Analog output devices also require a reference potential. The accuracy of the entire device depends on the accuracy and, especially, the temperature and time stability of the ion. In some cases, small dimensions and low power consumption are required.

Table 1 shows the main parameters and features of the microcircuits. It is usually (but not always) based on the so-called bandgap circuitry, and the output voltage falls within a number of standard values ​​(V):

1,250	2,500	4,500
1,600	3,000	5,000
1,800	3,300	10,000
2,048	4,096

Table 1. Main parameters and features of microcircuits

Micro- scheme	Output voltage, V	Max. eg power supply, V	Max. pace. drift, ppm/°C	Max. initial error, %, 25 °C	Max. current consumption leniya, μA	Peculiarities
MAX6037	Adj; 1.25; 2.048; 2.5; 3;3,3; 4,096	5,5	25	0,2	275	SOT23 housing, Shutdown mode, adjustable output
MAX6125, MAX6141, MAX6145, MAX6150, MAX6160	Adj; 2.5; 4.096; 4.5; 5	12,6	50, 100	1	110	Low price, SOT23 housing, adjustable output
MAX6001-MAX6005	1,25; 2,5; 3; 4,096; 5	12,6	100	1	45	Low price, low power consumption, SOT23 package
MAX6012, MAX6021, MAX6025, MAX6030, MAX6041, MAX6045, MAX6050	1,247; 2,048; 2,5; 3; 4,096; 4,5; 5	12,6	15	0,2	35	Precision, low power consumption, SOT23 package
MAX6018	1,263; 1,6; 1,8; 2,048	5,5	50	0,2	5	Ultra-low power consumption, SOT23 package, 1.8V operation
MAX6023		12,6	30	0,2	35	Low power consumption, ultra-miniature UCSP chassis
MAX6061-MAX6068	1,248; 1,8; 2,048; 2,5; 3; 4,096; 4,5; 5	12,6	20	0,2	125	Housing SOT23, out. current up to 5 mA
MAX6100-MAX6107		12,6	75	0,4	125	Low price, SOT23 housing, out. current up to 5 mA
MAX6161-MAX6168	1,25; 1,8; 2,048; 2,5; 3; 4,096; 4,5; 5	12,6	5	2 mV	150	Precision, out. current up to 5 mA
MAX6190-MAX6195, MAX6198	1,25; 2,048; 2,5; 3; 4,096; 4,5; 5	12,6	5	2 mV	35	Precision, low power consumption, alternative to REF191/2/3/4/5/8
MAX6034	2,048; 2,5; 3; 3,3; 4,096	5,5	30	0,2	125	Low power, sub-miniature SC70 chassis
MAX6126	2,048; 2,5; 3; 4,096; 5	12,6	3	0,02	550	Ultra-precision, ultra-low noise mMAX housing
MAX6129	2,048; 2,5; 3; 3,3; 4,096; 5	12,6	40	0,4	5,25	Ultra-low power consumption, SOT23 package
MAX6033	2,5; 3; 4,096; 5	12,6	7	0,04	75	Ultra-precision, SOT23 package
MAX6035	2,5; 3; 5	33	25	0,2	95	High supply voltage, SOT23 package
MAX6043	2,5; 3,3; 4,096; 5; 10	40	15	0,05	490	Precision, low noise, high supply voltage, SOT23 package
MAX6133	2,5; 3; 4,096; 5	12,6	3	0,04	65	Ultra-precision, low power, mMAX package
MAX6143	2,5; 3,3; 4,096; 5; 10	40	3	0,05	550	Ultra-precision, low noise, high supply voltage, temperature sensor, Shutdown mode
MAX6173-MAX6177	2,5; 3,3; 4,096; 5; 10	40	3	0,05	550	Ultra-precision, low noise, high supply voltage, temperature sensor
MAX6220	2,5; 4,096; 5	40	20	0,1	3.3 mA	Precision, ultra-low noise, high supply voltage
MAX6225, MAX6241, MAX6250	2,5; 4,096; 5	36	2	0,02	3.0 mA
MAX6325, MAX6341, MAX6350	2,5; 4,096; 5	36	1	1 mV	3.0 mA	Ultra-precision, ultra-low noise, high supply voltage

The MAX6037_ADJ and MAX6160 have adjustable output. The output voltage can be set from 1.184V to 5.0V and 1.23V to 12.4V respectively using an external divider.

The maximum input voltage is usually 5.5 V or 12.6 V. A number of microcircuits are operational with input voltages up to 40 V.

INITIAL ACCURACY, TEMPERATURE DRIFT AND NOISE LEVEL

These parameters are basic and most often interrelated. The MAX6126 has the best initial accuracy (0.02% error max.) and the lowest noise level (1.3 µV typical peak-to-peak amplitude for 2.048 V output and 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz frequency range). In this case, the temperature drift does not exceed 3 ppm/°C. The mMAX version is the smallest ION in the world with such high precision parameters.

The true champion in temperature stability is the MAX6325/MAX6341/MAX6350 series of chips with a maximum temperature drift of 1 ppm/°C. These products also offer very low noise (1.5 μV peak-to-peak amplitude typical for the MAX6325 and a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) and high initial accuracy (±1 mV maximum error).

CASE SIZE, POWER CONSUMPTION

Circuit engineers are often faced with the challenge of designing a device with very low power consumption. As a rule, these are battery-powered devices. The size of the case in such devices can also be significant. A large number of reference voltage source microcircuits from MAXIM are supplied in small-sized packages SOT23, SC70, mMAX. The MAX6023 comes in a 1mm x 1.5mm UCSP package.

It is worth paying attention to the ION MAX6129. With a maximum consumption of 5.25 μA (for an output voltage of 2.048 V), the output current of this microcircuit can reach 4 mA, and the temperature drift does not exceed 40 ppm/°C. The maximum initial error is 0.4%. The microcircuit is supplied in a miniature SOT-23 package and can operate without input and output capacitors with a load capacitance of up to 10 µF.

Eliminating external capacitors further saves PCB space. It should be noted that most Maxim voltage references can operate without external capacitors.

INCLUSION AND EXAMPLE OF USE

In most cases, the reference voltage source is a three-pin chip with two power pins and a load pin.

Rice. 1.

Rice. 2.

As an example of using a reference voltage source, the circuit in Figure 2 is shown. This is a device for digitizing an analog input signal (current loop (0...20) mA or (4...20) mA). The unique MAX6033 chip is used as an ION, which combines, on the one hand, high accuracy, stability and low noise level, and on the other hand, low consumption and small dimensions.

The diagram presented in the figure has the following main parameters:

• Maximum error - less than 0.2%
• Temperature Drift - Less than 8 ppm/°C (typ)
• Maximum current consumption - 335 µA (at a speed of 100 thousand samples per second)
• Supply voltage - +2.7 V to +12.6 V
• Small dimensions - SOT23 (MAX6033), TDFN (MAX1393), 5.8 x 2.2 mm (R1)

CONCLUSION

Additional information and more detailed technical specifications, as well as information on the so-called two-terminal ( shunt) devices can be found on the website www.maxim-ic.com/References.

For technical information, ordering samples and delivery, please contact COMPEL. E-mail: .

New programmable multi-channel 16-/14-bit ADCs

Company Maxim Integrated Products introduced the MAX1300-MAX1303 and MAX1032-MAX1035 family of 16-/14-bit ADCs. These new devices offer an industry first ±12V input range. Integrated software allows the user to remotely configure each IC input to a specific voltage range. Each input channel can be programmed to use seven different input ranges for single-ended inputs and three different input ranges for differential inputs. The following programmable analog input voltage ranges are available: ±24 V, ±12 V, ±6 V, ±3 V, 0 to +12 V, -12 V to 0, 0 to +6 V, and -6 V to 0.

This ADC family offers up to eight single-ended or four differential inputs, each of which can handle input voltage increases up to ±16.5 V. Compared to traditional products, this capability gives the customer more flexibility in selecting an ADC to design and allows the same design to be used with different platforms.

New ADCs provide accurate measurements from temperature and pressure sensors, resistance bridges, PLCs, and loops in the 4 to 20 mA range under normal operating conditions, as well as under high-voltage conditions. In this case, the devices use an analog input voltage range of ±12 V.

Other ADC characteristics meet and even exceed the developers' expectations.

High AC efficiency (-79 dB THD) and DC accuracy (±2 LSBs of integral linearity) make the devices ideal for industrial control, instrumentation, and data acquisition applications.

In the previous article I talked about, and in this bookmark I will talk about the most basic thing in circuits - the reference voltage. Why are reference voltage sources needed, and for low-power parts of the circuit, to supply them with a stable current, for an approximate voltage from which to be unlocked or with which to be compared.

The simplest stabilization option is using a zener diode. Resistor R1 limits the current. Condition (Uin-Uout)/Rs>Uout/R2. This stabilizer can also be amplified using a transistor.

The ION (reference voltage source) on the zener diode is simple, but for higher stabilization, it is good to use an adjustable zener diode TL431. Which, by the way, can set almost any voltage at the ION output from 2.5V to 37V. The main thing is that the input voltage does not exceed 40V, and the dissipated power does not exceed 0.75W

The zener diode is controlled through the control leg, which should have a reference value of 2.5V. This reference is calculated by resistors R2 and R3. On the TL431 you can also make a 2.5V zener diode if you connect it according to the diagram

The TL431 current is up to 100mA, but it can be amplified using a transistor, as in the diagram

Science begins where they begin to measure. And as we know, accuracy is a characteristic of the quality of measurements, reflecting the degree of closeness of the measurement results to the true value of the measured value. In other words, when taking on a new, or vice versa, a well-worn multimeter or pointer voltmeter, we should at least be concerned with the question of how accurate its readings are?

This is really important, because when taking measurements and setting up equipment with Chinese instruments, we must be sure that we did everything correctly. Therefore, checking how accurately the measuring device is calibrated is a task of paramount importance! How to do this? Accurate branded and verified instruments are very expensive, as well as laboratory voltage standards for calibration, and not everyone knows someone at VNIIFTRI. However, there is a way out. You can take a fairly accurate reference voltage source on the IC, measure under normal conditions the voltage it produces on a verified device (calibrate) and apply this information to the voltage source in order to use it in the process of testing equipment. Naturally, the accuracy of such a voltage source will be determined by many factors, but mainly by the ambient temperature and the accuracy of the device used for calibration measurements. The readings of such a voltage source drift extremely slightly over time. Thus, our reference voltage source becomes a kind of carrier of information about a more expensive and accurate measuring device. The task of making such a reference voltage source would seem to be quite difficult, but China, as always, is rushing to the rescue. I was able to find a stand-alone voltage reference on the AD584 chip (Analog Devices) with a programmable output and 4 output voltages, which is perfect for checking readings and calibrating any multimeter. The accuracy of such a source is more than sufficient for amateur radio purposes. As they say, you may not hit the bull’s eye, but you definitely won’t shoot off your own leg.

A little about AD584

The AD584 is a precision voltage reference with programmable selection of four different output voltages: 10.0 V, 7.5 V, 5.0 V, and 2.5 V. It is also possible to provide other output voltages above, below, or in between these four standard values, with using external resistance. The input voltage of the microcircuit can vary from 4.5 V to 30 V. Laser Wafer Trimming (LWT) laser technology is used to accurately adjust the voltages and temperature coefficient.

In addition to programmable output voltages, the AD584 has a unique gate pin that allows you to turn the device on and off. When the AD584 is used as a voltage reference in a power circuit, the power can be turned off with a single low-power signal. In the “off” state, the current consumption of the microcircuit decreases to approximately 100 μA. In the on state, the total current consumption, including the output buffer amplifier, is typically 750 µA.

The microcircuit is remarkable in all respects and deserves close attention. Almost all such reference voltage sources used for calibration and produced in the Middle Kingdom are made on the AD584. For example, here are a couple of different designs. One and two.

Learn more about voltage reference

I ordered my reference voltage source for calibrating the multimeters I have on AliExpress from this seller.

The source is supplied without any packaging and looks like this.

The plexiglass case contains a board with a voltage source, a “service” and a built-in battery. You can take such a thing with you to the market and check multimeters upon purchase, rejecting them, as they say, without leaving the cash register.

On the bottom cover there is a sticker with the measured voltages of this particular source.

The measurements are carried out on an expensive and sophisticated Agilent 34401A precision multimeter (now this costs about $1600), which gives reason to more or less believe these readings. Measurements are carried out at a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius.

Let's disassemble the case and carefully examine the board and components on it.

Battery. Glued to the bottom cover. Battery voltage 3.7V.

Circuit board below.

Direct voltage reference AD584KH.

The letter K indicates that this device can operate at temperatures from 0 to +70 degrees Celsius, and also indicates the accuracy class. There are also more exotic variants of the AD584, for example, with the letter S, capable of operating from -55 to +125 degrees Celsius. My copy was apparently ripped out of some old equipment, as evidenced by the battle scars on its body. This means that it is most likely not a fake.

As you can see in the photo, the source is fixed on a board of a special design. Most likely, this was done for temperature control, so that the heating of the board does not greatly affect the characteristics of the source itself.

Here on the board there is a miniature pulse boost voltage converter.

It’s clear that if we power our source from a weak battery, to generate a voltage of 5 V and higher, a voltage of at least 13 V is required. The converter is built on the AP34063 microcircuit. In my copy, the crooked hands of the Chinese during assembly damaged the inductance, but this does not affect the operation of the converter and source.

The output voltages of the source are selected sequentially with a button and the selected value is indicated by the corresponding LED. Very comfortably. The device is turned on and off by long pressing the same button.

At the back there is a socket for connecting a charger and external power.

Practice of use

In my modest laboratory, three multimeters are constantly used: two portable ones, the well-deserved and time-tested Mastech MS8269 and UNI-T UT61E, as well as one stationary Vichy VC8145.

Someone asked what I use when working to repair and modernize radio stations? This is what I use. A check of all three multimeters showed that everything was fine with them and, if they needed any adjustment, it was very minor.

Mastech + UNU-T (hold). In the box is the source voltage.

Vichy. In the box is the source voltage.

Minuses

What I didn’t like was that the holes for the probes are through! And in addition to debris, any metal objects can get inside the device body. And I’m not even talking about the fact that the probe itself can accidentally short-circuit the circuit inside the source.

Update 12/29/15

Today we managed to get access to an attorney (although the verification is already overdue for a couple of months) to a high-precision multimeter Agilent 34461A. This is the next more modern model released after the Agilent 34401A.

The actual calibration certificate (they didn’t let me open the envelope, but I don’t think it was a mess).

And the measurement results.

As you can see, the difference is only in the 4th decimal place, and the gap between the declared and actually measured values ​​is very small. This means that what is written on our magic box can be trusted!

Bottom line

In general, such a source can be safely recommended for use for calibrating amateur radio equipment. It is compact, calibrated using precision instruments, and can operate autonomously from a built-in battery, which means that it can also be used in the field. In general, as they say, a must-have for lovers of precise measurements!

I needed an inexpensive reference voltage source here. After looking through the catalogs, I chose the TL431 chip for 20 rubles. Now I’ll tell you what kind of insect this is and how to use it.

TL431

TL431 is a so-called programmable zener diode. Used as a voltage reference and power supply for low-power circuits. Produced by several manufacturers and in different packages, I got it from Texas Instruments in the SOT23 package.

Specifications:

Output voltage from 2.5 to 36 V
- operating current from 1 to 100 mA
- output impedance 0.2 Ohm
- accuracy 0.5%, 1% and 2%

Has three outputs. There are two like a standard zener diode - anode and cathode. And a reference voltage pin that connects to the cathode or midpoint of the voltage divider. On foreign diagrams it is indicated as follows:

The minimum switching circuit requires one resistor and allows for a reference voltage of 2.5 V.

The resistor in this circuit is calculated using the following formula:

where Ist is the TL431 current, and Il is the load current. The input current of the reference pin is not taken into account since it is ~2 µA.

In a complete circuit, two more resistors are added to TL431, but in this case an arbitrary output voltage can be obtained.

The voltage divider resistor values ​​and the TL431 output voltage are related as follows:

,where Uref = 2.5 V, Iref = 2 µA. These are typical values ​​and they have a certain spread (see datasheet).

If you specify the value of one of the resistors and the output voltage, you can calculate the value of the second resistor.

And knowing the output voltage and input current, you can calculate the value of resistor R1:

,where Iin is the input current of the circuit, which is the sum of the operating current of the TL431, the voltage divider current and the load current.

If TL431 is used to obtain the reference voltage, then resistors R2 and R3 must be taken with an accuracy of 1% from the E96 series.

Calculation of voltage stabilizer on TL431

Initial data

Input voltage Uin = 9 V
Required output voltage Uout = 5 V
Load current Il = 10 mA

Data from the datasheet:

Ist = 1..100 mA
Iref = 2 µA
Uref = 2.495 V

Calculation

We set the value of resistor R2. The maximum value of this resistor is limited by the current Iref = 2 µA. If we take the value of resistor R2 equal to units/tens of kOhms, then this will do. Let R2 = 10 kOhm.

Since TL431 is used as a power supply, high precision is not needed here and the Iref*R2 term can be neglected.

The rounded value of R3 will be 10 kOhm.

The voltage divider current is Uout/(R1+R2) = 5/20000 = 250 µA.

The TL431 current can be from 1 to 100 mA. If we take the current Ist > 2 mA, then the divider current can be neglected.

Then the input current will be equal to Iin = Ist + Il = 2 + 10 = 12 mA.

And the rating R1 = (Uin - Uout)/Iin = (9 - 5)/0.012 = 333 Ohm. Round up to 300.

The power dissipated by resistor R1 is (9 - 5)*0.012 = 0.05 W. On other resistors it will be even less.

R1 = 300 Ohm
R2 = 10 kOhm
R3 = 10 kOhm

Something like this, without taking into account the nuances.

Load capacity

If you use a TL431 and place a capacitor at the output, the microcircuit may “buzz”. Instead of reducing the output noise, a periodic sawtooth signal of several millivolts will appear at the cathode.

The load capacitance at which the TL431 behaves stably depends on the cathode current and output voltage. Possible capacity values ​​are shown in the picture from the datasheet. Stable areas are those outside the charts.

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Manufacturer TM "Infrakar" is a manufacturer of multifunctional devices such as a gas analyzer and a smoke meter.

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