Freud was born. Family life of Sigmund Freud (10 photos)
Founder of psychoanalysis 11 was once nominated for the Nobel Prize, but did not receive it.
In 1896 Sigmund Freud expelled from the Vienna Medical Society for asserting that mental disorders are based on problems related to sexuality...
3 Sigmund Freud about himself (from letters to his fiancee):“... Is it really true that I look pretty outwardly? Frankly speaking, it seems to me that there is something unusual, maybe even strange, about me. This is probably because in my youth I was too serious, and in my mature years I was restless. There was a time when all I had was curiosity and ambition. I was often offended by the fact that nature, apparently, was not very favorable to me, rewarding me with the appearance of a genius. Since then, long ago, I know that I'm not a genius, and I don’t understand why I want to become one so much. Maybe I'm not even very gifted. However, some features of my personality and character traits predetermined my ability to work. So my successes are not explained by outstanding intellect. But I am sure that such a combination of properties and qualities is very fruitful for the slow ascent to the truth » .
Sigmund Fried, Letters to the Bride, M., “Moscow Worker”, 1994, p. 131-132.
Gradually ideas Sigmund Freud captured the minds of intellectuals, a circle of students began to form, who in 1902 formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Circle, which 6 years later transformed into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
« Freud explained art, science and culture in general as repression of instinctive life and the subsequent more or less successful transformation of sexual energy into creative work. Objective assessment and criticism of art give way to pathographic analyzes such as the one he carried out in relation to Leonardo.
Freud was engaged in speculative constructions until his death. In 1939, at the age of 83, he published his last book, Moses and Monotheism. In this book, Freud argued that Moses was an Egyptian, not a Jew, and that he was a type of the father who was killed by the tribes of Israel. Due to remorse over this act, he was later deified and became the one god of Judaism.
According to Freud, this is the origin of monotheism. Freud, who was 40 years old when he “discovered” psychoanalysis, spent another 43 years first developing psychoanalysis and then developing his metapsychology and applying it to “the human race.” During these years, he attracted many followers to his side, although at the same time many scientists betrayed him. The main apostates were Alfred Adler And Carl Jung, who broke away from him and created their own versions of this theory. But in the last years of Freud's life, the psychoanalytic movement actually swept the whole world, and Freud ruled it with dogmatic zeal.
Freud lived in the Viennese ghetto - Leopoldstadt - from the age of four, first in poverty, and then in relative bourgeois comfort. In the last years of his life, he saw few patients, devoting his time to literary work and training psychoanalysts. During the last fifteen years of his life he suffered from oral cancer; infection of the larynx was prevented only as a result of a series of operations.
In 1938, shortly before Freud's death, the Nazis invaded Austria. They confiscated all his property, his publishing house and library. The most serious thing was that his passport was taken away. He became a prisoner Hitler in the ghetto. The International Psychoanalytic Society began to work for his release. They demanded a ransom for him; one of his patients and followers, Princess Marie Bonaparte, paid 100 000 shillings for his release. Freud's family moved to England, where he spent the last year of his life. His four sisters, who remained in Vienna, were killed in Nazi gas ovens. Freud died on September 23, 1939."
Harry Wells, Pavlov and Freud, M., “Publishing House of Foreign Literature”, 1959, p. 317-318.
Strictly speaking, Sigmund Freud And Not claimed priority in the discovery of the unconscious. At the anniversary meeting dedicated to his 70th birthday, in response to the enthusiastic speeches of his admirers, he remarked: “Poets and philosophers discovered the unconscious before me. I have only discovered a scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied."
Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: essays on literature and society, New York, 1950, p. 34.
Job Sigmund Freud: Leonardo da Vinci, published in 1910, was the first psychoanalytic biography of a creative personality.
Three main achievements of Sigmund Freud:
« First. After his work, it became clear that unconscious structures form a special ontological layer of the psyche and a layer accessible to scientific analysis. It is here that psychological reality is objective in the sense indicated above.
Second. Having given my description of these structures, Z. Freud for the first time built a unified, internally interconnected picture of the psyche, how Newton built a picture of the physical world.
Third. Freud's picture of the psyche was completely new and unusual. Art and literature described the “inner man,” “the man in man”—they described it in their own human language. Science described the “machine in man” (reflex machine, associative machine, etc.) - described it in a strict, logically consistent machine language. Freud blew up the walls between the first and the second. He tried to strictly, in scientific language, describe the “inner man”, to describe not the dead, but the “hot” psychological reality. To do this, he created a new, special language - the language of psychoanalysis.”
Radzikhovsky L.A., Freud’s theory: change of attitude, journal “Questions of Psychology”, 1988, N 6, p. 103-104.
"Since 1897 Freud Five times underwent introspection (according to the first biographer Ernst Jones, this introspection lasted a lifetime). Since 1902, the first group of his direct students was formed, psychoanalysts of the first generation, who underwent educational analysis with Freud himself (since then, the condition was accepted that a psychoanalyst can only proceed to practice when he himself has undergone didactic psychoanalysis). This condition has been strictly observed to this day.”
Name: Sigmund Freud
Age: 83 years old
Place of Birth: Freiberg
A place of death: London
Activity: psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, neurologist
Family status: was married to Martha Freud
Sigmund Freud - biography
Trying to find ways to treat mental illness, he literally broke into the forbidden territory of the human subconscious and achieved some success - and at the same time became famous. And it is still unknown what he wanted more: knowledge or fame...
Childhood, Freud's family
The son of a poor wool merchant Jacob Freud, Sigismund Shlomo Freud was born in May 1856 in the Austrian Empire, in the town of Freiberg. Soon the family hastily left for Vienna: according to rumors, the boy’s mother Amalia (Jacob’s second wife and the same age as his married sons) had an affair with the youngest of them, causing a loud scandal in society.
At a tender age, Freud experienced the first loss in his biography: his brother Julius died in the eighth month of his life. Shlomo did not like him (he demanded too much attention), but after the baby’s death he began to experience a feeling of guilt and remorse. Subsequently, Freud, based on this story, will derive two postulates: firstly, every child looks at his brothers and sisters as rivals, which means he experiences “evil desires” towards them; secondly, it is the feeling of guilt that becomes the cause of many mental illnesses and neuroses - and it does not matter what a person’s childhood was like, tragic or happy.
By the way, Shlomo had no reason to be jealous of his brother: his mother loved him madly. And she believed in his glorious future: a certain old peasant woman predicted to the woman that her first-born would become a great man. And Shlomo himself did not doubt his own exclusivity. He had extraordinary abilities, was well-read, and went to the gymnasium a year earlier than other children. However, teachers and classmates did not favor him for his insolence and arrogance. The ridicule and humiliation that rained down on the head of young Sigmund - psychological trauma - led to the fact that he grew up as a closed person.
After graduating from high school with honors, Freud thought about choosing a future path. Being a Jew, he could only engage in trade, crafts, law or medicine. The first two options were rejected outright; the legal profession was questionable. As a result, in 1873, Sigmund entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna
Sigmund Freud - biography of personal life
The profession of a doctor did not seem interesting to Freud, but, on the one hand, it opened the way to research activities, which he liked, and on the other, it gave him the right to private practice in the future. And this guaranteed the material well-being that Sigmund desired with all his soul: he was going to get married.
He met Martha Bernays at home: she came to visit his younger sister. Every day Sigmund sent his beloved a red rose, and in the evenings he went for a walk with the girl. Two months after their first meeting, Freud confessed his love to her - secretly. And he received secret consent to the marriage. He did not dare to officially ask for Martha’s hand in marriage: her parents, wealthy Orthodox Jews, did not even want to hear about their semi-impoverished atheist son-in-law.
But Sigmund was serious and did not hide his passion for “the little gentle angel with emerald eyes and sweet lips.” At Christmas they announced their engagement, after which the bride's mother (the father had died by that time) took her daughter to Hamburg - out of harm's way. Freud could only wait for a chance to raise his authority in the eyes of future relatives.
The opportunity came in the spring of 1885. Sigmund took part in a competition, the winner of which was entitled not only to a substantial prize, but also the right to a scientific internship in Paris with the famous hypnotist-neurologist Jean Charcot. His Viennese friends took care of the young doctor - and he, inspired, set off to conquer the capital of France.
The internship did not bring Freud either fame or money, but he was finally able to enter private practice and marry Martha. The woman to whom her loving husband often repeated: “I know that you are ugly in the sense that artists and sculptors understand it,” bore him three daughters and three sons and lived with him in harmony for more than half a century, only occasionally causing “culinary scandals over about cooking mushrooms."
Freud's Cocaine Story
In the fall of 1886, Freud opened a private doctor's office in Vienna and focused on the problem of curing neuroses. He already had experience - he received it in one of the city hospitals. There were also tested, although not very effective, techniques: electrotherapy, hypnosis (Freud had almost no knowledge of it), Charcot's shower, massage and baths. And more cocaine!
Having read a couple of years ago in the report of a certain German military doctor that water with cocaine “infused new strength into the soldiers,” Freud tested this remedy on himself and was so pleased with the result that he began to take small doses of the drug daily. Moreover, he wrote enthusiastic articles in which he called cocaine “a magical and harmless substitute for morphine,” and recommended it to friends and patients. Need I say that there was no particular benefit from such “treatment”? And with hysterical disorders, the condition of the patients even worsened.
Trying one thing or another, Freud realized: it is almost impossible to help a person suffering from neurosis with manipulations and pills. We need to look for a way to “climb” into his soul and find there the cause of the illness. And then he came up with the “method of free associations.” The patient is invited to freely express thoughts on the topic proposed by the psychoanalyst - whatever comes to mind. And the psychoanalyst can only interpret the images. .. The same should be done with dreams.
And it went! Patients were happy to share their secrets (and money) with Freud, and he analyzed them. Over time, he discovered that the problems of most neurotics are related to their intimate sphere, or rather, to problems in it. True, when Freud made a report on his discovery at a meeting of the Vienna Society of Psychiatrists and Neurologists, he was simply expelled from this society.
Neurosis had already begun in the psychoanalyst himself. However, following the popular expression “Doctor, heal yourself!”, Zigmud managed to improve his mental health and discover one of the causes of the disease - the Oedipus complex. The scientific community was also hostile to this idea, but there was no end to the patients.
Freud became known as a successful practicing neurologist and psychiatrist. Colleagues began to actively refer to his articles and books in their works. And on March 5, 1902, when the Emperor of Austria François Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor on Sigmund Freud, a turn to real glory took place. The exalted intelligentsia of the early 20th century, suffering at a turning point from neuroses and hysteria, rushed to the office at Bergasse 19 for help.
In 1922, the University of London honored the great geniuses of mankind - the philosophers Philo and Maimonides, the greatest scientist of the modern era, Spinoza, as well as Freud and Einstein. Now the address “Vienna, Bergasse 19” was known to almost the whole world: patients from different countries turned to the “father of psychoanalysis”, and appointments were made many years in advance.
The “adventurer” and “conquistador of science,” as Freud himself liked to call himself, found his Eldorado. However, my health failed. In April 1923, he was operated on for oral cancer. But they could not defeat the disease. The first operation was followed by three dozen others, including the removal of part of the jaw.
Jealous, straightforward, conflicted - this portrait of the world-famous scientist emerges from his letters to his wife, Martha Bernays. Despite the “unfamily” nature of Sigmund Freud, their marriage would last 53 years. But what concessions did Martha have to make in order to maintain a relationship that many contemporaries considered harmonious?
Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha Bernays
26-year-old Sigmund, withdrawn and unsociable, fell dizzyingly in love with Martha. He had never dated girls before. Martha forced him to change his principles in relation to the opposite sex. The indecisive young man began to take initiative. There was no money, but every day he sent Martha a rose. Their meetings are filled with romance. One day Sigmund decides to touch the girl’s hand, which according to Jewish traditions is strictly prohibited before the wedding. 
Wedding photo of Sigmund and Martha, 1886
Soon the engagement took place, but they had to wait several years for the wedding due to financial reasons. Sigmund fills the years of waiting with long letters that today give insight into their relationship. Freud ambitiously promises his “little princess” that he will become a great scientist. 
Sigmund Freud with his sons Ernst and Martin
Already at the very beginning, Sigmund showed himself to be a temperamental and unyielding person. Falling in love does not prevent him from saying that the bride is ugly. He constantly challenges her religiosity (Martha is a Jew from an Orthodox family). Conflicts begin with the future mother-in-law. The girl is waiting for her groom, although even he is surprised at her patience.
Freud is jealous of Martha's brother, Max, and his friend. He remembers that she did not immediately respond to his feelings. Forces you to refuse a wedding ceremony according to a religious rite. He wants to rehabilitate her. The most delicate moment is the ultimatum put forward to Martha: either he or her relatives. 
Martha and Sigmund had six children
Obviously, Freud was aware of his difficult disposition, noting in the letter: “My beloved, you are waiting for a not very easy person.” He returns from Paris without the promised “greatness”, as well as without money. The search for our own method of treating patients has reached a dead end. And yet, on September 14, 1886, the wedding took place. Part of the amount had to be borrowed. 
Martha-Sigmund-Minna: love triangle?
Freud preferred emotional women with a “masculine” character, like Minna, Martha’s sister, to whom some biographers attribute an affair with the scientist. However, considering Martha flexible and obedient is a mistake. She chose the strategy of waiting until her husband’s next outburst of nervousness passed and they could come to an agreement. In addition to being patient and calm, Martha was a stubborn and intelligent woman. 
Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna, 1938, Paris
Martha completely subordinated herself to the interests of the family. Realizing that science would always be in the first place for her husband, she took on everyday issues. The couple had six children. There were enough worries. However, financial difficulties had subsided by this time. Dr. Freud's teachings received wide publicity.
Freud, contrary to rumors, was a faithful and caring husband. After the birth of the last, sixth child, the scientist stopped sleeping with Martha. His personal life also influences his scientific practice. He is actively interested in the problems of contraception. 
Anna Freud - future scientist
Freud's arrival in London, 1938
Freud at work. Last year of life
In the thirties, the life of the family was overshadowed by the serious illness of Sigmund Freud. His psychological state worsened. At this time, the youngest daughter, Anna, became her inspirer and ally, who later continued her father’s work, devoted herself to science and did not start a family.
Another threat loomed: Germany occupied Austria. Thanks to the intervention of influential people, the family manages to escape to London. In September 1939, Sigmund Freud was given a lethal injection of morphine. On September 23, he died surrounded by close people. Martha will live to be 90 years old. After her husband's death, she will return to religion.
The most famous Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist Sigmund Freud became a pioneer in the field of psychoanalysis. His ideas marked the beginning of a real revolution in psychology and cause heated discussions even to this day. Let's turn to a short biography of Sigmund Freud.
Story
Freud's story began in the city of Freiberg, which today is called Příbor and is located in the Czech Republic. The future scientist was born on May 6, 1856 and became the third child in the family. Freud's parents had a good income thanks to the textile trade. Sigmund's mother is the second wife of Jacob Freud's father, who already had two sons. However, a sudden revolution destroyed the rosy plans, and the Freud family had to say goodbye to their home. They settled in Leizpig, and after a year they went to Vienna. Freud was never attracted to conversations about family and childhood. The reason for this was the atmosphere in which the boy grew up - a poor, dirty area, constant noise and unpleasant neighbors. In short, Sigmund Freud was in an environment at the time that could have had a negative impact on his learning.
Childhood
Sigmund always avoided talking about his childhood, although his parents loved their son and had great hopes for his future. That is why hobbies in literature and philosophy were encouraged. Despite his youth, Freud gave preference to Shakespeare, Kant and Nietzsche. In addition to philosophy, foreign languages, especially Latin, were a serious hobby in the young man’s life. The personality of Sigmund Freud truly left a serious mark on history.
His parents did everything to ensure that nothing interfered with his studies, which allowed the boy to enter the gymnasium ahead of time without any problems and successfully complete it.
However, upon graduation, the situation was not as rosy as expected. Unfair legislation provided a meager choice of future professions. Freud did not consider any other options besides medicine, considering industry and commerce to be unworthy sectors for the activity of an educated person. However, medicine did not inspire Sigmund’s love either, so after school the young man spent a lot of time thinking about his future. Psychology eventually became Freud's choice. A lecture on Goethe’s work “Nature” helped him make a decision. Medicine remained on the sidelines; Freud became interested in studying the nervous system of animals and published worthy articles on this topic.
Graduation
After receiving his diploma, Freud dreamed of delving into science, but the need to earn a living took its toll. For some time I had to practice under the guidance of fairly successful therapists. Already in 1885, Freud decided to make an attempt and open a personal office for neuropathology. Good recommendations from the therapists under whom Freud worked helped him obtain the coveted work permit.
Cocaine addiction
A little-known fact that psychoanalysts know is cocaine addiction. The effect of the drug impressed the philosopher, and he published many articles in which he tried to reveal the properties of the substance. Despite the fact that a close friend of the philosopher died from the destructive effects of the powder, this did not bother him at all, and Freud continued to study the secrets of the human subconscious with enthusiasm. These studies led Sigmund himself to addiction. And only many years of persistent treatment helped to get rid of the addiction. Despite the difficulties, the philosopher never gave up his studies, wrote articles and attended various seminars.
Development of psychotherapy and formation of psychoanalysis
Over the years of working with famous therapists, Freud managed to make many useful contacts, which in the future led him to an internship with psychiatrist Jean Charcot. It was during this period that a revolution took place in the consciousness of the philosopher. The future psychoanalyst studied the basics of hypnosis and observed with his own eyes how, with the help of this phenomenon, the condition of Charcot’s patients improved. At this time, Freud began to practice a method of treatment such as a light conversation with patients, giving them the opportunity to get rid of the thoughts accumulated in their heads and change their perception of the world. This method of treatment became truly effective and made it possible not to use hypnosis on patients. The entire recovery process took place exclusively in the clear consciousness of the patient.
After successfully using the conversation method, Freud concluded that any psychosis is the consequences of the past, painful memories and experienced emotions, which are quite difficult to get rid of on your own. During the same period, the philosopher presented to the world the theory that most human problems are the consequences of the Oedipus complex and infantility. Freud also believed that sexuality is the basis of many psychological problems in people. He substantiated his assumptions in the work “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” This theory created a real sensation in the world of psychology; heated discussions between psychiatrists continued for a long time, sometimes leading to real scandals. Many were even of the opinion that the scientist himself became a victim of a mental disorder. Sigmund Freud explored such a direction as psychoanalysis until the end of his days.
Freud's works
One of the psychotherapist’s most popular works today is a work called “The Interpretation of Dreams.” Initially, the work did not receive recognition among colleagues, and only in the future did many figures in the field of psychology and psychiatry appreciate Freud's arguments. The theory was based on the fact that dreams, as the scientist believed, have a strong influence on the physiological state of a person. After the book was published, Freud began to be invited to give lectures at various universities in Germany and the United States. For the scientist this was truly a great achievement.
After “The Interpretation of Dreams” the world saw the next work - “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. It became the basis for the creation of a topological model of the psyche.
Freud's fundamental work is considered to be the work entitled "Introduction to Psychoanalysis." This work is the basis of the concept, as well as ways of interpreting the theory and methods of psychoanalysis. The work clearly shows the scientist’s philosophy of thinking. In the future, this base will serve as the basis for the creation of a set of mental processes and phenomena, the definition of which is “Unconscious”.
Freud was also haunted by social phenomena; the psychoanalyst expressed his opinion on what influences the consciousness of society, the behavior of the leader, the privileges and respect that power gives in the book “Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Human Self.” Sigmund Freud's books do not lose their relevance to this day.
Secret society "The Committee"
The year 1910 brought discord to the team of followers and students of Sigmund Freud. The scientist’s opinion that psychological disorders and hysteria are the suppression of sexual energy did not find responses among the philosopher’s students, and disagreement with this theory led to controversy. Endless discussions and debates drove Freud crazy, and he decided to keep only those who adhered to the basics of his theory. Three years later, a virtual secret society arose, which was called the “Committee”. Sigmund Freud's life is full of great discoveries and interesting research.
Family and Children
For decades, the scientist had no contact with women; one might even say that he was afraid of their company. This strange behavior caused a lot of jokes and speculation, which put Freud in awkward situations. The philosopher has long argued that he can do just fine without female interference in his personal space. But Sigmund still could not escape the feminine charm. The love story is quite romantic: on the way to the printing house, the scientist almost fell under the wheels of a carriage; the frightened passenger, as a sign of apology, sent Freud an invitation to a ball. The invitation was accepted, and already at the event the philosopher met Martha Beirnais, who became his wife. All the time from the engagement to the beginning of their life together, Freud also communicated with Martha’s sister Minna. Because of this, there were frequent scandals in the family; the wife was categorically against it and convinced her husband to stop all communication with his sister. The constant scandals tired Sigmund, and he followed her instructions.
Martha gave birth to Freud six children, after which the scientist decided to completely abandon sex life. Anna was the last child in the family. It was she who spent the last years of his life with her father and after his death continued his work. A London children's psychotherapy center is named after Anna Freud.
last years of life
Continuous research and painstaking work greatly influenced Freud's condition. The scientist was diagnosed with cancer. After receiving news of the disease, a series of operations followed, which did not bring the desired result. Sigmund's last wish was to ask the doctor to save him from suffering and help him die. Therefore, in September 1939, a large dose of morphine interrupted Freud's life.
The scientist made a truly great contribution to the development of psychoanalysis. Museums were built and monuments were erected in his honor. The most important museum dedicated to Freud is located in London, in the house where the scientist lived, where due to circumstances he moved from Vienna. An important museum is located in the home town of Příbor, in the Czech Republic.
Facts from the life of a scientist
In addition to great achievements, the biography of the scientist is full of many interesting facts:
- Freud avoided the numbers 6 and 2, thus he avoided the “hell room”, number 62. Sometimes the mania reached the point of absurdity, and on February 6 the scientist did not appear on the streets of the city, thereby hiding from the negative events that could happen on that day .
- It's no secret that Freud considered his point of view the only correct one and demanded utmost attention from the listeners of his lectures.
- Sigmund had a phenomenal memory. He had no problem remembering any notes or important facts from books. That is why learning languages, even such complex ones as Latin, was relatively easy for Freud.
- Freud never looked people in the eye; many people focused their attention on this feature. There are rumors that it was for this reason that the famous couch appeared in the psychoanalyst’s office, which helped to avoid these awkward glances.
The publications of Sigmund Freud are the subject of discussion in the modern world. The scientist literally revolutionized the concept of psychoanalysis and made an invaluable contribution to the development of this field.
