to 20% of the total area of ​​the apartment.

To create a comfortable environment for living in the design, it is necessary to take into account a number of requirements. Entrance to a room equipped with a toilet bowl directly from the kitchen and residential premises (except for residential premises intended for families with disabilities) is not allowed.

It is not allowed to place a toilet and a bathroom (or shower) directly above the living rooms and kitchens. Placing a toilet and a bathroom (or shower) above the kitchen is allowed in apartments located on two levels.

It is not allowed to fasten devices and pipelines directly to inter-apartment walls and partitions enclosing living rooms.

The areas of apartments (excluding the area of ​​balconies, terraces, loggias, cold storerooms and apartment vestibules) in social housing houses are recommended to be taken according to Table. 1 .

Table 1

The upper limits of the area of ​​apartments (large and small),

m2, with the number of rooms (types of apartments)

Note. The ratio of types of apartments in terms of the number of rooms and area for specific regions and cities is determined by the local administration, taking into account demographic requirements, the achieved level of housing provision for the population and the resource supply of housing construction.

DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOR PLANS OF THE BUILDING A plan is an image of a section of a building dissected by an imaginary horizontal

umbrella plane passing at a certain level. According to GOST 21.501-93, the cutting plane is placed at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor within the door and window openings.

The plan gives an idea of ​​the configuration and dimensions of the building, reveals the shape and location of openings, main walls, partitions, stairs. The contours of the elements of the building that fall into the cut (walls, piers, partitions) are applied to the plan.

And etc.) and located below or above the cutting plane. Building plans show ventilation and smoke ducts

And sanitary equipment.

The dimensions of the most common sanitary equipment, as well as stoves in accordance with GOST 21.205-93, are given in fig. 1.

When starting to draw a plan, you must adhere to the following rules:

− the side of the plan corresponding to the main facade should be turned to the bottom edge of the sheet;

− the building plan on the sheet, if possible, should be located in the same way as on the master plan;

− building plans are placed on the sheet in ascending order of floor numbering from bottom to top or from left to right;

1. Coordination axes are applied (first longitudinal, then transverse).

The axes are conditional geometric lines. They serve to bind the building to the building coordination grid and master plan reference points, as well as to determine the position of load-bearing structures, since the axes are drawn only along the main walls. The distances between the alignment axes must be a multiple of main building module M equal to 100 mm, or enlarged fashion -

lu 3M, equal to 300 mm for the unification of building elements.

2. Thin lines draw the contours of the longitudinal and transverse external and internal capital walls.

Capital walls (external and internal) are tied to the coordination axes, i.e. determine the distance from the inner or outer plane of the wall to the coordination axis of the building.

IN Depending on the perceived load, the walls can be load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing.

Bearing walls are called, which, in addition to the load from their own mass, perceive and transfer loads from adjacent structures (ceilings, partitions, roofs, etc.) to the foundations.

Self-supporting walls perceive the vertical load only from their own mass. Floor slabs do not rest on self-supporting walls.

Non-bearing walls are floor-by-floor based on adjacent building structures (floors, walls, frame). Curtain walls are hung with special fasteners on the frame columns.

IN external load-bearing walls the coordination axis passes from the inner plane of the wall at a distance equal to half the nominal thickness of the inner bearing wall, a multiple of the module or its half (Fig. 2, a). Uniform Anchor Sizes:

- in brick walls - 200 mm;

- in large-panel - 100 mm;

- in wooden - 50 mm.

Internal load-bearing walls have axial binding, i.e. the geometric axis of symmetry coincides with the coordination axis (Fig. 2,

In external self-supporting and curtain walls their inner face coincides with the coordination axis (Fig. 2b).

External wall thickness calculated according to SNiP II-3-79** "Construction heat engineering". For brick walls, it must be a multiple of the brick size (510, 640,770, etc.). Internal load-bearing walls bricks are made with a thickness of 380 mm, partitions - 120 mm. The thickness of walls made of other materials is determined taking into account the dimensions of the elements produced by the industry. The thickness of the walls in which the ventilation ducts are located is 380 mm. The cross section of the channel is taken as a multiple of 1/2 brick (with seams): 140x140 mm, 140x270 mm

(Fig. 2d).

Rice. 2. Bindings of structural elements to the center axes: a) external load-bearing wall; b) external self-supporting wall;

c) internal bearing wall; d) ventilation and smoke channels

3. The contours of the partitions are drawn with thin lines.

4. Perform a breakdown of window and door openings and outline the contours of walls and partitions with lines of appropriate thickness.

The symbol for window and door openings is depicted in accordance with GOST 21.501-93. The area of ​​window openings should be at least 1/8 of the floor area of ​​the room. If there are quarters in the openings, their conditional image is given in the drawings on a scale of 1:50, 1:100.

5. Draw symbols for stairs (Fig. 3) and sanitary technical equipment, indicate the direction of door opening.

6. External, dimension lines, marking circles are applied. Dimensions that go beyond the size of the plan are applied in the form of three dimensional "chains". In the first "chain" from the contour of the plan, there are dimensions indicating the width of window and door openings, walls and protruding parts of the building. The second "chain" contains the dimensions between the axles. In the third chain, the size is put down between the coordination axes of the outermost outer walls. With the same arrangement of openings on two opposite facades of the building, it is allowed to apply dimensions only on the left and bottom sides of the plan. In other cases, dimensions are placed on all sides of the plan.

7. Put down the required dimensions, brands of axles and other elements. The dimensions of the plan indicate the dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the walls, partitions, the binding of the internal walls to the coordination axes.

Rice. 3. The procedure for drawing a building plan

Rice. 3. The procedure for drawing a building plan (continued)

8. Carry out all the necessary inscriptions.

9. Designate the secant planes of the cuts.

FLOOR PLANS The choice of structures and floor material is determined by the

volume of load-bearing walls.

Ceilings of low-rise buildings can be beamless (from reinforced concrete slabs) or beamed (on wooden or reinforced concrete beams).

Beamless floors are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs with round voids 220 mm thick, based on non-

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Altai State Technical University I.I. Polzunova
S. M. Alaeva
LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Educational and methodical manual for the course work "Low-rise residential building" for students of construction specialties
Barnaul, 2010

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UDC 728.2.011.26 (075.8)
Alaeva S.M. Low-rise residential building: Educational and methodological manual for the course work "Low-rise residential building" for students of construction specialties.
Educational - methodical manual is intended for students studying in the directions 270100 "Construction" and
270200 "Transport construction". The manual outlines the main provisions for the development of the course work "Low-rise residential building", performed as part of the study of the discipline "Architecture". The goals and objectives of the course work are outlined, its composition and volume are established, the design methodology is outlined with recommendations for the sequence of execution with references to the recommended literature. The requirements for the content, implementation and design of the graphic part and explanatory note are indicated. The list of educational, methodical and normative literature necessary for the course work is given.
The developed guidelines for course design correspond to the provisions of STO 12 400-2009 “Educational standard of higher professional education of AltSTU. Course project (Term paper). General requirements for the content, organization of execution and design.
Reviewed and approved at a meeting of the Department of Theory and History of Architecture
Protocol #8
From 18.03.2009
Reviewers: Chief Project Architect
LLC "Parallel" Bulavina E. G.; Associate Professor of the Department of ArchDi
Dindienko M.P.

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CONTENT
page
1. General provisions 4 2. Composition and scope of the course work 5 3. The order of the course work 6 4. Space-planning solution of a low-rise residential building 6 4.1 Typology of individual residential houses of the manor type 6 4.2 Layout diagrams of houses 8 4.3 Functionally - planning basics for the design of residential low-rise buildings 9 5. Development of architectural and structural drawings of the building 13 5.1 Facades 13 5.2 Building plans 14 5.3 Sections of the building 15 5.4 Floor plan 16 5.5 Roof plan 16 5.6 Roof plan 17 5.7 Architectural and structural details and components 17 6. Structural solution 18 6.1 Foundations 18 6.2 Walls 20 6.3 Floors 26 6.4 Roofs 28 6.5 Roofing 31 6.6 Internal stairs 34 6.7 Windows and doors 35 6.8 Partitions 36 6.9 Floors 36 6.10 Construction of porches, balconies, loggias, bay windows 38 6.11 Ventilation 39 7. Requirements for the design of the graphic part 40 8. Drawing up an explanatory note 47 8.1 Structure of the explanatory note 47 8.2 Requirements for the execution of an explanatory note 51
List of sources used 54
Appendix A Conditional graphic images of building structures and their elements 56
Appendix B Symbols 57
Annex B Specification for filling window and door openings 59
Appendix D Drawing lines and their purpose 60
Appendix E Cover page 61

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1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Designing a low-rise residential building from small-sized elements is the first course work of students in the course "Architecture".
In connection with the change in economic conditions and the adoption of a new housing policy in the last decade in Russia, estate construction has received significant development, implemented mainly on a private basis. Block buildings are the main type of low-rise construction in European cities. But the introduction of payment for land, land tax and state regulation of land acquisition will inevitably lead to the expansion of the construction of block houses in domestic practice.
The purpose of this course work - teaching students to independently design a simple civil building, taking into account the main factors influencing the design solution.
The implementation of the course work allows you to systematize, consolidate and expand the theoretical and practical knowledge gained in the study of the course "Architecture".
In the course of the work, the student needs to study the norms of building design, GOSTs, special technical literature and manuals; get acquainted with the latest achievements of construction technology and architecture; acquire the skills of a graphic image of the designed building on sheets and drawing up an explanatory note.
Objectives of the course work:
To give an idea of ​​the basic principles of functional-planning organization and methods of volumetric-spatial solutions in the design of a low-rise residential building.
To acquaint with the methodology and elementary techniques of architectural and constructive design, to instill skills in working with methodological and regulatory literature.
As design object accepted low-rise residential
single-family houses manor building or houses blocked(they can be both manor two-apartment and non-manor - multi-apartment).
Coursework is developed on the basis of individual task issued by the head, and includes the following initial data:
construction site;
type of residential building;
floor planning schemes;
types of structures of foundations, walls, ceilings, roofs.
Coursework is assigned designation , which is affixed on the title page, sheets of the explanatory note and on all drawings of the graphic part that have main inscriptions.
The designation of the document consists of a central numeric part, preceding and following letter groups. For example:
KR1 270102.00.000 AC
The letter group preceding the digital part indicates the type of educational document - term paper (KR) or course project (KP).
The first group of six digits indicates the code of the specialty in accordance with the list of specialties (training areas) of higher professional education:
270102 - Industrial and civil construction;
270105 - Urban construction and economy;
270106 - Manufacture of building materials, products and structures;

5 270109 - Heat and gas supply and ventilation;
270112 - Water supply and sanitation;
270113 - Mechanization and automation of construction;
270205 - Highways and airfields.
The second group of numbers (00) indicates the option of the course work task. If the option number is not specified in the task, then "00" is put.
Third digital group
- in the course work on the drawings and in the explanatory note put "000".
The subsequent numeric part of the letter group indicates the brand of the document:
AC - architectural and construction solution (when combining working drawings of architectural solutions and building structures);
PZ - explanatory note.
2 COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF COURSE WORK
Course work "Low-rise residential building" consists of a graphic part and an explanatory note.
Part graphic part includes the following drawings:
Facades of the building М 1:100
Floor plans M 1:100
Building sections
(with obligatory showing of the internal staircase) М 1:100
Interfloor floor plan М 1:100
Plan of rafters M 1:100
Roof plan M 1:100
Architectural and structural units M 1:10, 1:20
The volume of the graphic part is from 4 to 5 sheets of A3 format.
Explanatory note should include the following structural elements:
- title page;
- exercise;
- content;
- introduction;
- the main part;
- list of sources used
- applications
Main part should contain the following sections and subsections:
1 Initial data for design
2 Volumetric and planning solution of the building with the calculation of technical and economic indicators
3 Structural solution of the building (foundations, walls, ceilings, roof, roof, internal stairs, windows and doors, partitions, ventilation, porches, balconies, loggias, bay windows)
4 Exterior and interior decoration
5 Engineering equipment
Exercise is placed after the title page and is included in the general numbering of the sheets of the explanatory note.
The volume of the explanatory note is from 15 to 20 pages of standard A4 paper.

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3 ORDER OF PERFORMANCE OF COURSE WORK
The design of the building is carried out in several stages.
First stage – familiarization with the task, the study of normative and educational - methodological literature. Collection of initial data for design with the implementation of the corresponding section of the explanatory note.
Second phase- Based on the size of the functional areas, the determination of the required dimensions and proportions of the premises in the plan, the requirements for operation for individual premises. Elaboration and refinement of the space-planning solution of the building with the implementation of drawings of floor plans and the corresponding section of the explanatory note. Development of the layout of the floor elements.
Third stage – sketch study of the building, selection of the main structural elements, drawing up sections of the building (with the obligatory inclusion of a section along the internal staircase), study of the main architectural and structural units. Development of building facades.
The drawings are made in pencil on graph paper or in the AutoCAD graphics editor with a printout for intermediate consultations.
Sketches are viewed by the teacher - head of design. Only after the final version is approved by the teacher, the student proceeds to the next stages of work.
Fourth stage – further development of the selected option. Implementation of the main drawings of the building in the selected scale on whatman paper in thin lines or in the graphics editor "AutoCAD". Writing a constructive section of the explanatory note.
Fifth stage – design, final stroke of drawings, writing and design of an explanatory note.
The completion of individual stages of the course work and its submission for defense must comply with the deadlines set in the assignment.
The course work is presented to the head in stages for approval at consultations, and fully completed - for verification. After checking, the work is defended or it is returned for revision. Based on the results of the defense, an assessment is given for the course work. At the defense, the student needs to explain the content of the drawings and the explanatory note, answer the questions posed by the teacher.
The milestone control of the course work is carried out in the form of two control points before each certification. The first checkpoint includes presenting to the manager a sketch of the estate's master plan, floor plans and floor plan on graph paper; the second - sections of the building, a roof plan on graph paper.
4 VOLUME-PLANNING SOLUTIONS
LOW-RISE APARTMENT BUILDINGS
4.1 Typology of individual residential houses of manor type
Issues of space-planning solutions for residential buildings are set out in the relevant sections of textbooks.
In individual construction, the main type of house is a single-family homestead building. In addition to single-apartment houses, block houses are used, including

7 semi-apartment manor and non-manor multi-apartment with adjacent plots.
Residential single-family house is intended for permanent cohabitation of one family and people connected with it by family ties or other close relationships.
Blocked residential building - a building of an apartment type, consisting of two or more apartments, each of which has direct access to the adjacent plot.
The main structural unit of blocked houses is block apartments, which are complete space-planning elements both in terms of construction and engineering and are considered as separate single-family houses if they:
- do not have premises located above the premises of other residential blocks;
- do not have common entrances, auxiliary premises, attics, undergrounds, communication shafts;
- have independent heating and ventilation systems, as well as individual inputs and connections to external networks of centralized engineering systems.
All these houses have a common quality - the most humane form of housing organization and direct connection with the land, but the design of each group has its own characteristics.
Single-family Houses they have relative freedom in choosing the layout of the apartment, in giving the necessary proportions to living rooms, they can have the most correct orientation to the cardinal points. The increased perimeter of the outer walls provides natural light not only to living rooms and kitchens, but also to sanitary facilities; improved ventilation and maximum insolation of the premises. On the other hand, a relatively large area of ​​enclosing surfaces per unit of the total area of ​​the house increases the cost of thermal protection of these surfaces and the cost of heating. In single-family houses, as a rule, two entrances are arranged: from the street and from the side of the land.
Duplex blocked houses are intended for families with personal subsidiary plots of various development and with a personal plot of
600–800 m
2
. They are more economical than single-apartment ones both in terms of cost and in operation, they have a smaller perimeter of external walls per apartment and thus fewer cooled surfaces. The use of such houses reduces the width of the plots, which reduces the length of all communications. The space-planning solution of such houses is similar to the solutions of single-family houses, with the only difference being that one blank inter-apartment wall appears, along which the kitchens and sanitary facilities of both apartments are usually located. Entrances to apartments should be isolated from each other as much as possible.
In the conditions of the city, economically preferable are apartment buildings
blocked Houses . Blocking of apartments is carried out by adjoining the end walls of adjacent blocks along the entire length or with a shift. Sometimes blocking is carried out with the help of one-story inserts, in which an entrance vestibule, front or garage is placed. All apartments have, as a rule, two entrances, which is necessary for connection with the apartment land plot, part of which can be in front of the house from the side of the street, and part - behind the house.
Depending on the type of settlement (city, suburb, township or village), the location of the residential building in the settlement, the social affiliation of the owner and the level of income in the modern domestic real estate market, there are conditionally three groups of individual houses:

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the first group - social residential building with a total area of ​​up to 120 m
2
, having a personal plot up to 1000 m2
2
and leading agricultural use of the estate.
The number of living rooms is taken from four to six with the following minimum composition of the premises: common room, bedrooms, kitchen or kitchen - dining room, bathroom or shower room, lavatory, pantry or built-in wardrobes; in the absence of district heating
− a room for a thermal unit.
The spatial solution of these houses is standard - the living rooms are arranged around the hallway, the kitchen is in functional connection with the common room or the kitchen-dining room is designed; the attic or second floors are occupied by bedrooms. This group includes both single-family residential buildings and city residential buildings of the blocked type, duplex and multi-apartment.
second group – houses with an area of ​​120 m
2
up to 300 m
2
designed for medium
class and have predominantly agrarian and recreational use of a plot with an area of ​​​​800 m
2
up to 1000 m
2
. In these houses, new functional areas may appear that are absent in social houses, such as a recreation area. The houses of this group have a more extensive set of premises (a common room, bedrooms, guest rooms, an office, a library, a playroom, a kitchen, a separate dining room, etc.). A higher level of comfort is determined by a developed system of utility rooms (pantries, laundry, ironing, workshops, gyms, a sauna with a swimming pool, a built-in or attached garage for two cars, etc.). The same group includes houses with an additional function, when the structure of the house includes premises oriented to the organization of professional and individual labor activity;
third group - mansions for families with high incomes from 300 m2
2
before
1000 m
2
and more with land plots of various sizes used primarily for recreational purposes. These houses with ten or more rooms receive additional development of the composition of the premises (library, fireplace, billiard room, children's playroom, servants' rooms, winter gardens, greenhouses, etc.), a swimming pool, a gymnasium are provided for the sauna.
In the houses of the second and third groups, the size of common rooms is increased (up to 30 m
2
and more). Often they are designed double-height, as well as the adjoining hall of guest bedrooms with an autonomous stay of guests. The greatest changes are taking place in sanitary facilities - their number and area are increasing, natural lighting is being provided and equipment is being developed: bathtubs - jacuzzis, bidets, additional shower cabins, etc.
4.2 House layouts
Low-rise buildings with a total area of ​​over 90 m² are designed with at least two floors, which allows to reduce the building area. There are several types of houses with apartments on two levels:
cottage type houses usually have floors of equal size.
Differences in the configuration of floor plans arise due to the placement of balconies, loggias, winter gardens, attached garages, swimming pools, etc. This is the type of most
capacious house.

Low-rise construction has become very popular these days. More and more people are seeking to acquire their own home or cottage. Of course, everyone wants the building to be of high quality, beautiful and presentable. In fact, every building is unique. However, few people know that such construction is very difficult. It is even more difficult to create a project at home. This is where we will focus our attention.

Design stages

Many experts argue that the design process is very complicated. And they are absolutely right.

This process consists of several stages.

1. Creation of a drawing of a building.
2. Carrying out calculations.
3. Choice of architectural style.
4. Selection of building materials and structures.
5. Checking the prepared project by specialists.

Each of these stages requires special attention. In order for the design to be carried out correctly, at each stage the work must be carried out with the utmost care and caution. That is why it is better to entrust the construction of cottages and country houses to construction companies.

When the project is finalized, specialists check the work more than once. If the check did not reveal any problems, then you can proceed with the construction process. Before that, they purchase all the necessary materials, structures, products, tools, and so on. The building can be designed in different architectural styles. As a result, the structure is unusual and unique. Only after a thorough check of each stage of the project and the preparation of materials and tools in accordance with it, construction can be taken.

The main stereotypes in the formulation of the design problem

Those who want to acquire their own home or cottage often make erroneous judgments. They believe that the basement in such a structure should be mandatory, and the blind area should be no more than six hundred millimeters. Also, many believe that a land plot of ten acres is too small for such construction. As for the fence, it is not at all necessary for it to build a monolithic foundation, as many people think. If we talk about the height of the fence, then most owners prefer structures more than two meters high. But this is not at all necessary. In this case, the fence does not have to be completely deaf.

Many people think that squat and sprawling structures take up a lot of space, and they also think that only a wooden house can be the most environmentally friendly. It is also erroneous to assume that large roof extensions will darken the entire structure, that the floor on the ground will be cold, that the height of one floor should be at least three meters. At the same time, the attic does not take up useful space at all from the floor, and a wood-fired boiler is no worse than a device that runs on gas. A roof with lots of pipes can't always look ugly, and a garage doesn't have to be able to accommodate two cars.

Another stereotype is that connected homes are less comfortable. The reason for this is called quarrels with neighbors. It is also not necessary to build a house for a century. In addition, not every house you see in a magazine can be adapted to your land. No, of course, this is real, but then you will have to strongly yield to your own requirements.

Correct setting of design tasks

You can not plan to build a house for the last money. It's just ridiculous and ridiculous. This is the main reason for long-term construction. Therefore, in no case should you make design and planning mistakes if your budget is very limited. Let's look at some of them.

1. Don't build a basement. Remember that a basement and a cellar are not the same thing.
2. Also, do not expel the second floor. In this case, the second floor should not be confused with the attic. We will talk about it a little later.
3. The use of massive construction equipment is costly. Therefore, do not resort to it if you are limited in funds. Just use wood floors instead of reinforced concrete.
4. Try to choose sites that are located near the road. This problem becomes much more acute in the winter season.
5. Do not equip the house with a gas boiler. Gas is an expensive fuel, so it makes sense to look at alternative and cheaper fuels.
6. If you dream of living in a real log house, then forget it. Such houses require special maintenance, and these are additional costs. You can build a cottage out of wood, but not a cottage.
7. Do not be afraid to design a building without corridors. Such zones are a dead volume for finishing.
8. You can also save on building height. The optimal ceiling level is two and a half meters. Ceilings that are too high pull with them the need to increase the size of the windows.
9. Roof extensions must be at least one meter. If this parameter is not observed, then the walls will have to be repaired every five years.
10. It is advisable to debond the structure underground, which needs to be dug for the foundation. Facing the latter is an expensive pleasure. As for the blind area, it should be at least one meter.
11. With a lack of money, it is stupid to build two garages. It is better to limit yourself to a carport for parking a car.
12. It would be foolish to design a house like an anthill. The best option is from three to five rooms, no more.
13. You should always remember where you live. Therefore, you should not ask the designer to build the same house as in some fashion magazine.

In the design process, every detail must be taken into account. This is the appearance of the foundation, and building materials, and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building, and work related to design, and the arrangement of the yard. This list is far from complete.

Where to begin

Before proceeding with the design, discuss all issues with everyone who will live in the future building. After all, each family member sees everything in his own way and everyone should be comfortable and cozy in the house.

If you already imagine what your future home should look like, then describe it to your household members. Let them express their opinion. This will allow you to make the appropriate adjustments and create a project that will suit everyone. Give loved ones the opportunity to contribute to the construction.

A lot of people work on the project of a low-rise building. They talk over and over and over and over. This process requires a lot of patience. Haste in this case is fraught with serious mistakes, which then will be difficult to correct, if at all possible.

As for building materials, their choice is simply huge. You can realize absolutely any ideas and wishes. As a result, the structure will turn out to be truly unique. Let's talk in more detail about how to choose building materials.

About the choice of materials

The materials used in the design of country houses are very different. The price stratification is especially noticeable here. So, for the construction of economy-class houses, frame-panel technology is used. More affluent people choose materials such as wood, stone, brick and aerated concrete. Moreover, wooden houses are used only seasonally, that is, temporarily. But buildings made of brick, stone and aerated concrete are great for permanent residence.

However, such a division should not be considered truly true. Modern technologies make it possible to build wooden cottages in such a way that it will be possible to live in them all year round. So glued beams appeared on the building materials market. The demand for it is constantly growing. Glued beams are also used in the construction of structures using a technology called fachwerk. In this case, the basis of the building is a wooden structure. Intermediate distances between the beams are filled with double-glazed windows and opaque wall fillings with insulation. Note that floor-to-ceiling glazing allows you to feel the unity with the surrounding nature. Such houses are becoming increasingly popular, though among those who can afford such construction.

As for interior decoration, here the choice of materials is quite large. Just like technology. Therefore, everyone can easily find for themselves what suits them best.

Budgeting

1. What kind of foundation will it be?
2. What building materials will be used?
3. What area will be at the walls of the house?
4. What design work will need to be done?
5. How to arrange a lawn in front of the house?

You can make correct calculations only when you have an approved plan and a finished cottage project in your hands. It should be noted that only theoretical knowledge in this case will not be enough. They are not enough to implement the project.

All building stages are interconnected. Without a foundation, walls cannot be built. Without communications there will be no water and light. Without windows, it is impossible to achieve insulation. Everything is taken into account in the project, but the most important criteria are safety and reliability. Having a full-fledged project will insure you from unpleasant surprises.

Construction costs may vary. It all depends on the original design of the building. The estimate must include all types of work. These include earthworks, and foundation work, and masonry walls, and work with chimneys, if they are available in the project. Work is also being done on the creation of stairs, on the installation of the roof, on the finishing of the facade. Installation of electrical wiring, pipes for water and sewerage, waterproofing - this is also included in the estimate. It is important that all your preferences and wishes are taken into account.

About the attic

Previously, attics were made from attics. They were rarely used as living quarters. Now everything has changed. In the attic, living rooms, bedrooms and even bathrooms are increasingly being equipped.

An attic is a room under a roof. Therefore, when choosing and designing a house with an attic, decide how you will use the latter. Such a room has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include:

1. A house with an attic looks better from the outside. The roof with different cavities and windows attracts the eye.
2. On the attic floor, you can create an interesting and unique interior thanks to the roof windows and the use of wood elements.

As for the shortcomings, they are as follows.

1. The area of ​​the attic is almost the same as that of the whole house. In this case, the usable area will be much smaller. All because of the sloped walls.
2. Do not forget about the technical performance of the roof structure. Here, the problem is even more in insulation than in load-bearing elements. If the ventilation and heating of the roof is done incorrectly, condensation may appear, the walls will freeze through, and so on.

About Hazardous Materials

Finally, we add that a country house should be absolutely safe. To prevent the appearance of harmful bacteria inside the room, it is necessary to equip good ventilation.

However, this is not the only danger. Some building materials may release toxic substances. Formaldehyde is especially dangerous, which is released from the glue. The latter is often used to create insulation, wood chip boards and plywood. Note that such glue is often used in the creation of furniture.

As for drywall, it can also be harmful. It provides a good "home" for the growth and successful reproduction of harmful bacteria.

Make sure that the seams in the building are sealed very securely using quality materials. Otherwise, the tightness will be poor, and drafts will walk around the room.
The issue of environmental friendliness in our time is especially acute. It is important that the materials are "breathable", but at the same time protect from the cold. They usually have high technological characteristics and a good level of breathability, heat and sound insulation.

We express our gratitude to the architectural bureau KVADRAT for their help in writing this article.

Video. Prefabricated Buildings, 3D Step by Step Guide

1. Goals and objectives

Low-rise multi-apartment construction is an extremely demanded segment of the market. It is located, as a rule, in picturesque areas of the city, suburbs and regions. Together with low building density, this type of housing construction creates the most comfortable living conditions. This makes it possible to build both budget and prestigious residential buildings with equal success.
The existing legislation allows to significantly reduce the design time, and, accordingly, the cost and construction time.
Lack of expertise imposes great responsibility on the designer for the quality of the project documentation issued.

4. Stages of design.

Design work is carried out in 3 stages: Stage "PP", stage "P" and stage "R".

Stage - “PP” - Pre-project proposal. May also be referred to as “Draft Design”

This stage involves the creation of the concept of the future building. The section is required to obtain preliminary approvals, including public hearings.
But in most cases, for low-rise apartment buildings, this design stage can be combined with the next stage “P”

Stage “P” - Project documentation

Design documentation of objects in respect of which no expertise is carried out is carried out to the extent necessary to obtain a building permit.

It is carried out in accordance with Government Decree 87 of February 16, 2008 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content”.
The composition of sections of project documentation is determined by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, article 51. Building permit

The composition of the design documentation required to obtain a building permit includes:
- Explanatory note;
-Architectural solutions;
- a scheme of the planning organization of the land plot, made in accordance with the town-planning plan of the land plot, with the designation of the location of the capital construction object, entrances and passages to it, the boundaries of the areas of public easements, archaeological heritage sites;
-Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot, confirming the location of the linear object within the red lines approved as part of the territory planning documentation in relation to linear objects;
- information about engineering equipment, a master plan of engineering networks with designation of connection points (technological connection) of the projected capital construction facility to engineering networks
-project for organizing the construction of a capital construction facility
- a project for the organization of work on the demolition or dismantling of capital construction facilities, their parts;

Additionally, depending on the construction/reconstruction object, other documents may be requested.

The “Architectural Solutions” section of the “P” stage includes:

Project composition:
1) Text part;
2) Basement plan;
3) Plan of the 1st and typical floors;
5) Roof plan;
6) Cuts;
7) Facades;
8) 3d visualization;

Stage “R”-Working documentation

Documentation required for construction.

The composition of the working documentation transferred to the customer includes:
-working drawings intended for the production of construction and installation works, which are combined into sets by brand.
- attached documents developed in addition to the working drawings of the main set.

The composition of the sets of working documentation:

-GP - Master plan
-AR-Architectural solutions;
-KZh-Reinforced concrete structures;
-KM-Metal structures;
-KD-Wooden structures;
-OV- Heating, ventilation and air conditioning;
-VK- Water supply and sewerage;
-EO- Electric lighting (internal)

It must be answered that the complete set of required working documentation may differ depending on the task being solved.

Design term– the basic term for designing design and working documentation is 2 months. The term for designing architectural solutions at the stage of a pre-project proposal (draft design) is 2-4 weeks.

In design, there are many factors beyond the control of the designer that affect the design time.

5. Examination of projects of low-rise apartment buildings

In accordance with the Town Planning Codes of the Russian Federation No. 190-FZ, an examination is not carried out in relation to objects:

• 1-Residential houses of blocked development, (townhouse), with the number of floors not more than 3, while the number of blocks should not exceed 10, each block is intended for one family.
• 2-Apartment buildings, the number of floors, which should also not exceed 3, and the number of sections 4, while each section should contain several apartments facing one landing.

Modern low-rise buildings are diverse in architecture and functional content, typologically different types of dwellings - from individual cottages to three-four-story buildings of a combined structure with apartments on several levels and a complex system of communications. Low-rise residential buildings of all types have a common quality - the most humane form of housing organization.

A variety of forms and varieties makes it possible for low-rise buildings to organically fit into the living environment of cities, to coexist with high-rise areas of new buildings, to fill in lost fragments in historical zones.

Urban low-rise construction is represented by two main types of buildings - manor and densely low. The first type is individual or semi-detached residential buildings with private land plots of various sizes, the second is 2-4-storey apartment buildings, combined structures with common areas and, sometimes, private front gardens at ground floor apartments.

In connection with the change in economic conditions and the introduction of a number of legislative provisions in the last decade in Russia, estate construction has received significant development. It is realized mainly on a private basis in the form of both a "seasonal second home" and the main one, located in the nearest suburbs.

Urban low-density buildings have not yet received proper development in our country. The exception is experimental construction in certain areas of Moscow (Southern Butovo, Zhulebino, Kurkino, Maryino, etc.) (Fig. 12.1).

Individual residential houses of manor type

Low-rise manor-type residential buildings are most common in the development of small and medium-sized cities (up to 65% of the total housing construction). In large cities, low-rise residential buildings are included in the development of new areas of the near suburbs, as well as in the territories of protected zones.

Manor houses in the domestic architectural and construction practice are represented by two main types: 1-2 apartment buildings and block houses. Blocked buildings are economically more preferable in the city, because allows you to significantly reduce the cost of maintaining and building urban infrastructure, engineering networks and communications. The use of blocked residential buildings with four to ten apartments can reduce the construction cost of an apartment by 20-25%, heating costs by 35-40%, laying engineering networks and landscaping streets by 40-45% (data from TsNIIEP housing) compared to individual ones.

The architectural and compositional possibilities of the blocked building are realized by organizing a dense street front with a variety of blocking solutions (linear and with ledges), changing the number of storeys of the blocks, as well as stepping back from the red line due to the construction of front gardens and atriums (see Fig. 12.1).

Block buildings are the main type of low-rise construction in European cities. In the domestic practice of individual construction, so far, preference has been given to single-family residential buildings. A change in land policy, the introduction of land fees, land tax and state regulation of land acquisition will inevitably lead to a change in the ratio of single-family and block-built residential buildings in favor of the latter.

Single family houses

The space-planning structure of single-family houses is very diverse. Design practice is limited by the financial capacity of developers, as well as regulations that define the lower limits of floor space in residential buildings.

City individual single-family houses are designed in compliance with the principles of functional zoning of premises, the composition of which is the same as in apartments in multi-storey buildings. Unlike apartments in high-rise buildings, zoning of premises occurs vertically. As a rule, part of the premises, including the entrance group, the common area are located on the lower level, the bedroom area - on the upper level. Sanitary units, utility rooms and additional rooms (living rooms for guests, an office, a nursery) are located, depending on the planning solution, both in the lower and upper levels (Fig. 12.2).

A single-family house can be one-story, attic, two-story, with apartment premises at different levels (Fig. 12.3).

One-story, as a rule, there are manor-type houses with a land plot of considerable size, outbuildings and outbuildings.

City single-apartment houses are designed with at least two floors - attic and cottage (Fig. 12.2-12.5).

In mansard-type houses, for the most complete use of the upper level space, ceilings with bevels are allowed with a wall height at the beginning of the bevel from 0.5 to 1.2 m (depending on the slope of the slope). The area of ​​the attic floor is smaller than the area of ​​the first. The widespread introduction of special skylights in recent years has led to a significant variety of volumetric and spatial solutions for low-rise residential buildings. This was reflected both in the external appearance, for example, in the shape of the roof - from sloping to curvilinear, and in the change in the nature of the interior space - the interiors. In cottage-type houses, floor areas usually coincide. Some differences in plan arise due to the placement of balconies, loggias, winter gardens, attached garages, swimming pools, etc.

To date, the real estate market has conventionally formed three groups of individual houses. The first includes 4-6 room houses. The spatial solution of these houses is standard - the living rooms are arranged around the entrance hall, the kitchen and the bathroom are in functional connection with the common room, the attic or second floors are occupied by bedrooms. This group includes both single-family residential buildings and block-type urban residential buildings, the so-called "town-houses" (see Fig. 12.1, 12.11, 12.12).

The second group - houses with a more detailed set of premises. Along with the kitchen-dining room, they provide for a separate dining room, guest rooms, and an office. A higher level of comfort in them is determined by a developed system of utility rooms. In the basement and basement floors, not only pantries and warehouses are placed, but also laundry, ironing, workshops, fitness, saunas, etc. (Fig. 12.6).

This group also includes houses with an additional function that are certainly promising in terms of socio-economic efficiency. Namely, they provide premises in the structure of the house, focused on the organization of professional and individual labor activities.

The composition of the premises may vary depending on the type of activity - consumer services (atelier, repair of household appliances), workshops of art crafts and crafts (pottery, carpentry, weaving, etc.), as well as retail premises.

Residential buildings with an additional function or "bifunctional housing" in the resort areas of the country have become widespread. In addition to the main function, the structure of these houses provides accommodation for vacationers (Fig. 12.4).

The planning decision of a residential building depends on the general compositional solution and the composition of the areas of premises for the residence of permanent residents and vacationers and the connection of these areas. A feature of the planning decisions of such houses is the presence of a recreational zone - an increase in the volume of recreational premises (terraces, verandas, loggias, an additional bathroom, a separate entrance, etc.).

Depending on the form of residence of permanent residents and vacationers (joint, joint-isolated and separate), the accommodation area for vacationers can be located directly in the structure of the house (on the same or different floors) with premises for permanent residents or in a separate volume, which is a private boarding house or a small hotel.

Single-apartment residential buildings of the third group - mansions, have a significant area (more than 250 m 2). The composition of the premises in them is very diverse. In addition to an expanded set of utility rooms for household purposes, the composition of living rooms is being developed (a library, a children's playroom in the children's bedrooms, a fireplace located on one or more floors, a billiard room, rooms for sports, a swimming pool, etc.) (Fig. 12.7-12.9).

In the houses of the second and third groups, the sizes of common rooms are increased (up to 30 m 2 and more). Often they are designed double-height, as well as the adjoining hall of guest bedrooms with an autonomous stay of guests. The structure of these houses, as a rule, includes one or more "green rooms" - winter gardens, greenhouses, rooms where exotic plants and animals are placed, garages.

The architectural and planning and volume-spatial solution of residential buildings depends on the climatic conditions of the construction area. So, houses designed for construction in a cold and temperate climate have a compact shape. All premises of a residential building are located in one volume or are interconnected by covered walkways. Houses for the southern regions are decided to be more open to the environment.

In a warm climate, “green rooms” or patios become the center of the composition of the house, providing the best possible functional zoning of the interior space and the microclimate of the home.

High living comfort is ensured through the use of the latest engineering equipment, as well as technical devices - self-cleaning electric stoves, a microwave oven, a dishwasher, a sink with a waste disposal unit, fire and security alarms.

Semi-detached houses

Semi-detached residential buildings are designed as one-story, attic and cottage type. Houses of two separate apartments with a blank inter-apartment wall for blocking, along which bathrooms and kitchens are located, provide a level of comfort close to a single-family house with significant savings in utilities and a reduction in the perimeter of external fences. The space-planning solution for apartments in semi-detached houses is similar to the solutions for single-family houses, with the exception of building entrances, which should be isolated from each other as much as possible.

Blocked houses

Blocked houses are designed as two-story or attic with 3 or more room apartments.

Block houses, while maintaining the advantages of a single-family house - a separate entrance to the apartment from the street and a direct connection with the apartment plot - provide a more efficient use of the urban area compared to detached houses.

Blocked houses can consist of various types of blocks - single-family or several apartments arranged vertically into one volume. Blocks can have different configurations: rectangular, square, L-shaped, or be of a complex shape for variant blocking of apartments in a building.

Blocking can be carried out linearly-sequentially, in pairs-mirror, with a shift, crosswise, etc. (Fig. 12.14).

The entrance to the apartments of the upper floors is carried out - both by an open external staircase, as well as by a staircase located in the volume of buildings (depending on the climatic characteristics of the construction area) (Fig. 12.15).

Sometimes blocking is carried out with the help of one-story inserts, in which an entrance vestibule, front or garage is placed (Fig. 12.15).

Blocked houses are characterized by the development of the plan in depth. This ensures the efficiency of development and significantly reduces heat loss by reducing the surface area of ​​the outer walls (Fig. 12.13).

The diversity of the architectural composition of blocked residential buildings is achieved due to curvilinear blocking and inclined external fences with dormer windows placed in their plane.

In all low-rise buildings with apartments on 2-3 levels, intra-apartment stairs are arranged. Their dimensions and design differ significantly from stairs in multi-storey residential buildings. Stairs can be placed openly - in the space of a common room or a hallway. It can also be an active element of the space-planning composition of the house, partially or completely protruding beyond the dimensions of the plan. In stairs, it is allowed to use winders and a significantly steeper slope (1.0: 1.1 in flights of stairs without winders and 1.0: 1.25 in flights with winders). The width of the march is taken not less than 0.9 m.

Stairs are made completely of wood, or on metal stringers with wooden or stone steps. Recently, reinforced glass has been actively used as a material for steps and railings. The type of stairs (one, two-flight or another) is chosen in accordance with the planning structure of the house.

Homes for high density development

The massive residential development that has developed over the past decades in most cities suffers from monotony, not so much because of the similarity of the external appearance of the buildings, but also because of the same number of storeys.

When building cities, the scale and nature of the historically developed architectural environment are often not taken into account. The use of only multi-storey residential buildings - 5-9 storey in small and medium-sized cities, 17-25 storey in the largest ones, in addition to aesthetic ones, also has a number of functional disadvantages. An increase in the height of buildings leads to an increase in inhalation gaps, the loss of the concept of courtyard space, and, as a result, a decrease in the level of improvement.

An alternative to high-rise buildings has become low-rise low-density buildings, the development and implementation of which has been carried out by foreign and Russian designers since the 70s. In European countries, many of these design decisions have been implemented. In recent years, we have implemented residential complexes, both in the suburbs and in Moscow (Southern Butovo, Rozhdestveno, Kuntsevo, Pokrovsko-Glebovo, Kurkino) (Fig. 12.13-12.15). Projects have been developed for the center of Moscow - a complex of townhouses "The Chambers of the Muravyovs", designed by the bureau "Ostozhenka".

Urban low-rise buildings have a number of advantages. It allows you to create a housing stock that is diverse in architecture and planning solutions, cozy yards commensurate with a person, and a comfortable humane urban environment.

The main economic requirement for planning solutions for urban low-rise buildings is the intensity of use of the urban area. This intensity is characterized by the building density index (m 3 of total area / ha) and, according to the urban planning standards for the design of a 5-story building, is 5300 for the central, 5200 for the northern and 5600 for the southern regions of the country. The best density indicators are achieved with a variable number of storeys of the building (2-4; 2-5; 2-6 floors) and the construction of two-level apartments in the upper floors.

High-density low-rise buildings can become widespread in small and medium-sized cities, the architectural and urban planning scale of which it meets to the greatest extent.

In larger and larger cities, high-density development complements high-rise developments, especially in historic urban renewal zones.

Low-rise buildings of high density are used in hot climates, as this ensures the best temperature and humidity conditions of the premises in the hot season.

It is advisable to use high-density buildings in areas with complex terrain, soft soils and in conditions of high seismicity.

For low-rise buildings of high density, all main types of apartment buildings are applicable - block, sectional, corridor and combined structures.