The infinitive as a definition is an example of the Russian language. Syntactic functions of the infinitive
The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.
The infinitive - the initial form of the verb - is very syntactically mobile: it is able to occupy the syntactic positions of both main and secondary members in a sentence; those. in speech, the infinitive shows a variety of functional and semantic properties. Depending on this, the subjective infinitive, the predicate infinitive, the object infinitive, the circumstantial (target) infinitive, and the attributive infinitive are distinguished.
The most common among them is the predicate infinitive.
The traditional idea of the independent infinitive and the dependent infinitive (here we single out the subjective one) seems to be insufficiently adequate and correct. The future language teacher needs to be guided in the functional and semantic properties of the infinitive, in its syntactic role in the sentence. Knowing this makes it easier to understand the multifaceted communicative essence of the infinitive.
subjective infinitive
The subjective infinitive denotes a grammatical subject, i.e. the subject of thought (statement) is the subject of a two-part sentence, because its actual feature is expressed by the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. The infinitive subject usually stands before the predicate, grammatically does not depend on any member of the sentence, i.e. does not agree with any word, is not controlled by any member and does not adjoin any member of the sentence, it reveals syntactic synonymy with the verbal noun in the form of the nominative case, the position of which it occupies.
For example:
Smoking is injurious to health. (Proverb); … chasing lost happiness is useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov); Hunting on skis is very tiring... (S. Aksakov); Staying in Bogucharovo became dangerous. (L. Tolstoy); To invent is to dream. (Kozhevnikov); It is forbidden to eat here. (Ad).
Cf.: Smoking is injurious to health; The pursuit of lost happiness is useless and reckless. Hunting on skis is exhausting. Etc.
In the given examples, the infinitive acts as a subject, although not morphologized, atypical. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: "The infinitive here is not the real subject, i.e. the designation of the" subject "to which the sign expressed in the predicate is attributed." Such an infinitive subject is a "substitute" for the subject, "substitution is a grammatical fact ...", the infinitive form itself is not indifferent to such substitution, because of all verb forms, the infinitive is the only one, by its very nature, capable of some (minimum) approximation to the noun.
The subject infinitive takes one position with the personal verb, forming a compound verbal predicate with it, but only if this personal verb is auxiliary (phase, modal or emotional), as in the sentences: ... In the end, I completely stopped thinking about the purpose of my trip. (Yu. Nagibin); ... All people sometimes want to cry ... (E. Yevtushenko); She was afraid to speak loudly. Compound predicates here - I stopped thinking, I want to cry, I was afraid to speak. Another condition for the participation of the infinitive in the formation of the predicate is its dependence on the predicative and the predicative adverb, for example: But by the way, you can’t put on shoes without spending. - You can stand and sit in them. In any weather. (N. Matveeva). The infinitive cannot be put on depending on the predicate and forms a predicate with it; the infinitives stand and sit form predicates with the predicate can. In the sentence I am ashamed to shake hands Flatterers, liars, thieves and scoundrels ... (A. Tarkovsky) the infinitive to shake depends on the predicative adverb ashamed and forms a predicate with it.
The subject infinitive is associated with a personal verb that does not belong to the category of auxiliary, therefore, it cannot be in the position of the predicate, but occupies other positions, which are also determined by substituting the question. Consider suggestions. Small children! Do not go to Africa for anything in the world, go for a walk in Africa! (K. Chukovsky). In combination, do not go for a walk, the personal verb, having the meaning of movement, is not included in the category of auxiliary ones, therefore it is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal: do not go (for what purpose?) to walk. We ... walk around Africa Forever forget! (K. Chukovsky) - let's forget (about what?) Walking.
Thus, the function of the subject, i.e. subjective infinitive in speech is not clear enough. Nevertheless, the prepositive position of the infinitive when the predicate follows it and the possibility of its syntactic synonymy with the nominative case of the noun confirm the subjective function of the subjective infinitive.
predicative infinitive
The predicate infinitive is the most important semantic center of a two-part sentence, a component of a simple analytical predicate, in which the grammatical meanings of the future tense and indicative mood are expressed by the conjugated form of the verb to be; for example: We were surprised to ask: is Silvio really not going to fight? (A. Pushkin); ... during a thunderstorm, clouds will descend to my roof. (M. Lermontov); Some month would pass, and Anna Sergeevna, it seemed to him, would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would dream with a touching smile, like others dreamed. (A. Chekhov); We will play a wedding, I will crawl on my knees ... (K. Serafimov). I will speak to the whole world. (K. Paustovsky); I don't know yet what I'm going to write. (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an indispensable component of a widely used compound verbal predicate, in which it depends on the conjugated form of the connective-auxiliary verb of semi-abstract, modal and phase infinitives such as become, be able, continue, stop, etc .; For example: Everyone began to interpret furtively, joke, judge not without sin, Tatiana read the groom. (A. Pushkin); ... I could not look around for a long time. (M. Lermontov); The girl stopped crying ... (N. Korolenko); He did not answer and continued to look at Claudine. (Panova); Let him just try to come! (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an essential component of a compound predicate. The last infinitive expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate in it, and the previous infinitive of the type decide, wait, endure, start, dare, etc., a short predicative adjective like ready, much, must, must, is able, etc. as a semantic complicator along with connective- auxiliary verb (materially expressed or "null") forms a connective part. For example: I was ready to love the whole world ... (M. Lermontov); Princess Marya ... could not make up her mind to leave him alone, and for the first time in her life allowed herself to disobey him. (L. Tolstoy); But still, he could wait to boast of the order in his boys' school. (Prilezhaeva); I shouldn't dare to tell you about it. (I. Turgenev); In the middle of the road, he once again forced himself to stop thinking about the impossible. (K. Simonov).
We also note that when analyzing a complex predicate, it is sometimes difficult to determine its syntactic connection with the subject-infinitive. Wed:
To teach is to sharpen the mind. (Proverb);
To teach is like sharpening the mind;
To teach means to sharpen the mind.
These varieties, perhaps, limit the connection of the predicate with the infinitive subject. You cannot call it grammatical agreement, since the infinitive subject is devoid of inflectional formants (affixes), and therefore the predicate cannot have adequate ones either. Here, apparently, coordination manifests itself, i.e. logical agreement.
object infinitive
The objective infinitive performs the function of a grammatical object in a sentence, i.e. additions. It refers to a verbal predicate with a lexical intellectual-imperative meaning (ordered, demanded, asked, forced, offered, advised, helped, forced, persuaded, etc.), is connected with this predicate by the method of adjunction.
The object infinitive denotes an action (state) as an object of activity of someone, something that is not the subject. The object infinitive never occupies the same position as the personal verb, i.e. cannot be predicated. To determine its syntactic function, we use the usual technique - we substitute the question: And I ask you not to pester me - the infinitive takes the position of the complement. Similarly: We invited readers to work as private detectives ... (from the newspaper), the infinitive to work is an addition. He answers questions of the complement (semantic questions homonymous to questions of indirect cases).
The object infinitive can enter into syntactic synonymous relations with the object noun (prepositional-substantive combination) in the function of the complement. The infinitive object is a kind of atypical, i.e. non-morphologized complement. For example: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village in the N county. (A. Pushkin). The drizzling rain made me return to the tent. (Arseniev); ... grandfather forbade me to walk around the yard and in the garden for some kind of offense. (M. Gorky); She seemed to be asking her not to call and not to shame, because she herself is not feeling well in her soul ... (K. Paustovsky). This belief in the imaginary is the force that makes a person seek the imaginary in life, fight for its realization, follow the call of the imagination, as old Hidalgo did, and finally create the imaginary in reality. (K. Paustovsky). Cf .: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village ... Cf. See also: He will teach you to save words, brevity, accuracy. (M. Gorky); He will bring you food and vodka. (M. Gorky).
Here, in one context, infinitive and ordinary (substantive) additions are used in parallel.
In rare cases, it is possible to use an infinitive object dependent on a difficult predicate, for example: No one dared to offer Sobol to correct his [story]. (K. Paustovsky).
The object infinitive can take the position of the circumstance of the goal: He willingly gave them (books) to read. Wed also a replacement: gave for reading.
Infinitive adverbial
It performs in the sentence the syntactic role (function) of a secondary member - the circumstance of the goal. He spreads the predicate - a verbal word form with the lexical meaning of movement (to go, come, sit down, put down, come, sit down, get together, etc.), depends on this predicate, connects with it by the method of adjunction, answers the questions why? for what purpose? However, we must remember about the ambiguity of words. So, for example, the verb to go is polysemantic: along with the direct meaning "to move", it can realize a figurative one - "to start doing something, start to carry out", in the latter case it acts as an auxiliary and together with the infinitive forms a compound verbal predicate, cf .: And they went to laugh - Limpopo. (K. Chukovsky). Went to laugh means they started to laugh, this is a compound verb predicate with a phase auxiliary verb denoting the beginning of the action.
The circumstantial infinitive easily enters into a relationship of syntactic synonymy with an infinitive turnover that has a pronounced target meaning and is attached to the part being explained by a subordinating conjunction to. For example: It became stuffy in the sakla, and I went out to freshen up. After the rally, Cherepanov invited Frolov to dinner.
Attributive infinitive
It is a minor member in the proposal - an inconsistent definition. Such an infinitive depends on the noun and is associated with it by adjunction. The attributive infinitive answers the questions what? which? which? what?, coming from the noun being defined. Along with the main, definitive meaning, a substantive phrase with a dependent infinitive can express additional shades (objective, causal, etc.). The syncretic attributive infinitive reveals synonymy with the corresponding prepositional-nominal combination. For example: Zurin was ordered to cross the Volga. (Pushkin); I have an innate passion for contradiction. (Lermontov); [Compare: command to cross...; innate passion for contradiction…].
Finally, the infinitive is often used in the function of the main member of a one-part sentence.
The main member of a one-part sentence, expressed by the infinitive, is the predicative center of the statement. There are such varieties with the main member - the infinitive.
1. Infinitive - the main member of a one-part personal sentence. This is the main member in the form of a predicate.
I like to sleep long, but I am ashamed to get up late.
2. Infinitive - the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence. Here the infinitive is an integral component of the analytical construction.
They don't give away the good ones, but they don't want to take the bad ones.
3. Infinitive - the main member of the infinitive sentence. In this usage, it is absolutely grammatically independent, expresses a potential procedural meaning, which usually correlates with the dative case of the subject.
Russian infinitive Dagestan school
Do not catch up with you crazy trio.
The dative subject may or may not be present. Wed:
A good deed is to speak the truth boldly.
In linguistic analysis, cases where several infinitives are used in one sentence (especially those with different functions) cause particular difficulty. These are examples of the type The habit of wandering around the maps and seeing different places in your imagination helps you see them correctly in reality.
Possessing a small number of morphological properties, the infinitive has developed a complex system of syntactic properties that are found in a phrase, sentence, text. So, the indefinite form can be used independently, combined with several parts of speech, defined by semantics and form. Let's name, first of all, combinations with personal forms of verbs - seeks to find out, decided to go, wants to leave, went to ask, invited to talk; combinations with participles - striving to find out, deciding to go, wanting to leave; combinations with gerunds - trying to find out, deciding to go, inviting to talk; combinations with abstract nouns - the desire to leave, the decision to go, the desire to leave; with full and short adjectives - ready to help, inclined to exaggerate, intends to leave; with the words of the category of state - one must not be late, one can study, one must announce. Of all these combinations, the most frequent and productive are combinations with personal verbs and words of the state category.
Infinitive sentences
Infinitive sentences are one-component sentences with the main member-predicate, a pronounced infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For example:
Do not turn a stone out of the way with thought. (M. Gorky);
Be a great storm! (A. Pushkin);
The clouds of the sun cannot hide, the world cannot be defeated by war. (Proverb).
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative stem. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate necessarily includes a verb or a word of the state category, to which the infinitive adjoins: Yes, you can drink in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in frost, yes, you can starve and get cold, go to death, but these three birches life cannot be given to anyone. (Simonov). In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words obey it in semantic and grammatical terms: Do not catch up with the crazy three! (N. Nekrasov). Wed See also: Don't (shouldn't, shouldn't, shouldn't) rush to answer! - Do not rush to answer!
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in their general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that occurs and proceeds independently of the agent, then in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action, the desirability, the need for active action are noted. The nature of the agent (definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic-stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the indefiniteness of the producer of the action has a structural-syntactic meaning.
Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means of expressing modal meanings. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed "by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, but is enhanced and differentiated by particles."
Infinitive sentences without a particle would express the modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Who are you talking to? Be silent! (A. Chekhov); Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days of the bottom, shine - and no nails! Here is my slogan - and the sun! (V. Mayakovsky); Do not grow grass after autumn. (A. Koltsov).
Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-actor are often used in the titles of articles that are in the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a big harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed See also: Don't be late for class! Don't talk during class! Do not smoke at the institute!
Often, infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how not to please your dear little man! (Griboyedov).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its commission or warning, an unfulfilled action, etc.: I would like to mow, plow, sow, ride horses ... (A. Chekhov). I would break here big-big bouquet and quietly bring to the headboard. (A. Surkov); Oh, if it would rain on my life, I would not consider my life wasted aimlessly! (V. Soloukhin); Don't miss the train! (E. Serebrovskaya); At least one mangy partridge to see. (V. Sanin).
Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often “fitted” into the semantics of the sentence by the pronoun-subject of this: Wait? It was not in his rules (V. Kataev); Wandering through the mountains with a hammer and a bag on your shoulders, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun ... Is it really going to happen? (L. Volynsky). In terms of their semantic-functional role, such sentences are close to the so-called "nominative representation", the structural core of which is formed by nouns.
The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the name. Approaching one side with the impersonal, the other with the nominative, infinitive sentences form a special kind of one-part sentences.
Determining the place of infinitive sentences in the system of types of a simple sentence and in modern linguistics is debatable. Some scientists single them out as a special kind of one-part sentences, others include them in impersonal sentences. In a school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal ones.
Infinitive sentences thus express a variety of modal and expressive meanings:
1) inevitability: Be in trouble;
2) desirability: Sleep for at least an hour;
3) duty: You go;
4) opportunity: Now just live;
5) impossibility: You can't get through here;
7) rhetorical question: Do you know him? - How not to know!;
8) other emotionally expressive meanings: Refuse the operation! How could you think of such a thing!; Retreat? Give up? Never!
The infinitive is widely used in interrogative sentences (How to get to the library?), as well as in complex sentences to express various modal meanings - in the subordinate purpose: I came to talk; in the subordinate clause: If I were to talk to him, I am sure that he would change dramatically; in adverbial tense: Before taking the exam, you need to prepare.
Infinitive sentences usually have a paradigm consisting of one form, but sentences with the meaning of impossibility have four forms: There is no way here; There was no way to get through here (and today they laid boards); It will not be possible to pass here; It would not be possible to pass here (if the boards had not been laid).
Thus, in this paragraph we have shown that the infinitive is very actively used in speech and that the most striking feature of this form of the verb is that the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, both main and secondary.
As regards infinitive sentences, we can once again note the following: they express different modal meanings; they must be distinguished from impersonal sentences. Infinitive sentences, according to some scientists, form a special kind of one-part sentences. Other scientists include them in the composition of the impersonal. In the school textbook, they are considered as part of the impersonal.
Syntactic role infinitive
State Educational Institution "Gymnasium No. 2 in Minsk"
Bulygina L.N.
What is "infinitive"?
Infinitive
(from lat. modus infinivus
indefinite way)
original form denoting
action out of touch with the person.
Other names for the infinitive
Infinitive
initial form of the verb
Targets and goals
- Summarize information about the syntactic functions of the infinitive in a sentence.
- To form the ability to distinguish between the infinitive as a subject, predicate, object, definition, circumstance of the goal.
- outline new material with a view to putting it into practice.
Infinitive as subject Repetition
- 1 Write off sentences, put punctuation marks.
- Emphasize grammatical basics.
- Under what condition is the infinitive subject in a sentence?
A dash is put
1. NOUN --- NOUN
Tsarskoye Selo Palace architectural
miracle of its time.
2. INFINITIVE --- INFINITIVE
Learn to sharpen the mind.
3. NUMBER --- NUMBER
thirty two hundred and fifty six two hundred
eighty-six.
A dash is put
4. NOUN --- INFINITIVE
Favorite pastime of lyceum students is skating
along the lake.
5. INFINITIVE --- NOUN
Living "for the common good" testament of graduates
A dash is put
6. NUMBER --- NOUN
Thirty-two years of existence
Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo.
7. NOUN --- NUMERAL
The time of study of lyceum students is six years.
A dash is put
8. NOUN,
NUMERAL,
INFINITIVE
NOUN,
NUMERAL,
INFINITIVE
To educate a young man in the Lyceum means
give him extensive knowledge
and educate him well.
The presence of the infinitive
- containing the lexical meaning of the predicate - the most important identifying feature of the compound verbal predicate
COMPOSITE
VERB
PREDICATE
AUXILIARY
VERB
INFINITIVE
grammatical
meaning
lexical
meaning
He started writing essay .
Compound verb Compound nominal predicate predicate
- Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus
- Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus.
- The autumn weather was rainy.
- The task is difficult.
- The days got shorter.
- Summer turned out to be rainy
- The sky seems to be gloomy.
- linking verb + nominal part
- (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, adverb )
- I love reading historical books.
- I continue to study at the gymnasium.
- I want to go to college.
- I can only study perfectly.
- I'm ready to learn
- I need to study
- auxiliary verb, short adjective, adverb + infinitive
Basic auxiliary verbs and short adjectives, predicative adverbs as auxiliary verbs
1. Beginning, end, continuation of action
(phase
Verbs )
2. Possibility, necessity of action (modal verbs)
3. Desirability
actions.
Verbs with the meaning of desire)
1) start
2) be able
4. Emotional assessment of the action.
Verbs with the meaning of thought processes, mental experiences
become
finish
start
proceed
stop
quit
start
stay
4) love
hate
be able to
learn to
be on time
work hard
I started to learn
Short adjectives as auxiliary verbs
Predicative adverbs in
auxiliary verb roles
Verb-nominal
descriptive
turnover
3) want
like
hope
be afraid to be ashamed
get ready
hurry
tolerate
Glad Nado
must need
must possibly
intends necessary
free impossible
domineering is impossible
inclined easily
agree difficult
much fun
ready sad
worthy
want
dream
try
try
I like to learn
I must learn
I can't not study
to have a wish
make an effort
to approve
decide-
nie
I can not study
I have a desire to learn
Distinguish the infinitive
part of the predicate addition circumstance goals
The action of the same action of another with verbs faces faces movements
compared with auxiliary verb
Infinitive as part of a compound verb predicate
- We are sad to listen to the autumn blizzard.
- The young man wanted to understand his problems.
Action of the same person
Infinitive as subject
- To destroy an enemy is a great merit, but to save a friend is the highest honor.
- Reading poetry expressively is a great art.
One of the main members of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by an indefinite form of the verb
The infinitive as a complement
what?
- Forests teach a person to understand beauty.
- The captain ordered the crew to leave the ship.
Other person's action
Infinitive as purpose adjective
for what purpose?
- We went to defend freedom, to save light from darkness.
- I came down south to work on a book.
- I came to the south for work over the book.
With verbs of motion
in some cases such an infinitive
can be replaced by a noun
for what purpose?
The infinitive as a definition
which?
- More than once rose in her soul an irresistible desire to express everything without concealment.
- The travelers still made an effort to go ahead.
which?
Let's sum up results lesson
Introspection
- Now I can…
- I was surprised...
- It was difficult…
Homework
- Theory
- An exercise
A.V. Kuklina
SYNTAXIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
AS COMPOSITION OF VERB INFINITIVE STRUCTURES
The article attempts to describe the syntactic functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in the unity of the linear and supralinear aspects.
The question of the syntactic functions of words and phrases in a sentence has not lost its significance in the science of language until now. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the members of a sentence are often interpreted from formal positions (members of a sentence are replaced by the logical concepts of subject, predicate, object), morphological positions (members of a sentence are identified with parts of speech), as well as structural ones (members of a sentence are determined by the position occupied by them in a sentence) positions. Little attention is paid to the grammatical side of the problem: as O.V. Alexandrova (Dolgova), the predominantly grammatical description of the members of the sentence is limited to the formulation of "questions" that are answered by these members of the sentence.
Numerous studies in this area, carried out primarily in the framework of the Moscow State University school under the direction of O.S. Akhmanova and her followers, convincingly showed that the most promising approach is in which the members of the sentence are interpreted as "the most typical combinations of a given syntactic connection and a given content of syntactic relations as the most regularly reproduced in various (diverse) statements" . In other words, the members of a sentence can be represented as more or less typical functions performed by words or phrases in the construction of an utterance.
The fruitfulness of the functional approach was demonstrated on the basis of various syntactic constructions. Taking as a basis the methodological principle of the unity of syntagmatics and syntax, A.N. Morozova on the material of attributive phrases showed that the syntactic in-
© Kuklina A.V., 2006
Kuklina Anna Vladimirovna - Department of English Philology, Samara State University.
the interpretation of this phenomenon is ambiguous and depends on a number of colligation and collocation features that affect the prosodic organization of this phenomenon in speech. S. A. Suchkova, who studied substantive prepositional combinations, came to a similar conclusion.
However, the need for a functional description of the member structure of a sentence is not limited to substantive groups. Of particular interest in this regard are verbal constructions, primarily combinations of the personal form of the verb with the infinitive. Verbal infinitive constructions have received enough Full description primarily from the point of view of their structure (A.S. Hornby, Ya.M. Vovshin). The semantic aspect of the implementation of infinitive constructions has not been disregarded either: most works provide a fairly detailed list of verbs in the personal form, after which the use of the infinitive is mandatory (L.S. Barkhudarov, O.G. Yagodnikova). Regarding the functional load of infinitive constructions in a statement, it should be said that there are still no clear criteria to distinguish between the roles of the infinitive in each specific case.
It is well known that the infinitive in a sentence can act as a component of a sentence member and as an independent member of a sentence. So, I.P. Ivanova and her co-authors talk about the infinitive as an object in the construction I wanted to tell them before they discover, at the same time L.S. Barkhudarov describes the infinitive in the structurally identical construction He seems to know it as part of a verbal compound predicate. A different approach, based on the rejection of the opposition part of the predicate / addition, is offered by G.G. Pocheptsov. Here, as the scientist believes, one should talk about the so-called complication of the predicate, as a result of which a complex syntactic structure arises, its syntactic status changes. Therefore, infinitive constructions of the type I like to sing, where both verbal elements correspond to one subject, should be considered as a complicated member of the sentence.
However, the matter is not limited to the problem of the independence of the infinitive as a member of the sentence. In the interpretation of the infinitive, the "eternal" question of distinguishing between secondary members of the verb group - additions and circumstances - is quite clearly manifested. V.V. Burlakova analyzes various approaches to the distinction between complement and circumstance (primarily semantic and transformational) and comes to the conclusion that it is fundamentally impossible to find universal objective criteria for their distinction. B.A. Ilyish proposes to talk about "neutralization of differences" in cases where the object and circumstance cannot be distinguished, to call them "secondary members" without clarifying the syntactic essence.
All of the above convincingly showed that it is not possible to solve the problem of the role of infinitive constructions in a sentence using the methods existing in linguistic science. In our opinion, it is the appeal to the function performed by the infinitive in the statement that will allow us to get rid of both the structural and the semantic approach to delimiting the elements of the verb group.
A.I. Smirnitsky believes that "the function of the infinitive in a sentence ... is the further disclosure of the word to which the infinitive refers, that is, the function of explanation, while the specific relationship between the infinitive and the words combined with it is determined by the semantics of these words." It is on the meaning of the components of infinitive constructions that it depends whether the impersonal form of the verb approaches the object or circumstance. In other words, the explanation (extension) acts as a special member of the sentence, developing the content of the word preceding it. The syntactic connection of the explanation with the control word is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression an attributive or complex connection.
The thesis that an appeal to sounding speech will make it possible to find objective criteria for determining the syntactic role of infinitive constructions was voiced in the doctoral dissertation of A.N. Morozova "Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance". Within the framework of this article, the task is to describe the syntactic functions of infinitive constructions in the light of the interaction of their linear organization (morphosyntactic and lexical-phraseological features) and the supralinear utterance series (prosodic organization of speech segments).
Audio recordings of works of English fiction of the second half of the 20th century (J. Fowles "The French Lieutenant's Woman", J. Harris "Chocolate", S. Townsend "Adrian Mole and Weapons of Mass Destruction"), read by professional actors, served as the material for the experimental phonetic study. . The total sample size is about 530 speech units, which are distinguished by a significant variety both in morphosyntactic and lexico-phraseological terms.
The structural analysis of the material showed that both the verb in the personal form and the infinitive can have dependent components, and the latter are words, phrases and predicative units:
1. personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component):
When I got home to Ashby de la Zouch my parents informed me that they had decided to sell up (ST, p. 27).
I meant to do what was best (FLW, p. 428).
2. verb in personal form + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component):
She warned me to take care (ST. P. 74).
- "I'll tell Anouk to remind you," I told them (Choc. P. 37).
As the analysis showed, the most typical construction is “personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component)” (74.5%), while “personal verb + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component)” is less common. common (25.5%).
It is known that the speech flow is divided into syntagmas with the help of prosodic means. The phrasing of a particular speech work depends on its content, as well as the intention of the author, that is, due to the need to convey to the listener the meaning of the statement. First of all, the syntactic construction of the syntagma affects the phrasing of the text. As observations of speech material have shown, the factor of the contact or distant location of the infinitive in relation to the verb in the personal form can influence the supra-linear organization of the utterance. And although it is impossible to speak of an unambiguous correspondence between the prosodic design of the syntagma and its structural features, one can still distinguish some patterns:
(1) He Iknew at \once Z where he , wished to ...go|| (FLW. P. 117)
(2) She llooked to .see his reaction|| (FLW. P. 141)
(3) So I preltended to -search the \racks|| (ST. p. 14)
(4) There were \months| \years left in her| and she "wanted to -see A\merica| iNew \York + the iFlorida ...Everglades|| (Choc. P. 45)
(5) My \mother f had in\vited them| to lhave a -cup of \tea|| (ST. P. 72)
(6) And ,then| she turned \fully to .look at Charles|| (FLW. P. 170)
(7) I isat on the /balcony| to icool Mown|| (ST. P. 150).
(8) It "took longer than -I had "hoped| to ,get to ,Deepcut „ Barracks| due to the imany ciga\rette stops| delmanded by my ..passengers|| (ST. P. 50)
In examples (1), (2), (3) and (4), infinitive constructions have a close syntactic connection, as they are characterized by the global nature of the prosodic expression, as evidenced by the absence of a pause between the verb in the personal form and the infinitive, as well as the emphasis of both in the speech stream through even and uneven tones. In examples (5), (6), (7) and (8), the personal verb and the infinitive are in a distant position, and not only the controlling verb, but also the infinitive have dependent components. This factor affects the phrasing of the speech flow: syntactic links are weakened, as evidenced by the implementation of the pause. The prosodic solidity of the infinitive construction is destroyed, the syntactic connection between its components is weakened, as a result of infinitives with dependent components
nentami gains greater independence, functioning as an independent member of the proposal.
In addition to morphosyntactic factors, the prosodic implementation of verbal infinitive constructions is influenced by lexical and phraseological features, that is, the semantics of the verb in the personal form. The literature on this issue contains information about the lexical characteristics of verbs in the personal form that attach the infinitive. Most control verbs have one of the following meanings: the value of the modal characteristic of the connection of actions with the subject (can/could, may/might, must, shall, should, to be, to have, ought, dare, need); specific characteristics of the action (to begin, to come, to continue, to get, to go, to leave, to move, to return, to run, to set out, to start, to stay, to stop, to turn); appearances of action (to appear, to seem, to take); expected action (to happen, to prove, to think, to turn out); the relationship of the subject to action (to bear, to bother, to care, to dread, to hope, to intend, to like, to long, to want, to wish); reality of action (to arrange, to decide, to manage, to pretend, to refuse); the feasibility of the action (to attempt, to deign, to try); processes of mental activity (to be expected, to be meant, to be supposed); communication processes (to be asked, to be said); provocativeness (to be allowed, to be called, to be empowered, to be forbidden, to be instructed, to be persuaded).
The prosodic globality of the infinitive construction can be destroyed if the verb in the personal form is so semantically saturated that it implements the predicative function in isolation from the infinitive. In such cases, the infinitive only complements the meaning of the verb in the personal form, which is reflected on the supralinear level through the implementation of a pause between the components of the infinitive construction and the use of uneven tones, and the presence or absence of dependent components in both the verb in the personal form and the infinitive does not matter. Most often, semantically more significant are the verbs denoting the reality of the performance of the action (1), as well as the specific characteristic of the action (2):
(1) I decided| to \talk to her to , day|| (Choc, p. 134)
II pre „tended| Not to \notice| until the "ladies f had left the \shop with their ..parcels|| (Choc, p. 31)
(2) iShe just -went up\stairs| to Ilie ...down|| (Choc, p. 104)
He I smiled - grimly at \Charles| then \stopped| to Itop lup their ...glasses|| (FLW, p. 152)
In our opinion, the results of the experimental prosodic study allow us to say that the colligative and collocation features of infinitive constructions have a significant impact on their functioning in a sentence. The infinitive as part of a construction can act either as part of the predicate, or as an independent member of the sentence, receiving a certain prosodic design. syntactic
the connection between the components of the construction is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression in different cases to an attributive or complex connection.
Bibliographic list
1. Dolgova (Aleksandrova), O.V. Syntax as a science of speech construction / O.V. Dolgov. - M., 19S0.
2. Akhmanova, O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms / O.S. Akhmanov. - 2nd ed., stereotypical. - M., 19b9.
3. Morozova, A.N. Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences / A.N. Morozov. - M., 199b.
4. Suchkova, S.A. A substantive phrase with the preposition "of" in the dynamics of an utterance. abstract dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences / S.A. Suchkov. - Samara, 199S.
5. Hornby, A. S. Constructions and turnovers of the English language / per. from English. A.S. Ignatieva / A.S. Hornby. - M., 1992.
6. Vovshin, YaM. Transformational Syntax of Verb Constructions in Modern English / JM. Vovshin. - M^ot, 19S3.
7. Barkhudarov, L.S. The structure of a simple sentence in modern English / L.S. Barkhudarov. - M., 19bb.
S. Yagodnikova, O.G. Grammar of the English verb in tables. Impersonal forms of the verb / O.G. Yagodnikova, L.P. Driga, L. A. Shamray, et al. - Kyiv, 19S9.
9. Ivanova, I.P. Theoretical grammar of modern English: textbook / I.P. Ivanova, V.V. Burlakova, G.G. Pocheptsov. - M., 19S1.
10. Barkhudarov, L.S. Grammar of the English language / L.S. Barkhudarov, D. A. Shteling. - 4th ed., Rev. - M., 1973.
11. Pocheptsov, G.G. Constructive analysis of the sentence structure / G.G. Pochep-tsov. - Kyiv, 1971.
12. Burlakova, V.V. Fundamentals of phrase structure in modern English / V.V. Burlakova. - L., 1975.
13. Ilyish, B.A. The structure of the modern English language / B. A. Ilyish. - L., 1971.
14. Smirnitsky, A.I. The syntax of the English language / A.I. Smirnitsky. - M., 1957.
List of sources of factual material and abbreviations adopted for them
1. Fowles, J. The French Lieutenant's Woman / J. Fowles. - Vintage, 199b. (FLW)
2. Harris, J. Chocolat / J. Harris. - Black Swan, 2000. (Choc)
3. Townsend, S. Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction / S. Townsend. -Penguin Books, 2005. (ST)
154 BecmHUK Ccrnry. 2006. No. 10/2 (50)
SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF VERBAL INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
The paper deals with the syntactical functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in speech, their morphosyntactical and lexico-phraseological peculiarities and prosodic realization.
The infinitive can be any part of the sentence: 1) subject (if the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence - smoke- to harm health; ride- fun); 2) a predicate: a) a simple verbal predicate in an unproductive form (if it is procedural); b) as part of a compound verbal predicate (subjective character); c) as part of a compound nominal predicate (its attachment to the infinitive subject - to smoke - to harm health (it is); 3) addition (objective character - I I beg Faith sing); 4) circumstance of the goal (its relation to verbs with the meaning of movement - I went to study in the Institute); 5) inconsistent definition (its relation to a noun, as a rule, verbal - a wish to study instilled me my mother)
impersonal offer
One part is included in the sentence of the conjugated-verbal class. In this case, the main member is expressed by the conjugated verb form. Its other part is included in the non-conjugated verb class, represented by the adverbial variety. In this case, the main member is expressed by a predicative adverb, i.e. word of the category of state.
The meaning of impersonal sentences
Either they do not have in their composition components that designate a person, or a person or subject is thought of as passive, i.e. incapable of controlling an action or state.
Form of the third person, singular, present or future tense of the indicative mood or neuter gender, singular, past tense in the indicative mood (It is dawning. It is dawning). The subject is absent or the subject is conceived as passive
In a two-part sentence, the person is active. This means that the meaning of, for example, a sentence such as "I am not sleeping" is defined as follows: I do not want to sleep and therefore do not sleep. In an impersonal sentence face passively . This means that the meaning of a sentence like "I can't sleep" is defined as: I should be asleep, but I not free force yourself to do it.
The passive person, as a rule, is represented by forms of indirect cases: the dative subject, the accusative subject. "His (S) is chilly"
The two common meanings can be subdivided into a number of particular varieties: 1) impersonal sentences characterizing the state of nature; 2) characterizing spontaneous, unknown forces (the pipes buzzed); 3) characterizing the state of a person (I can't sleep); 4) denoting modal-volitional relations between phenomena (you can’t go any further)
The main member of impersonal sentences can be expressed: 1) an impersonal verb (an impersonal verb is a verb that is a frozen form, homonymous to the conjugated form of the verb 3 l., singular, present or bud. time - Evening. Evening). 2) a personal verb in an impersonal meaning; 3) the word of the state category (Hot). 4) a short passive participle with suffixes -n-, -en-, -t-, neuter, singular (the room is smoky); 5) impersonally predicative word - no ( No not a cloud)
In a sentence, the indefinite form of the verb can act as main and secondary members, which brings it closer to a noun, which also has the ability to be used in the meaning of any member of the sentence:
come up my brother was scared(M. Gorky) . I ready to tell you, field, about wavy rye in the moonlight(S. Yesenin) . Yes, and you will go your own way to spray bleak days(S. Yesenin) . He was sent to her with instructions to convey a sign(A. Pushkin) . Mother in tears ordered me to take care of my health, and Savelich to look after the child(A. Pushkin) .
As a predicate infinitive most often appears in the following syntactic constructions:
1) one-part impersonal and infinitive sentences: best to see him in the morning(A.Griboyedov);
2) in two-part sentences as part of a compound verbal predicate (the first part of such a predicate is always expressed in phase or modal verb): say goodbye I wished with you as with a friend(M. Lermontov). Vronsky and Anna continued to sit at the small table(L. Tolstoy);
3) in two-part sentences as a simple verbal predicate in a situation where it is likened to forms of the indicative mood and receives a temporary meaning with a nominal subject: Are you bribing me?(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) - to bribe "bribe". Then I scream, and water pours into my mouth(M. Sholokhov) - scream"shouted"; He beat you and you stand your ground(V. Sleptsov) - beat"will beat."
Subject function can perform an independent infinitive with a predicate, a noun expressed by a noun, a predicative adverb, another infinitive, less often an adjective in the full form of the instrumental case with a bunch: To follow behind the thoughts of a great man is the most entertaining science(A. Pushkin). Live on earth, even without being in love, is a glorious occupation(A. Chekhov). Live in old mansions with great-grandmother's furniture it's nice, but uncomfortable(A. Tolstoy). « Live is to know!” Lisa repeated.(M. Gorky). Stay in Bogucharovo became dangerous (L. Tolstoy).
In the role of the circumstance of the goal, the infinitive appears when it refers to verbs of motion ( walk, run, jump, move, ride and etc.): You came here to listen to my confession, thank you(M. Lermontov). One neighbor sometimes comes over to play cards(A. Pushkin). Tired of spending the night, the fighters went from all the lairs to warm themselves by running, to wash themselves with snow, snow, hard as sand(A. Tvardovsky).
Infinitive, often used as an inconsistent definition, explains an abstract noun with the modal meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation, desirability, will, etc. and denotes a sign by internal content: With the opportunity to lose her forever, Vera became dearer to me than anything in the world.(M. Lermontov). He gave strict orders not to let her out of the room and to see that no one spoke to her.(A. Pushkin). I have an innate desire to contradict(M. Lermontov).
Sometimes the infinitive with verbs is the complement. The infinitive complement denotes an action as an object to which the action of another person is directed (asked to stay, invited to sit down): I will order Andrey to be moved to your room with a violin(A. Chekhov). Please excuse me from further questions.(K. Paustovsky). Dasha made Ivan Ilyich drink several cups of coffee(A. Tolstoy).
Less often, the infinitive performs the function of a complement when it denotes an action performed jointly by a person playing the role of a subject (subject) and another person ( agreed to meet, were going to go, agreed to write): On this day, in the morning we agreed to go to the skating rink(V. Kataev).
