What are business expenses? What do business expenses include? How to prepare an income statement What are selling expenses.

The Financial Results Report 2017-2018 contains the line “Other”, which includes information not included in other indicators. Line 2460 of the financial results statement and its interpretation in 2018, in order to correctly fill out the report, are the subject of this article.

Income statement

The need to submit a report to the Federal Tax Service and its form are established by three regulations:

The classification of profits and losses in the report is based on PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99 and divides them into other and from ordinary activities.

In general, the form specified in Appendix 1 to the said Order is applied.

When filling out the form in 2018, you should be very careful because... for individual errors that lead to significant misrepresentation of information, liability may follow under Part 1 of Art. 15.11 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

The report can be divided into three parts:

• header part (contains basic information about the organization, reporting period, date of preparation of the report);
• main part (table containing sum values ​​characterizing the result of financial and economic activities for the corresponding period of time, including the line “Other”);
• the final part (contains the signature of the head of the organization and the date of the report).

Line "Other"

This line includes information about individual indicators that, although not included in other indicators reflected in the report, have a direct impact on the enterprise’s net profit. This follows from clause 23 of PBU 4/99. Along with this line, the enterprise, if necessary, has the opportunity to independently provide and enter into the report additional lines that include relevant indicators that are not included in other lines.

Line 2460 of the income statement and its interpretation

Line 2460 may include, but is not limited to, the following information:

• about sanctions applied to the enterprise for various violations;
• deferred tax asset (written off in Dt 99);
• deferred tax liabilities (written off in Kt 99);
• amount of differences from the recalculation of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as a result of fluctuations in the income tax rate;
• the amount of accrued trade tax, etc.

Accounting information reflected in line 2460

The corresponding indicator of the considered line of the report is taken from the analytical accounting information for account 99 in terms of the above information.

The indicator in the “Other” line is equal to the value obtained by subtracting from the value of turnover under Dt 99 (in terms of fines, written off deferred tax assets) the value of turnover in Kt 99 (in terms of written off deferred tax liabilities).

If the debit indicator exceeds the credit turnover, the corresponding value is included in the report surrounded by parentheses.

If the difference between credit and debit turnover is positive, then the value is indicated in line 2460 without parentheses.

If the enterprise filling out this report form is a “special regime” and is not a payer of income tax, then in the line in question it reflects the amount of the corresponding tax paid under such a special regime (for example, simplified tax system or UTII).

Running any business inevitably involves costs. A special role in this issue is given to the so-called commercial expenses. How such costs are formed and how they are managed determines the efficiency of the company's production and economic system. What are business expenses, how best to distribute, analyze and reflect them in financial statements? In this article we will look at these issues and provide examples of how business expenses are calculated.

Selling and administrative expenses - what's the difference?

A firm's accounting policies must recognize both management and selling expenses. Accounting for similar costs in the cost of goods or services may vary.

To maintain accounting, a company can independently determine the order in which administrative and selling expenses should be recognized. This must be enshrined in the accounting policy of the organization (clause 20 of PBU 10/99).

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Management costs are costs that are not associated with a company’s production or commercial activities. They are necessary to maintain the legal and human resources departments, heat and light non-production premises, pay for business trips for company employees, mobile communications, etc.

Selling expenses (selling expenses) are associated with the sale and shipment of products. The accounting policies of manufacturing companies may reflect costs associated with packaging, delivery to departure stations, loading of goods into transport, commission fees paid to intermediary firms, costs of storing goods, as well as advertising tasks. Commercial are also entertainment and other expenses with a similar purpose.

At the same time, trading enterprises have the right to classify as commercial expenses costs associated with the transportation of products, remuneration of employees, rent and maintenance of premises and equipment, storage of products and advertising. These are also hospitality and other expenses. This list is described in the Instructions for the Chart of Accounts.

What is included in business expenses?

Selling expenses are funds spent on shipping and selling products. They include costs for the purchase of containers, payment for services for packaging goods by third-party companies, delivery of products to destination points under contracts, loading, work of freight forwarding enterprises, commissions and deductions, advertising and other sales activities.

Expenses for ordinary categories of activities that are included in commercial are expenses associated with the sale of products, works and services (clause 5 of PBU 10/99, clause 13 of PBU 5/01, subclause “b”, clause 28 of the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial reporting, clause 30 of the Guidelines for accounting of inventories, Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts):

• packaging and packaging of products in finished goods warehouses;
• delivery to the place of departure (station, pier);
• loading into wagons, vehicles, ships and other transport;
• commissions for sales companies and other intermediaries;
• maintenance of premises for storing goods in places of their sale;
• remuneration of salespeople in companies engaged in production;
• analysis of goods during their release;
• advertising;
• entertainment expenses;
• procurement, delivery of products to central bases (warehouses), transportation (dispatch) of products (at trading enterprises);
• wages in trading companies;
• rental of retail premises and warehouses for finished goods;
• maintenance of retail space and warehouses for finished goods;
• product storage;
• insurance of shipped products and financial risks;
• covering shortfalls within natural losses;
• maintenance of procurement and receiving points;
• keeping livestock and poultry at reception points and bases;
• other business expenses with a similar purpose.

It's worth noting that businesses account for business expenses differently. Trade organizations include all types of expenses associated with the main activity in product costs. As for manufacturing enterprises, here selling expenses are exclusively funds used in the sales process.

What role do business expenses play in a company's work?

Success awaits those business projects in the implementation of which the financial results of the company’s activities, including commercial costs, are correctly taken into account and distributed. They influence the work of the company significantly and always in different ways.

1. Selling expenses are directly related to the profitability of the production process. If you analyze the dynamics of these costs and methods for managing them, you can find ways to actually improve the efficiency of business activities and eliminate “gaps” in work.
2. Determine reserves for reducing the cost of goods. When business expenses rise or fall, we can say with certainty what economic potential a particular product or activity has.
3. Thanks to a pricing policy that takes into account business expenses, it is possible to correctly set the cost of a company's goods.
4. It is important to determine financial efficiency if old equipment is upgraded or new equipment is purchased, technologies change, etc.
5. Based on commercial indicators, an assortment of products is formed - thanks to them, it is possible to justify decisions on the withdrawal of certain units of products from production or the creation of new ones.
6. Commercial indicators occupy a leading place in the financial accounting of an enterprise, since they are the main accounting reporting units. Business expenses must be included in the company's report.
7. Business expenses affect national profits nationwide.

How are production costs and business expenses related?

Production costs (cost) are the costs of an enterprise at a given time in currency terms, directed towards the development and sale of goods and which are the basis for calculating costs. The basis for tariff formation is cost calculation.

The calculation is made for the accepted unit of change in the quantity of goods produced, taking into account the specifics of production (1 meter, 1 piece, 100 pieces - in the case of instant production). The costing unit can also be a unit of the main consumer indicator of a product.

Lists of costing items reflect production features. At the moment, in relation to Russia, the main calculation items are:

1. consumables and raw materials;
2. fuel and energy for solving technological problems;
3. payment of wages to employees engaged in production;
4. wage accruals for production workers;
5. general production costs;
6. general business expenses;
7. other expenses for production purposes;
8. business expenses.

Points 1–7 – production costs are directly related to servicing the production of products. The total amount of these expenses determines the production cost.

Clause 8 – commercial expenses associated with the sale of goods. This includes costs for packaging, promotional purposes, storage and sometimes transportation costs.

Production and selling expenses together are the total cost of goods.

Let's consider various business expenses - types and features. Business costs can be direct and indirect. Direct ones are purposefully related to the cost of a specific unit of production. Points 1–3 are direct costs, which is typical for most manufacturing enterprises. As for indirect costs, they are usually associated with the production of all or several types of goods and indirectly with the cost of certain products. Therefore, there are no coefficients or percentages in this case.

The specifics of the production process determine the type of both direct and indirect costs. If we consider monoproduction, direct costs here are all actual costs, since as a result of production one product is produced (as, for example, in shipbuilding or aircraft manufacturing enterprises). If we take instrumental processes (for example, the chemical industry), here, on the contrary, all costs are actually indirect, since thanks to one substance several are obtained.

Expenses can also be semi-fixed or semi-variable. Conditionally fixed business expenses are costs the volume of which remains unchanged or is subject to slight changes. In relation to most enterprises, semi-fixed expenses can be general and general production.

Conditionally variable commercial expenses are costs, the volume of which directly depends on the configuration of the volume of production of goods. Conditional variables are usually considered to be material and fuel and energy costs for solving technological problems, remuneration for workers’ labor activities, plus accruals. Some categories of costs, as mentioned earlier, are determined by the specifics of production.

The profit of a product manufacturer in price terms is the amount of income (minus indirect taxes) that the manufacturer receives from the sale of a commodity unit. If the cost of the product is free, the amount of income is directly determined by the pricing strategy pursued by the manufacturer selling the product. With regulated cost, the amount of income is determined by the profitability standard established by the state using various methods of direct cost regulation.

The objects of direct price regulation at the state level in Russia are the cost of natural gas for monopolistic companies and electricity, regulated by the Federal Energy Commission of the Russian Federation; the cost of important pharmaceuticals, as well as services of important social and economic importance; prices for transport with a large cargo turnover (for example, tariffs for freight rail transport).

Subjects of the Russian Federation and local authorities can directly regulate the cost of a fairly large number of goods and services. Their list depends on two reasons, namely: the level of social tension and the capabilities of local and regional budgets. With high social tension and a large volume of economical means, the scope of direct price settlement is broader. In this case, the criteria are equal.

In our country, in the course of municipal cost regulation and in most situations in the case of a system of free tariffs, the basis for applying the profitability percentage when calculating income takes into account the full cost of the commodity unit.

Calculation of business expenses

1. The expenses of an industrial company should be determined. In this case, commercial costs include the costs of packaging products in a warehouse, containers, transportation, loading, payment of commission to intermediaries, entertainment costs, advertising and other similar purposes.
2. It is also necessary to compile a list of commercial expenses of a trading company, including expenses for labor, delivery of goods, rental and maintenance of space, storage of products, representation and other expenses of the company.
3. The business expenses of an enterprise engaged in the processing and procurement of agricultural products should be reflected. In this case we are talking about general procurement costs, maintenance of procurement and receiving points, maintenance of poultry and livestock.
4. Accounting for all business expenses is kept on the debit of account 44 “Sales expenses” in correspondence with account 10 “Materials”, account 11 “Animals in cultivation”, account 45 “Goods shipped”, account 76 “Settlements with debtors and creditors”, etc. The accumulated funds are written off to the debit of account 90 “Sales” in full or in accordance with the number of goods sold.
5. The company's accounting policy for calculating and reflecting business costs should be developed and approved. Note that if these expenses are not recognized in full, the company should assign them to certain cost groups in accordance with the notes on using the chart of accounts.
6. Commercial expenses must be calculated as the debit turnover of subaccount 90 “Cost of sales” and the credit of account 44, reflecting the result in line 030 of the income and expenses report in Form 2.

Accounting and tax accounting of business expenses

Accounting a company must take into account commercial expenses - account 43 is provided for this. By debit, you can identify the costs of selling goods for the reporting period, by credit - the amount of financial resources written off for goods that were sold during the reporting month, by balance - the amount of expenses for shipped goods not yet paid for at the beginning of the month.

The debit of account 43 “Business expenses” allows you to take into account this type of expense, which goes through the credits of such accounts as:

• expenses for packaging and packaging – account 10 “Materials”;
• costs of transporting goods to the warehouse to the buyer or to the point of further dispatch (pier, airport, railway station) - account 23 “Auxiliary means;
• payment for delivery to the consumer, if it is carried out by a third-party organization, - account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”;
• payment of wages to employees accompanying goods, as well as to sellers and other personnel - account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”.

From Sheet 15 of cost accounting for general, future and non-production types, you can learn about the results of the analysis of commercial costs.

At the end of the reporting month, these expenses are written off to the cost of products sold. You can use the direct route (for certain goods). It is also allowed to distribute expenses in accordance with the cost and volume of products sold (if assigning goods to a specific group is difficult). For this use:

• debit 46 “Sales of products, works, services”;
• credit 43 “Business expenses”.

Note that if in the reporting month not all planned goods were sold, but some percentage of them, it is rational to distribute business expenses among the sold and unsold parts of the products (for example, according to their cost or another method).

There is one innovation in accounting. It is necessary to post commercial expenses to account 44 “Sales expenses”. The debit of this account reflects funds allocated for the sale of goods, services, and work performed. Account assets are written off as the debit of account 90 “Sales”.

The balance sheet does not provide a special item for commercial-type expenses. When drawing up a balance, the balances on account 43 “Business expenses” are summed up with the balances on account 45 “Shipped goods”.

Business expenses are taxable, but they come with their own challenges. Commercial expenses for selling goods and advertising must be separate. Advertising expenses are also non-operating expenses, but they are regulated by another article of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (clause 4 of Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Expert opinion

Example of accounting for advertising expenses

Polina Suvorova,

senior accountant Acsour, St. Petersburg

To calculate income tax, you can accept expenses for advertising purposes only in an amount not exceeding 1% of income. This is how data on revenue and advertising costs for Alfons LLC were calculated based on cumulative results for 9 months of 2014.

The amount of revenue of Alfons LLC excluding VAT amounted to 5 million 500 thousand rubles.

5 million 500 thousand rubles. x 1% = 55 thousand rubles.

60 thousand rubles. > 55 thousand rub.

The difference between accounting and tax accounting costs will be 5 thousand rubles.

How to Budget Business Expenses

Any company needs to plan current costs associated with the sale of goods and marketing (that is, commercial expenses). If an enterprise conducts effective planning, it means that it carries out high-quality management of all work processes. Cost planning is an important condition when forming a budget.

Formation of the budget for commercial expenses is carried out after determining the sales budget, since they are interrelated. In this regard, a balance between the budget of commercial costs (advertising purposes, commissions to sales agents, transport services, etc.) and sales volume is required. It is foolish to hope that sales will grow while reducing funding for measures to stimulate the sale of goods. Many budget items for commercial expenses are planned to be based on sales volume as a percentage (the exception is the rental of warehouses and payment for transport services). The size of the forecast percentage determines the life cycle of finished goods.

Business expenses can be divided into several groups. The following criteria are mainly used for classification:

• types of goods;
• consumer groups;
• territorial coverage of the sales market;
• the work of competing enterprises in certain market segments.

The decision to what extent an enterprise should bear commercial expenses is made by the organization, based on the development strategy of its economic activities. Most of the costs for selling goods are planned as a percentage of sales volume (the percentage is determined by the stage of the product life cycle). It is important that business expenses should not increase faster than sales.

Selling expenses are a broad expense item. A special place in it is occupied by expenses for advertising purposes and promotion of products into the market environment. In this regard, the deputy sales director (commercial director) should clearly establish where and under what circumstances an advertising campaign should be carried out, and how much money to invest in it.

When determining the budget for business expenses, it is wise to take care of allocating expenses for packaging work, transportation of goods, insurance purposes, warehousing and storage of products in a warehouse.

When drawing up a budget for commercial expenses, it is necessary to understand that the rate of expenses for advertising purposes, as well as entertainment expenses, is established for tax purposes.

To make it easier to forecast financial flows, financial payments associated with business expenses can be reflected in the budget. When specifying depreciation in the budget, financing should be associated exclusively with equipment operated by the enterprise to solve economic problems.

When drawing up a budget for business expenses, you should also determine expenses that can ensure timely and complete shipment of goods with their further promotion in the market environment in the forecast period. Taking into account how budgeting is organized and the planning system is detailed, commercial expenses for the sale of goods can be planned in physical and monetary terms, as well as as a certain percentage of shipment volumes.

At the enterprise, qualified and responsible performers who are interested in increasing the level of sales, a more rational distribution of commercial expenses for the sale of goods and striving to meet budget targets, analyze and justify costs to obtain maximum benefits. The company's management prioritizes the management of commercial expenses and motivation of managers, based on the organization's marketing policy and bonus regulations.

2 examples of how business expenses are written off

According to clause 20 of PBU 10/99, the company should mention in its accounting policy the procedure for writing off commercial expenses. In accordance with the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts, it is necessary to write off commercial expenses for sales in whole or in part to the debit of account 90. If the write-off is partial, it should be distributed:

• costs for packaging work and transportation of goods - in industrial companies and production-type enterprises (costs are distributed between individual types of goods shipped every month; their volume, weight, production cost and other relevant indicators are taken into account);
• costs of transporting goods - in trading companies and in companies whose work format is associated with intermediation (costs are distributed between sold products and their balances at the end of each monthly period).

This is the order in which commercial expenses for the sale of goods at Alpha LLC and Omega LLC are partially written off.

Example 1.

Let’s assume that Alpha LLC managed to sell products in September 2016 for a total amount of 6 million 490 thousand rubles. VAT included. At the end of the month, the enterprise’s warehouse contained the remains of unsold products worth 275 thousand rubles. without VAT.

Here is the scheme for calculating the share of unsold products to sales volume:

275 thousand rubles/(6 million 490 thousand rubles/118x100) = 275 thousand rubles/5 million 500 thousand = 5%.

The amount of transportation costs that must be written off at the end of the month is calculated as follows:

40 thousand rubles. – 5% = 38 thousand rubles.

The rest of the business expenses are taken into account in the amount in which they were actually incurred.

The accountant of Alpha LLC reflects business expenses this way; The wiring is shown below:

date	Account correspondence		Amount, rub.
				Transportation costs written off
				Labor costs written off
				The amount of depreciation written off

Example 2.

Let's assume that Omega LLC produces finished products in two types - A and B.

In September 2016, the enterprise shipped goods A in the amount of 7 million 500 thousand rubles. with VAT and product B in the amount of 2 million 500 thousand rubles, including VAT.

Here's how the share of all product types individually in total sales is calculated:

Share of product A: 7 million 500 thousand rubles. /10 million rub. = 75%;

Share of products B: 2 million 500 thousand rubles. /10 million rub. = 25%.

Now it is necessary to calculate the share of costs for packaging and transportation for products A and B.

We calculate the share of costs for packaging goods A as follows:

(52 thousand rubles + 17 thousand 680 rubles) x 75% = 69 thousand 680 rubles.

We calculate the share of costs for packaging work for product B as follows:

(52 thousand rubles + 17 thousand 680 rubles) x 25% = 17 thousand 420 rubles;

Share of costs for transporting goods A:

40 thousand rubles. x 75% = 30 thousand rubles;

Share of costs for transporting goods B:

40 thousand rubles. x 25% = 10 thousand rubles;

Let’s assume that the accounting policy of Omega LLC involves a method for allocating costs for advertising purposes in accordance with revenue from each type of product:

50 thousand rubles. x 75% = 37 thousand 500 rubles;

50 thousand rubles. x 25% = 12 thousand 500 rubles;

The accountant of Omega LLC compiles the following table:

date	Account correspondence		Amount, rub.
				The costs of transporting products A are written off
				The costs of transporting products B have been written off
				The costs of paying employees involved in production were written off
				The costs of paying employees involved in packaging products A were written off
				The costs of paying employees involved in packaging products B have been written off
				The amount of depreciation written off

The examples described above clearly demonstrate the difference in calculations and how the accounting of business costs in industrial and commercial enterprises is reflected in the accounting accounts.

It would be rational to consolidate in the company’s accounting policy a certain method of distributing commercial costs.

How to Analyze Business Expenses

When conducting financial analysis, they resort to comparing the dynamics of sales levels and the dynamics of growth of business costs. When performing a “plan-fact” analysis, commercial costs are divided into two groups, one of which is called conditionally fixed costs, and the other – variable costs.

• Variable commercial expenses, that is, which are directly affected by the level of sales, are packaging, packaging, T3P, etc. Based on them, one can judge relative savings or overruns.
• Conditionally fixed commercial expenses, that is, those that are not affected by sales volume, are space rental, entertainment expenses, etc. These business expenses allow you to find out about cost overruns, as well as absolute savings.

You can find out how much the company incurred selling expenses by looking at line 2210 of the income statement (selling expenses in the income statement). More detailed information is contained in accounting on account 44 “Sales expenses”.

Based on the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the level of profitability of commercial and managerial costs is an important parameter that determines whether the value of a transaction between interdependent parties corresponds to market prices and how fully the income under such agreements is accounted for for calculating taxes.

The profitability of commercial and managerial income is calculated as follows.

Gross profit/(selling expenses + administrative expenses).

The rate of return on expenses of one and the second type is located within the interval, which is calculated by analyzing the profitability of comparable transactions, in accordance with the procedure determined by Art. 105.8 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Expert opinion

3 stages of cost analysis

Oksana Kondaurova,

Deputy General Director for Finance of Kuban Aviation Lines OJSC, Financial Director of Airports of the South LLC, Krasnodar

In our company, we analyze commercial expenses in a special manner. We draw up an annual business plan. When determining the volume of variable expenses, we conduct factor analysis. This allows you to understand how qualitative and quantitative indicators affect changes in expenses, the amount of profit and the level of profitability of sales.

To plan fixed business expenses, we compare them with the previous reporting period, taking into account inflation and changes over the past time period.

The second stage of analysis is the preparation of an operating plan for the current month. Next, we analyze how much the actual indicators deviate from the planned ones.

Based on the results of the analysis, it is possible to identify promising ways to reduce costs, namely:

• cost items whose share in total costs is quite large;
• expenses growing faster than the company's revenue.

This allows you to display the following expense groups:

• costs that do not require revision, since we are talking about the presence of strict requirements on the part of the company (salaries, existing contracts, taxes);
• costs that can be changed (for example, terminating a contract, but with possible consequences in the form of a fine);
• expenses that can be postponed to another time without damage to the company.

How can a company's business expenses be reduced?

Method 1. Reducing the cost of goods

Selling expenses in product costs are the sum of all costs that the company incurred in the production and promotion of goods. Cost is always expressed in financial terms. It contains an estimate of the price of a commodity unit and is included in the costs of the enterprise.

How to reduce costs? There are a number of universal and world-famous methods:

• increase labor productivity;
• expand specialization;
• automate work processes and introduce modern technology;
• work in economy mode at each site;
• expand and cooperate companies;
• rationally choose carriers, suppliers, partners;
• conserve raw materials, energy, fuel, materials;
• reduce the cost of maintaining the management apparatus;
• improve technologies;
• Conduct regular market research, use modern methods of product promotion;
• reduce the level of losses from defective products.

In an effort to reduce costs, you must first draw up a clear action plan and indicate certain percentages of cost reduction for all items.

It is necessary to think about developing measures to reduce costs, indicating:

• the planned percentage reduction in direct costs of production, general production and general economic type per product unit and promotion costs;
• a list of certain measures to reduce costs, as well as the timing and persons responsible for their implementation;
• the net result obtained from all items separately, expressed in financial equivalent.

Method 2. Reducing costs on certain items

In this area, work begins by analyzing all costly items in the accounting balance sheet.

We described in detail earlier certain items of business expenses related to the structure and affecting the cost. The remaining articles can also be minimized after their detailed analysis. At the same time, it is important to answer the main question - how will cost reduction affect the final result and operation of the enterprise?

You can reduce the cost of maintaining employees by resorting to outsourcing, combining positions, and monitoring payment for downtime in activities due to the fault of the manager. It will be possible to effectively reduce the cost of using equipment if management begins to pursue reasonable policies, in particular:

• rent out unused machines, mechanisms, transport, warehouses;
• constantly resort to high-quality technical maintenance in order to prevent future overhaul costs;
• reduce downtime;
• introduce leasebacks and take other measures.

You can also reduce costs by selling unused equipment, transport, and premises. As a rule, key depreciation assets are not sold, but written off or transferred to the company’s employees for a fee, which increases unprofitable items of business expenses.

Tip 1. Don't try to completely eliminate costs. It is important to learn how to apply them correctly and wisely. There are situations when business expenses can and should be increased.

Tip 2. Remember the “rule of efficiency”, according to which every cost item should help you achieve your goals.

Tip 3. Costs arise from every action and inaction.

Tip 4. Don't try to achieve maximum performance. Sometimes even a small reduction in costs or keeping them at the same level is already a good result.

Tip 5. When optimizing costs, pay attention to every detail. Don't be afraid to seem boring. Looking at you, staff will save on seemingly insignificant things, which will lead to savings on a larger scale.

Tip 6. Reducing costs is an impossible task if you do not invest in this process.

Tip 7. Some business expenses are useful because they prevent you from having to deal with larger expenses.

Tip 8. Business expenses should be analyzed and optimized regularly. This work has no end - it is carried out daily, according to plan.

Tip 9. All employees of the company need to work to reduce costs. At the same time, everyone must solve their own individual problem.

Tip 10. When starting to fight costs, record everything on paper, calculate it on a calculator, and analyze it carefully. Don't take the staff's word for it. Everything must be supported by calculations and calculations. If the employees’ words are supported by numbers, they should still be double-checked. Be paranoid in the good sense of the word. Only in this case will you reduce unnecessary costs.

Information about the experts

Polina Suvorova, senior accountant at Acsour, St. Petersburg. "Acsour" is an outsourcing company that specializes in providing services in the field of accounting and personnel records, labor and migration law, as well as services for the selection and provision of financial and administrative personnel.

Oksana Kondaurova, Deputy General Director for Finance of Kuban Aviation Lines OJSC, Financial Director of Airports of the South LLC, Krasnodar. OJSC Kuban Aviation Lines (since 2010 under the Kuban Airlines brand) is one of the largest airlines in the south of Russia.

A statement of financial results of a company is one of the components of a set of financial statements.

Until 2013, this form was called the “Profit and Loss Statement,” but the updated name indicates not only the amount of profit received, but also other indicators of the enterprise’s profitability.

The income statement is essential for evaluating a company's performance.

After analyzing the data in the financial results statement, a reasonable conclusion is made about

• economic situation of the enterprise,
• the level of its stability,
• liquidity,
• profitability
• formulate a forecast of future financial results and overall development of activities.

Generating a report on financial results

The financial results report in the new form is established by Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 66n as amended on 12/04/12.

It is presented in the set of annual financial statements by all legal entities, regardless of the taxation system applied.

Individual entrepreneurs and other individuals engaged in private practice, as well as budgetary, credit enterprises and insurers are exempt from preparing a report on financial results.

When generating a statement of financial results, the amount of revenue, and, accordingly, the financial result is calculated using the accrual method.

This means that revenue is shown when the buyer becomes obligated to pay the debt.

When filling out a statement of financial results, data from accounting registers is required for two calendar years - the reporting year and the previous one.

When generating reporting, negative (subtracted) values ​​are written in parentheses

Amounts in the columns are entered in thousands or millions of rubles, as desired.

The financial results report includes the following groups of information:

• revenue and expenses from core activities
• income and expenses from other operations;
• calculation of financial results taking into account the specifics of taxation.

Structure of the income statement

Let's look at the procedure for generating a financial results report using an example.

The structure of the income statement contains the following information:

In field 2110 “Revenue” the amount of revenue from the main activities approved by the organization is entered, minus VAT and excise taxes.

This value is equal to the turnover on the credit of account 90 “Revenue” minus the debit amounts on account 90 subaccounts “VAT”, “Excise taxes”, “Export duties”.

Income received from other types of activities is not included in revenue, but is taken into account in the amount of other income.

Column 2120 “Cost of sales” indicates the amount of expenses incurred when performing normal activities, minus VAT and excise taxes.
To fill out this column, take the debit amount of account 90 “Sales” of the subaccount “Cost of sales” in correspondence with the credit turnover on accounts 20 “Main production”, 40 “Product output”, 41 “Goods”, 43 “Finished products”. The value in this column is indicated in parentheses.

Cost of sales include

1. costs of production and sales of products,
2. purchase of goods,
3. execution of work,
4. other items of expenses from core activities.

Amounts not included in expenses from ordinary activities are included in other expenses

Article 2100 “Gross profit” is calculated as revenue for the reporting period minus cost. If the calculated amount is negative, it is written in brackets.

In column 2210 “Business expenses” the amount of business expenses incurred for the main activity is written. To fill out this line, take the amount credited to account 90 “Revenue” subaccount “Cost of Sales” in correspondence with the debit turnover of account 44 “Sales Expenses”. The value on line 2210 is written in brackets.

Column 2220 “Profit (loss) from sales” is calculated as the difference between the gross profit and commercial expenses. If the profit amount is less than zero, it is indicated in brackets.

Article 2310 “Income from participation in other organizations” shows the amount of income from these operations. To fill out this article, take the amount from the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, sub-account “Other income”, analytics for the selected type of income, in correspondence with account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.

Column 2330 “Interest payable” shows the amount of interest paid when using the loans and credits received.

To fill out the line, take the amount reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount “Other expenses”, analytics for the corresponding type of expense, in correspondence with accounts 66 “Short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Long-term loans and borrowings”. The amount in this line is indicated in parentheses.

In column 2340 “Other income” the amount of other income is written, reduced by the amount of VAT and excise taxes. Also, from this value the amounts indicated in columns 2310 and 2320 are subtracted. To fill out this line, take the amount of credit turnover from account 91 “Other income and expenses” of the subaccount “Other income”.

Article 2350 “Other expenses” indicates the amount of other expenses minus the expenses specified in Article 2330. This amount is indicated in parentheses.

Column 2300 “Profit (loss) before tax” determines profit according to accounting data before accrual of income tax.

This amount is calculated in the following order: column 2200 + column 2310 + column 2320 + column 2340 – column 2330 – column 2350. If the result of the calculation is negative, it is indicated in parentheses.

Article 2410 “Current income tax” states the amount of calculated income tax according to the tax return. Organizations that do not pay income tax leave this and other columns related to the calculation of income tax empty.

• Column 2421 shows the balance of PNA/PNA for reference
• Column 2430 shows the amount of changes in IT.
• Column 2450 shows the amount of changes in IT
• Column 2460 “Other” indicates amounts that are not included in the previous columns and that affect the calculation of the financial result.

Column 2400 “Net profit (loss)” determines the amount of net profit or loss of the enterprise. This line is calculated as follows: column 2300 – column 2410 + (-) column 2430 – (+) column 2450 + (-) column 2460.

If the values ​​of columns 2430, 2450, 2460 are greater than zero, their indicators are added to the sum of column 2300, if less than zero, they are subtracted. If the calculation result is negative, it is written in brackets. The value of column 2400 should be equal to the amount of net profit or loss for accounts 84 (at the end of the year) or 99 (at the end of the quarters).

Column 2500 “Cumulative financial result of the period” shows the value of column 2400, adjusted to the indicators of columns 2510 and 2520.

Items in the income statement that have no value should be crossed out once.

Samples of filling out the financial results report are posted on information boards in tax offices. You can also download the financial results report from the official website of the Federal Tax Service.

The completed financial results report is submitted as part of the annual financial statements by March 31 of the following reporting year.

Financial results report example of filling out the form

The income statement is also the main form of financial reporting. The appearance of the new form of the Profit and Loss Statement is in many ways similar to the previously used one. The rules for filling it out are also practically no different from the provisions used previously.

In the new form of the Report under consideration, as well as in the balance sheet, there is a column “Explanations”, which indicates the number of the corresponding explanation to the documents provided.

When filling out data on revenue and cost of sales, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of subclauses 18.1 of PBU 9/99 and 21.1 of PBU 10/99. According to the first Regulation, revenue (revenue from the sale of products (goods), revenue from the performance of work (provision of services), etc.) and other income constituting 5% of the organization’s total income for the reporting period or more are shown in the Income Statement and losses for each type separately. By virtue of the second Regulation, highlighting types of income in the report on a separate line entails the obligation to also indicate on a separate line the part of expenses corresponding to each type.

Line 2110 “Revenue”

This line reflects information about revenue (income from ordinary activities) received by the organization (clause 18 of PBU 9/99, clause 27 of PBU 2/2008).

The amount of revenue is indicated without taking into account (clause 3 of PBU 9/99):

Excise tax;

Export customs duties;

Other similar mandatory payments.

The value of the indicator of line 2110 “Revenue” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total credit turnover for the reporting period in subaccount 90.1 “Revenue”, reduced by the total debit turnover for this reporting period in subaccounts 90.3 “Value added tax”, 90.4 “Excise taxes”, 90.5 “Export duties” of account 90.

Line 2120 “Cost of sales”

This line reflects information on expenses for ordinary activities that formed the cost of goods sold, products, work performed and services rendered (clauses 9, 21 of PBU 10/99).

The value of the indicator in line 2120 “Cost of sales” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total debit turnover for the reporting period on account 90, subaccount 90.2, in correspondence with the accounts:

20, 23, 29, 41, 43, 40, etc.

In this case, the turnover on the debit of account 90, subaccount 90.2, in correspondence with the credit of account 44, as well as in correspondence with the credit of account 26 (if any) are not taken into account (clause 23 of PBU 4/99). The resulting value of the cost of goods, products, works, services sold is indicated in line 2120 “Cost of sales” in parentheses.

Line 2100 “Gross profit (loss)”

This line reflects information about the organization’s gross profit, that is, profit from ordinary activities, calculated without taking into account commercial and administrative expenses. If, in accordance with the accounting policy of the organization, management expenses are recognized as semi-fixed and are shown on line 2220 “Management expenses” of the Report (clause 23 of PBU 4/99).

The value of line 2100 “Gross profit (loss)” is determined as the difference between the indicators of lines 2110 “Revenue” and 2120 “Cost of sales”. If, as a result of subtracting these indicators, the organization receives a negative value (loss), then it is shown in the Profit and Loss Statement in parentheses.

Line 2210 “Business expenses”

This line reflects information on expenses for ordinary activities related to the sale of products, goods, works and services (commercial expenses of the organization) (clauses 5, 7, 21 PBU 10/99).

The value of the indicator in line 2210 “Business expenses” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total debit turnover for the reporting period on account 90, subaccount 90.2, in correspondence with account 44. The amount of commercial expenses is indicated in parentheses.

Line 2220 “Administrative expenses”

This line reflects information on expenses for ordinary activities related to the management of the organization (clauses 5, 7, 21 PBU 10/99).

Administrative expenses accounted for on account 26 “General business expenses”, in accordance with accounting policies, can be monthly (clause 9, 20 PBU 10/99, Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts):

1) written off as conditionally constant to the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90.2 “Cost of sales”;

2) be included in the cost of products, works, services (that is, written off to the debit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service production and facilities”).

The value of the indicator in line 2220 “Administrative expenses” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total debit turnover for the reporting period on account 90, subaccount 90.2, in correspondence with account 26 (if such a procedure for writing off administrative expenses is provided for by the organization’s accounting policy). The resulting amount of management expenses is indicated in the Report in parentheses.

Line 2200 “Profit (loss) from sales”

This line reflects information about the organization’s profit (loss) from ordinary activities.

The value of line 2200 “Profit (loss) from sales” is determined by subtracting the indicators of lines 2210 “Commercial expenses” and 2220 “Administrative expenses” from the indicator of line 2100 “Gross profit (loss)”. If, as a result of subtracting these indicators, the organization receives a negative value (loss), then it is shown in the Profit and Loss Statement in parentheses.

The value of line 2200 “Profit (loss) from sales” should be equal to the difference between the total turnover for the reporting period in the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90.9 “Profit/loss from sales”, and the credit of account 99 “Profits and losses”. And the total turnover on the credit of account 90, subaccount 90.9, and debit of account 99 (balance on account 99, analytical account of profit (loss) from sales) (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts). In this case, a credit balance means that the organization has made a profit from ordinary activities, and a debit balance indicates a loss (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts (explanations for accounts 90 and 99)). The debit balance (received loss) is shown in the Report in parentheses.

Line 2310 “Income from participation in other organizations”

This line reflects information about the organization’s income received from participation in the authorized (share) capitals of other organizations and which are other for it (clause 18 of PBU 9/99).

The value of the indicator in line 2310 “Income from participation in other organizations” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total credit turnover for the reporting period in subaccount 91.1 of account 91, the analytical account for accounting for income from participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations.

Line 2320 “Interest receivable”

This line reflects information about the organization’s income in the form of interest due to it, which is other income for the organization (clause 18 of PBU 9/99).

The value of the indicator in line 2320 “Interest receivable” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total credit turnover for the reporting period in subaccount 91.1 of account 91, the analytical account for interest receivable.

Line 2330 “Interest payable”

This line reflects information about other expenses of the organization in the form of interest accrued for payment (clause 21 of PBU 10/99, clause 17 of PBU 15/2008).

The value of the indicator of this line (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total debit turnover for the reporting period in subaccount 91.2 of account 91, the analytical account for accounting for interest payable by the organization. This indicator is indicated in the Report in parentheses.

Line 2340 “Other income”

This line reflects information about the organization’s other income not mentioned above (clause 18 of PBU 9/99).

The value of the indicator in line 2340 “Other income” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total credit turnover for the reporting period in subaccount 91.1 of account 91 (with the exception of analytical accounts for interest receivable and income from participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations). Minus the debit turnover in subaccount 91.2 of account 91 in terms of VAT, excise taxes and other similar mandatory payments.

Line 2350 “Other expenses”

This line reflects information about other expenses of the organization not mentioned above (clause 21 of PBU 10/99).

The value of the indicator of this line (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of data on the total debit turnover for the reporting period in subaccount 91.2 of account 91 (with the exception of analytical accounts for accounting for interest payable and accounting for VAT, excise taxes and other similar obligatory payments to be received from other legal entities and individuals). The amount of other expenses is indicated in the Report in parentheses.

Line 2300 “Profit (loss) before tax”

This line reflects information about profit (loss) before tax (accounting profit (loss) of the organization) (clause 79 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting).

The value of this line is determined by adding the indicators of lines 2200 “Profit (loss) from sales”, 2310 2 Income from participation in other organizations”, 2320 “Interest receivable” and 2340 “Other income” and subtracting from the resulting amount the indicators of lines 2330 “Interest to payment" and 2350 "Other expenses". If as a result the organization receives a negative value (loss), then it is shown in the Profit and Loss Statement in parentheses.

The value of line 2300 “Profit (loss) before tax” should be equal to the difference in the total debit and credit turnover in account 99 “Profit and loss” in correspondence with accounts 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90.9 “Profit/loss from sales”, and 91 “ Other income and expenses”, subaccount 91.9 “Balance of other income and expenses”. The credit balance of account 99, the analytical account of accounting profit (loss), means that the organization has made a profit, and the debit balance indicates a loss. This balance consists of profits and losses from ordinary activities and other income and expenses (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts). The debit balance (loss received) is shown in the Profit and Loss Statement in parentheses.

Line 2410 “Current income tax”

This line reflects information about the current income tax, that is, about the amount of income tax accrued for payment to the budget, reflected in the Tax Return for corporate income tax (clause 24 of PBU 18/02).

An organization has the right to use one of the following methods for determining the amount of current income tax (clause 22 of PBU 18/02):

Based on the income tax return or

Based on data generated in accounting.

In the latter case, the indicator of this line is determined based on the amount of conditional income tax expense (income) (a separate subaccount of account 99), adjusted to the amount of the balance of permanent tax assets and liabilities, an increase (decrease) in deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities (clause 21 PBU 18/02). This indicator is shown in parentheses in the Profit and Loss Statement.

Line 2421 “incl. permanent tax liabilities (assets)"

This line provides information on the balance of permanent tax liabilities (assets) (clause 24 of PBU 18/02).

The value of this line indicator (for the reporting period) is defined as the difference between credit and debit turnover for the reporting period in account 99 (analytical account (sub-account) for accounting for permanent tax liabilities (assets)). And it represents the balance of permanent tax assets and permanent tax liabilities accumulated during the reporting period.

A negative difference means that permanent tax liabilities are greater than permanent tax assets. And since permanent tax liabilities reduce net income, the difference is shown in parentheses on the Income Statement as a negative amount and is shown in parentheses.

A positive difference means that permanent tax assets are greater than permanent tax liabilities. And since permanent tax assets increase net income, such a difference is shown in line 2421 without parentheses as a positive value.

Line 2430 “Change in deferred tax liabilities”

This line reflects information about changes in the amount of deferred tax liabilities recognized in accounting in accordance with the requirements of PBU 18/02 (clause 24 of PBU 18/02).

The value of this line indicator (for the reporting period) is determined as the difference between credit and debit turnover in account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” for the reporting period. If the difference turns out to be negative, this means that more deferred tax liabilities for the reporting period were written off than accrued.

Line 2450 “Change in deferred tax assets”

This line reflects information on changes in the amount of deferred tax assets recognized in accounting in accordance with the requirements of PBU 18/02 (clause 24 of PBU 18/02).

The value of this line indicator (for the reporting period) is determined as the difference between debit and credit turnover in account 09 “Deferred tax assets” for the reporting period. If the difference turns out to be negative, this means that more deferred tax assets were written off for the reporting period than accrued.

Line 2460 "Other"

This line reflects information about other indicators not mentioned above that affect the amount of the organization’s net profit (clause 23 of PBU 4/99). If necessary, the organization can enter several additional lines into the Profit and Loss Statement, naming and coding them independently.

Line 2460 “Other” of the Profit and Loss Statement may reflect, for example:

Taxes paid by organizations applying special tax regimes, gambling tax (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 18, 2004 No. 07-05-14/215, dated June 25, 2008 No. 07-05-09/3);

Penalties paid by organizations for violations of tax and other legislation (clause 83 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting, Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 15, 2006 No. 07-05-06/31);

Additional charges (amounts to be reduced) for income tax for previous tax periods due to the identification of minor errors (clause 22 of PBU 18/02, clause 14 of PBU 22/2010, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 08/23/2004 No. 07-05-14 /219, dated December 10, 2004 No. 07-05-14/328);

The amount of deferred tax assets written off to the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses” (clause 17 of PBU 18/02, Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts);

The amount of deferred tax liabilities written off on credit account 99 (clause 18 of PBU 18/02, Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts);

Differences arising as a result of recalculation of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in connection with a change in the tax rate for corporate income tax (paragraph 4, paragraph 14, paragraph 3, paragraph 15 of PBU 18/02).

The value of the indicator on line 2460 “Other” (for the reporting period) is determined on the basis of analytical accounting data for account 99 in terms of the payments listed above, adjustments to income tax and written off deferred tax assets and liabilities. If, in the above transactions, the debit turnover on account 99 exceeds the credit turnover, then the indicator on line 2460 is given in parentheses.

Line 2400 “Net profit (loss)”

This line reflects information about the net profit (loss) of the organization, i.e. on retained earnings (uncovered loss) (clause 23 of PBU 4/99).

When preparing interim financial statements the amount of net (undistributed) profit (net (uncovered) loss) of the reporting period is determined on the basis of analytical accounting data for account 99 “Profits and losses” (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts). In fact, this is the account balance of 99 at the end of the reporting period. Net profit is reflected in the credit of account 99, and net loss - in the debit of account 99 (clauses 79, 83 of the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting, Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts).

Note that when determining the amount of net profit (loss) in accounting, in the general case, indicators of conditional income tax expense (income) and permanent tax liabilities (assets) are used.

At the end of the reporting year, when preparing annual financial statements account 99 is closed. In this case, by the final entry of December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is written off from account 99 to the credit (debit) of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts).

The resulting loss is shown in the Report in parentheses.

Selling expenses should be reported separately from other types of expenses. They are non-production and are associated with the process of selling finished products. They can be included in the cost price in whole or in part.

Selling and administrative expenses

When choosing a method for recognizing and dividing commercial costs and management enterprises, they must be guided by the norms of PBU 10/99 (clause 20). Organizations establish the procedure for recognizing commercial and administrative expenses independently and record it in their accounting policies. When reflecting the complex of costs incurred, account 44 is used in terms of sales costs, and account 26 is used in terms of management type costs.

What is considered a business expense and what should be recorded as management costs? The former are characterized by interaction with the production and sales segments of the enterprise, the latter are associated with the maintenance of general purpose property. Business expenses include costs for:

• packaging of finished products intended for sale;
• delivery of marketable products to customers’ warehouse facilities;
• conducting advertising campaigns and marketing research.

What is included in the commercial expenses of industrial enterprises in addition to the following:

• maintenance of warehouse premises and equipment at points of sale of goods;
• accrued wages to hired sellers;
• entertainment expenses;
• reimbursement of travel expenses for employees from the sales department.

The composition of commercial expenses of trading firms is supplemented by wages for hired personnel in sales departments, rental of sales floors and premises for storing goods, depreciation charges for various types of assets and payments for housing and communal services.

In agricultural activities, business expenses include maintenance and service costs:

• procurement units;
• reception points;
• facilities built for raising livestock or poultry.

In accounting, commercial expenses are costs accumulated in account 44 and subject to write-off in the amount and frequency approved by local regulations. The managerial type of costs forms the cost of services of security organizations, the price of using the Internet and communications, and the amount of bills for housing and communal services.

Business Expenses: Invoice and Typical Transactions

Commercial-type costs, combined with the purchase price of goods or the cost of production, constitute the cost price. Selling expenses are included in the cost price by transferring accumulated costs from account 44 (active account). When creating a calculation, the price of the goods takes into account the amounts that are written off by credit turnover from account 44. When a company incurs business expenses, which account should be used in correspondence with debit 44:

• K10 when reflecting the funds spent on packaging materials, containers;
• K23 when taking into account the cost of delivering goods to customers’ warehouse facilities or to intermediate points of departure;
• K60 when paying obligations to third parties (if we are talking about issued invoices for delivery or other services related to the packaging and sale of finished products);
• K70 in the amount of accrued earnings for sellers and sales department employees.

Business expenses must be written off by the end of each reporting period. To do this, they can be attributed directly to the cost of specific products or distributed taking into account the proportional relationship between the cost and sales volume. When business expenses are written off, the wiring is drawn up between D90 and K44.

How to find business expenses: formula

The profitability of production is closely related to the amount of resources invested in the manufacture of products and their promotion on the market. An increase in business expenses indicates a decrease in the profitability of the activities carried out and the need to optimize selling costs.

In financial analysis, a methodology is used to assess the efficiency of sales departments by comparing two indicators over time:

1. Business expenses of the enterprise.
2. Volume of goods sold.

The first indicator in the process of comparing planned and actual values ​​is divided into the amount of semi-fixed costs and the amount of variable costs. How to calculate commercial expenses of a variable type - you need to sum up the costs associated with packaging, packaging, transportation and procurement. A change in the dynamics of this amount shows relative savings or overspending.

How to find commercial expenses of a constant type - add up the values ​​of costs that are not tied to the volume of product sales. This category includes rental payments and entertainment expenses. Analyzing the indicator over time allows you to calculate absolute cost savings or cost overruns.

The business expenses budget should include variable costs for general production costs, funds allocated for advertising, constant sales resources and money spent on storage, marketing activities and market analysis.

The value of gross profit / The sum of indicators of commercial and administrative costs.

When commercial expenses are allocated to the cost of products sold, the formula for calculating the inventory items included in them that are subject to write-off will be as follows:

(Initial balance according to TZR + Turnover for the reporting period according to TZR) / Total value of the balance of marketable products at the beginning of the period and products received in value terms x Total cost of products sold.

Selling expenses are not included in a separate line on the balance sheet. They are reflected in the financial results statement - they are shown on line 2210.