Drainage

Technology of laying clinker paving stones on a concrete base. Laying clinker paving stones Laying technology for clinker paving slabs

Used as a pavement, it is a good choice of building material for paving slabs around the house, designed for garden paths, driveways or clinker steps for your home. Rectangular, classically shaped paving clinker products on the pavement provide for the laying of all kinds of different structures. The execution of laying paving clinker is not difficult, although it requires special attention and the necessary accuracy. To make a road surface from paving clinker paving stones, you need material for backfilling, material for seams and the necessary tools.

Where to start laying clinker paving stones

Work on laying clinker paving stones should begin with the study of soft soil in the upper part of the soil. The top coat is removed and can be stored for possible later use. The rest of the soil should be prepared so that it is hardy and has sufficient bearing capacity. This may require compaction of the base. A bearing layer is distributed on the base, the thickness of which depends on the amount of previously removed earth. The layer serves as a fill or top lining, and to carry loads. It must be made, for example, from a mixture of gravel and sand with a grain size of 0/16, 0/32 and 0/45 mm. Depending on the properties of the base, on the surface on which heavy vehicles will not drive, from 20 cm (on a sandy base) to 40 cm (in case of a clay base) of a carrier layer is applied and this layer is knocked down with a vibrator.

Dehydration and other preparatory work for paving stones

For the correct functioning of the pavement clinker pavement, a key indicator of the clinker pavers is the thorough implementation of dewatering - all parameters must be determined for this. At this stage, the type of binding of clinker bricks, tiles (for example, herringbone, block) and the size of the sidewalk, side borders are also selected.

Leveling and graining of the surface before laying paving bricks

Uneven ground (on which the base layer will be) must be leveled so that there is a flat parallel surface. A sand-pebble layer is applied to the prepared, flat surface using the grain size (for example, a mixture with a fraction of 0/16, 0/32, 0/45 mm).

Borders of the edge of the path from clinker paving stones

A strong edge border guarantees adequate strength for the entire footpath, especially when there are height differences with the surrounding terrain or when clinker paving blocks are adjacent to unpaved pavement. In the latter case, a layer of concrete is made as a support, a kind of foundation for the next layer. Its position must be accurately measured and determined with a rope. The position of the edge boundary is calculated on the basis of measuring the nominal value of the pavement clinker paving stones and the dimensions of the joints in the amount of at least 3 mm. When determining the height of the edge boundary, the need for proper drainage, with a sufficient slope (min. 2.5%), should be taken into account. The outflow must always lead to the street, in the direction opposite to the building.

Production of a bearing layer of the upper surface for paving clinker

After the border of the edge, it is necessary to prepare the last layer of the load-bearing top surface. This layer should consist of material of various thicknesses. Components with a very fine fraction (below 0.063 mm, such as flour, clay, etc.) should not exceed 5% of the volume of this layer. The structural height of the surface and therefore the bedding together with the clinker pavers results from the measurement of the concentrated base (from 3 to max. 5 cm) and the thickness of the clinker pavement coating. The highest point of the carrier layer, as the element on which the clinker will be applied, plays an important role. Must be especially carefully executed (in height) in layers so that a closed, even and flat surface is created. The ballast under the sidewalk is made of crumbs with a fraction of 0/4, 0/5 or 0/8 mm. Appropriate material, such as a mixture of fine gravel flour from hard stone, such as basalt or diabase. The bedding material must be distributed, taking into account the density index, on a layer with a uniform thickness. Preliminary compaction of the bedding material is an essential condition for preparing the surface for laying clinker pavers. Thus, the possibility of subsidence of the soil is minimized.

Clinker brick paving

The laying of the clinker pavement is carried out in stages, setting the boundaries of the surface fragments with ties so that the entire binding has a symmetrical arrangement of seams. There are two reasons why it is necessary to maintain a minimum of 3 mm joint width, this will even out the small, unavoidable differences in pavement dimensions resulting from tolerances, and an appropriate gap width between the individual clinker bricks will be ensured so that the joints as a whole can be filled. This is necessary to obtain the desired stability of the layer, since only well-filled joints can carry horizontal forces without causing any damage. When laying paving bricks, it is often necessary to check the recently laid fragments of the canvas. They should converge in one transverse line. In the case of some connections, in particular herringbone, it becomes necessary to use additional clinker paving stones (halves), when framing the edge and if it is clinker bricks at the corners of the building walls. It is best to cut them in reserve as part of the preparatory work, and then lay them together with the whole clinker. New fragments always go in the direction from the already laid bricks. This would not have been possible without proper preparation and increasing the density of the bedding.

How to make seams on the surface of paving stones, indicators of clinker paving stones

On the surface of the clinker pavers, it is necessary to immediately apply the material to the seams and introduce it into the gaps between the clinker bricks. The slots are best done on a regular basis during the clinker laying process. After the final leveling of the laid clinker paving stones, the grouting material is applied. It must be adapted to the material from which the ballast is made. If a mixture of fine gravel from hard stone, with a fraction of 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm, is chosen as a ballast, then the joints should be filled with a mixture of the same materials, with a fraction of 0/4 mm. Joint material must not penetrate into the bedding to allow stability of the pavement. The material applied to the clinker completely fills the gaps. Perhaps this operation is best done with wet bedding. After that, excess seam material must be removed from the surface of the clinker pavers. At the same time, it should be remembered that it is necessary to avoid softening the bedding under the paving stones.

Completion of work with paving clinker paving stones

Before the final compaction, it is necessary to wait so that the surface of the paving clinker has time to live. The surface is compacted with a vibrator. The vibrator must be set to a medium frequency (not too high) so as not to destroy the symmetry of the seams. After completion of work with clinker paving stones, the surface should not be used for at least a few days. In addition, you must reapply the grouting material. Thanks to this, complete filling and jointing of the seams is achieved, which is very important for the subsequent stability of the surface of the paving bricks.

Careful preparatory work is the main condition for the correct laying of clinker paving stones. Standard preparation rules are not too different in any type of paving. Work always begins with the marking of the site. This is usually done with the help of wooden pegs or fittings and a regular cord. In this way, it is possible not only to designate the area intended for laying clinker bricks, but also to make the necessary adjustment of the boundaries.

How to choose material?

When calculating the purchase of material, it must be taken into account that it is desirable to make the width of the tracks a multiple of the length or width of the clinker brick. Therefore, when measuring, you need to have a sample of several bricks of exactly the manufacturer and the batch from which the entire area will be paved. When buying paving stones, you need to take into account a margin of 5-10% for all kinds of pruning.

After the boundaries of future paving have been fenced and allocated, earthworks can begin. At this stage, there are differences in the preparation for laying clinker paving stones. After carefully studying the characteristics of the local soil, taking into account the load that the areas under the paving will experience, it is necessary to choose the right method for preparing the base. According to the technical parameters and performance of work, there are three main types of preparation for high-quality laying. Let's take a closer look at each.

sand base

Such preparation is used mainly for footpaths and platforms that will not be subjected to loads. After we have made the markup, we remove the vegetation layer and make a small depression on the basis that the entire layer will be approximately 7-10 cm plus the thickness of the paving stones. At the bottom of the resulting bath, we evenly cover the sand with a layer of about 5-10 cm. Level it and pour it with water. It takes 10 liters of water per square meter. Small puddles should appear on the surface. After that, the sand must be compacted.

Then we pour and form the carrier layer. To do this, we take a cement-sand mixture in a ratio of 1: 5 and evenly distribute it using the rule over the entire area, taking into account drainage. When installing the blind area around the building, it is necessary to make a slope from the wall of at least 5 mm per 1 meter. On the paths, slopes are planned either in one direction into the drainage system, or in two directions with an arcuate surface of clinker paving stones. In order not to go astray when laying, the slopes are marked with pegs and a cord.

Next, you need to install the lateral sliding limiters in the form of a curb. This is done as follows: a trench of a certain depth is dug along one side of the marking. At the same time, it is taken into account that the upper edge of the curb should be 5 mm lower than the laying area, and from below stand on a cement-sand cushion 4-8 cm. Outside, the curb is also compacted with mortar. After mounting one side, lay a couple of rows of paving stones to measure the distance between the curbs. Then we dig a trench and install the second row.

After compacting the backfill, we check the depth and slopes of the resulting layer. If the technology is observed, we proceed to laying. We tap the laid brick with a rubber mallet and constantly check the plane. For pedestrian areas, clinker pavers are mounted without gaps. At the end of laying, the entire paving plane is sprinkled with clean, sifted sand and distributed along the seams with a brush or broom. The remaining sand is gently washed off with a weak pressure of water.

crushed stone base

This method is used for parking areas and moderate car traffic. This technology has gained wide popularity and is used even for garden paths and blind areas of buildings. After marking is completed, a trench is dug over the entire width of the paving area. For sandy soils, 25 cm is enough, and for clay soils - up to 40 cm deep. The base of the resulting pit is carefully compacted, taking into account the slope to drain wastewater. Drainage sand is poured to the bottom, leveled and rammed with water. The result should be a layer of 15-20 cm.

From above, it is desirable to lay a geotextile sheet and you can start backfilling the bearing layer of the track. For this, crushed stone with a fraction of 5 to 20 mm is used. Every 5 cm of crushed stone is compacted over the entire plane before filling the next layer. Thus, they reach the design thickness, which ranges from 10-15 cm for footpaths to 15-30 cm for parking lots and the carriageway of streets with light traffic. The quality of the plane of the clinker pavers without subsidence and slipping depends on the thoroughness of tamping.

Before the next layer, another layer of geotextile is laid so that the components do not mix. Sand is poured on it and leveled, taking into account the slopes for water drainage. Sand is desirable to select clean river or quarry washed without foreign inclusions of dirt and clay. This will allow you to quickly and without delay to divert water from the surface of the sites. The thickness of the sand should not exceed 3-5 cm.

Where the site does not rest against the foundations of a house or a fence, the paving should be protected with curbs. The installation of the curb is carried out in the same way as with a sandy base, only due to the larger area and load, a couple of steel bars must be laid in the base.

If the design involves the installation of rain trays, they must be mounted 2-5 mm below the main masonry area. The slope to the storm water inlets is made at 1-2% to ensure the rapid descent of melt and storm water. Installation of such trays is necessarily carried out using cement-containing mortars or concrete.

This method of preparing the laying of clinker paving stones is used for the improvement of sites with a large load and in cases where the soil is not very reliable.

In the absence of a concrete platform, the base is prepared as follows. In accordance with the markup, the soil is taken out to a depth of 25 cm. They clean the bottom and ram, observing the slopes. Crushed stone is poured with a fraction of 5-20 mm, leveled and rammed. A formwork of boards with a thickness of at least 40 mm is installed along the marking. If the concrete pouring area is more than 15 m2, it is recommended to make thermal seams, otherwise the base may crack. In advance, you need to prepare a reinforcing mesh or individual rods for reinforcing concrete with a diameter of 10-15 mm.

The mixture for pouring is prepared from cement, sand and gravel in a ratio of 1: 3: 2. A layer of 5 cm is poured, leveled and a reinforcing mesh is laid. A layer of concrete 5-12 cm thick is poured from above to the design level. At the end of the pour, you need to form levels and slopes.

After the base has solidified, the curbs are installed at a pre-marked level. Remember that clinker paving stones should be 5 mm higher than the curb. Based on this, after removing the formwork, we clean the trenches along the concrete platform. At the bottom we fall asleep a layer of crushed stone 5 cm. cement-sand mortar and from above, tapping the curb with a mallet. From the outside, we also strengthen the solution.

Pour on the screed and level the layer of sand or screenings.

We lightly tamp until a worker can pass without falling through.

The thickness of the sand is approximately 3 cm. Paving stones are laid on top of it. At the end, the seams are covered with sand and watered several times. The entire area is compacted with a vibrating plate.

A few words about the paving of clinker paving stones. The technology is the same for any base, if you are laying a sidewalk or a roadway. Start by attaching the orientation laces. One of them is pulled parallel to the wall and strictly perpendicular to the laying line. Spread the first segment of the pattern and transfer it to the entire surface of the laying. Compact each paving stone into a single area with a rubber mallet. If the paving stone has sunk below the level, it is removed, sand is poured into the hole and tapped into place again. If necessary, the clinker brick is cut with a grinder with a diamond wheel.

At the end of laying, the seams between the paving stones must be covered with sand, spread over the site with a brush and spilled with a small pressure of water. When the sand dries, the procedure must be repeated. The third time it wakes up with sand in three weeks, when the fresh backfill sags. In a month it is desirable to repeat the procedure. Subsequently, the sand is cemented in a natural way, mixing with dirt and dust. Over time, paving stones take on their final form and serve for many years.

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Advantages

Clinker has practically no disadvantages. Such a brick is environmentally friendly, has high strength indicators - the operational loads that clinker can withstand are up to 2000 kilograms per 1 square meter. Due to the low level of water absorption, the clinker is frost-resistant, which allows it to be used in any region of the country.

Products are resistant to the absorption of aggressive reagents: acids, oils, and so on. The mechanical compressive strength of the material is 4 times higher than that of concrete, and this despite the fact that the clinker has a thickness of 2 times less, which facilitates laying work.

Paving stones have a homogeneous structure, which allows installation on any side, which cannot be said about concrete tiles, in which the inner side has an unpresentable appearance. An important advantage of a brick is that its surface is anti-slip, which is important for the country's climatic conditions. But there are no shortcomings as such, except for the high price. The cost of tons of material is largely determined by the manufacturing process, raw materials used in production and delivery.

The applied technology of laying tiles on a concrete base is not difficult even for those who are faced with such work for the first time. Below we will talk about the methods of paving bricks on different grounds.

Homogeneous structure

How to lay tiles on a sand base

Today, such a base is equipped under paving stones for paving garden paths, playgrounds, sidewalks and other surfaces that are not subjected to heavy loads. The technology by which paving stones are laid on such a basis provides for the following process:

First, mark the site of bricks.
According to the markup, a recess is made in the ground based on the thickness of the laid layer of 8-10 cm and the thickness of the tile.
At the bottom of the recess, fill in a layer of sand with a thickness of 5 to 10 centimeters. After the sand is covered, level it, pour water on top and tamp.
Backfilling and arrangement of the carrier layer. It is done in this way: we prepare a cement-sand mixture 1 to 5. Now the mixture is evenly distributed over the area.
Arrange curbs on the sides, they serve as limiters that prevent the clinker from slipping sideways. Seal the border from the outside with mortar. After one side of the curb is laid, lay several rows of clinker bricks, so determine the distance between one and the second curb.
We dig the second trench and install the 2nd curb
On the finished basis, we perform the laying of paving stones
Each laid clinker tile is tapped with a rubber mallet and monitor the plane.
When the entire area is paved with bricks, sand is poured over the paving stones and distributed at the seams.

Sand base for tiles

Settling clinker brick on crushed stone base

Most often, paving with clinker paving stones on such a basis is used if coverage is required for the movement of passenger vehicles. This brick paving technology is used for arranging garden paths and playgrounds. Work on laying paving slabs consists of several stages:

Markup in progress.
A recess is dug along the width and length of the markup. If the soil is sandy, then the depth is 25 cm, but for clay soils - up to 40 centimeters. Seal the bottom of the dug trench, observe the slope along which wastewater is drained.
After compaction, drainage sand is laid on the bottom, leveled and compacted. In the process of tamping, it is necessary to water the water. As a result, a layer with a thickness of 15 to 20 cm should be formed.

Fill in the carrier layer. Crushed stone is used, the fraction of which reaches from 5 to 20 mm. It is impossible to fall asleep all the rubble at once. First, a 5-centimeter layer is laid, then tamped, the second layer is covered, and this is done until the layer thickness reaches 15 cm, this is for arranging sidewalks and other coatings that are not affected by heavy loads. But for parking lots and areas through which vehicles will pass, backfill the layer with a thickness of up to 30 cm.
Geotextiles are laid on top of the rubble.
The sifted sand is covered with a layer of 3 to 5 cm. Align, while taking into account the slope for water drainage.
Curbs are being installed. Installation is carried out in exactly the same way as on a sandy base.
Now you can start laying the clinker.

crushed stone base

How to lay tiles on a concrete base

The creation of such a base for laying paving slabs is used when it is necessary to equip sites on which there are high loads, if the soil is not reliable. When there is no ready-made concrete base, then they are constructed in this way:

We do markup.
According to the markup, make a recess 25 cm deep.
Tamp the bottom, while the slopes must be maintained.
A layer of crushed stone is poured, the fraction of which is from 5 to 20 mm. It is leveled and tamped.
Along the markup, install the formwork. For the manufacture of formwork, boards are used, the thickness of which is 40 millimeters.
If the area is more than 15 square meters, then make thermal seams so that the base does not crack.
We prepare a solution for pouring from crushed stone, sand and cement. To do this, mix 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand and 2 parts of crushed stone. When the solution is prepared, pour over the entire area. The layer thickness is 5 centimeters, the mixture is leveled and a reinforcing mesh is placed on top.
Concrete is poured over the grid again, the layer thickness is from 5 to 12 cm. Do not forget about the formation of slopes and levels.
We are waiting for the mixture to cool, then we install the curbs. If there are defects in the form of cracks in the screed, then a special grout for clinker tiles for the street will help.
Sand about 3 centimeters thick is poured onto the screed, then leveled and tamped. Tamp down to such a state that you can walk on it and not fail.
The clinker is laid.

Laying on concrete

You will learn how to prepare the base and lay the paving stones on the glue by watching the video:

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The procedure for laying clinker pavers provides for the mandatory implementation of standard preparatory work, provided for in almost all types of paving. Preparatory work for laying clinker pavers begins with the marking of the paving area. To do this, along the contour of future paved paths and squares, cuttings of reinforcement 1.2 meters high are clogged, between which a lace is pulled. Thus, the space intended for laying clinker bricks is indicated. This method allows you to adjust the boundaries of the clinker laying before the start of earthworks. When marking the site for laying clinker, it is necessary to observe the proportions of the width of the tracks and the blind area. Their width must be a multiple of the width or length of the clinker pavers. This is done in order to reduce the number of undercuts of clinker paving stones. Since the width of clinker paving stones at different factories, and even in different collections of the same factory, differ slightly, the markings for laying clinker must be made only after purchasing clinker bricks. After finishing the marking, you can start earthworks. To do this, you need to dig a trench (the so-called "trough") over the entire area of laying the clinker, to a depth of 25 cm (for sandy soils) to 40 cm (for clay soils). After that, the bottom of the excavated pit must be leveled and compacted with a vibrating plate. The leveling of the pit must be done with a slope of 1 - 2% from the basement of the house, to drain storm water into the drainage.

The soil prepared in this way is able to withstand heavy loads and temperature changes. Then, on the earthen base prepared in this way, a drainage layer of sand, 10 to 20 cm thick, is poured, which is compacted in layers with a vibrating plate. It should be taken into account that in the process of tamping, the sand layer is compacted and becomes thinner, so backfilling must be done with a margin of up to 30% above the planned mark. This layer contributes to the rapid removal of storm and melt water from the surface of the clinker pavers, and accelerates the penetration of water into the lower layers of the soil. If the soil at the base is sandy, a drainage layer of sand is not needed. After the compaction of the drainage layer is completed, the bearing layer of the track is backfilled; crushed stone is best suited for this purpose. Usually crushed granite is used, fractions of 5 - 20 mm. Before backfilling the crushed stone, it is necessary to lay a layer of geotextile on the sand layer, which will not allow these two layers to mix. As in the previous operation, a layer of crushed stone must be filled with a margin of height, since crushed stone shrinks during tamping, the so-called wedging of crushed stone occurs. Crushed stone, in this case, allows you to distribute the load on the clinker pavers, both from the side of transport and pedestrians, and from the side of the ground.

The thickness of the bearing layer of crushed stone for pedestrian or garden paths made of clinker ranges from 10 to 15 cm, and for car parks or roadways from 15 to 25 cm, with layer-by-layer compaction with a vibrating plate. The compaction of loose materials is always carried out very carefully, otherwise, over time, the clinker paving stones may sag. Having finished compacting the crushed stone, another layer of geotextile is laid on it, already on which a leveling layer of sand is poured. Geotextiles will prevent the penetration of sand into the underlying layer of crushed stone, the mixing of layers of "pavement" and subsidence of clinker paving stones. In this case, sand is required to be clean, without dust and clay inclusions, which allows you to quickly and without delay remove water from the surface of the clinker. For this, river sand, or washed quarry sand, without foreign inclusions in the form of lumps of clay or gravel, is suitable. The leveling layer of sand serves as a bed for laying clinker paving stones, and its thickness varies from 3 to 5 cm.

The thickness of the leveling layer cannot go beyond the above limits due to the technological features of laying clinker paving stones. When laying clinker pavers on the path, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of fixing the outermost stone, unless, of course, the edge of the path rests against the foundation of the house or the basement of the fence. Usually, the clinker is fastened along the edge of the path with a special curb element made of the same clinker, but of a special shape, or ordinary clinker bricks are used for this purpose, as a rule, both the curb and the clinker brick are installed on a concrete base, with reinforcement in two bars. Otherwise, over time, concrete cracking and clinker spreading are possible. As an extreme stone, granite paving stones are sometimes used in the same color as the clinker paving stones, or darker, to enhance the optical effect. Sometimes, to fix the extreme clinker, instead of concrete, a special plastic corner is used, with steel rods that fasten it to the ground and ensure reliable fixation of the clinker paving stones from horizontal movement.

Such a reinforcement of the edge clinker is very often used if the laying plane of the clinker pavers is significantly higher than the lawn. The installation of the extreme clinker instead of curbs or curbs made of clinker paving stones is carried out in such a way that the estimated number of whole clinker bricks is placed between them. If this is not foreseen, a row of cut clinker bricks will appear on the path, spoiling the appearance of the path and increasing the cost of paving with clinker paving stones. Usually, clinker paving stones are laid seamlessly, "back to back", and measurements are made not by one brick, but by at least 10 clinker bricks laid "back to back". In the event that the laying pattern of clinker paving stones, or clinker paving technology, implies the presence of seams, the width of the track or platform is calculated taking into account the seam between adjacent clinker bricks. The laying of clinker pavers on the underlying layer of sand is carried out with a margin of height, in such a way that after compacting it with a vibrating plate, it would fall by 1 - 2 cm, to the corresponding design level of paving.

Clinker pavers are always laid with a slight slope of 1 - 2% from the house, which ensures quick drainage of storm and flood waters from the surface of the clinker pavers into the storm drain. When installing storm water inlets and rain gutters, they are usually installed just below the paving plane of the clinker pavers. Installation of storm water inlets and drainage trays is always carried out using concrete or cement-containing mortars, regardless of the method of laying clinker paving stones. Often, laying clinker has to be done on a ready-made concrete base. In this case, it is necessary to check the elevation of the poured concrete base for laying the clinker pavers, and the slopes, as well as the flatness of the concrete slab.

If concave surfaces of the concrete base are found, with deviations of more than 2 mm / m, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of draining water from under the clinker paving stones. Otherwise, in the spring, clinker bricks may swell in places where melt water accumulates under the clinker surface, due to its repeated freezing. Water drainage from under the clinker paving stones must also be provided along the entire perimeter of the concrete slab, especially from the side of its lowering. When laying clinker pavers on a concrete base, it is necessary to use geotextiles to prevent sand from being washed out from under the clinker. In addition, geotextiles are necessarily used at the junction of the blind area to the basement of the house.

When talking about laying clinker pavers on a concrete base, it is impossible to ignore the negative aspects of using concrete and cement-containing mortars when working with materials such as clinker. Surely, many of you have noticed ugly whitish or yellowish streaks on new brick houses. These are salt deposits, the so-called efflorescence, formed for various reasons (more often in violation of the technology of work and storage of materials). The same efflorescence is also formed when laying clinker paving stones, when using cement-containing mortars. Efflorescences on clinker bricks are crystalline salt formations in the form of thin films or loose crystalline outgrowths, relatively firmly attached to the surface of clinker paving stones. The efflorescences formed on the surface of the clinker worsen the decorative qualities of the clinker pavers and reduce the strength of the structures.

The appearance of efflorescence on clinker pavers is a direct consequence of the use of materials that include cement during its laying. In addition, efflorescence is formed when bulk materials with a high content of water-soluble compounds are used for laying clinker paving stones. Often the cause of the formation of efflorescence on the surface of the clinker pavers is water containing foreign substances. Improper storage conditions of building materials and low temperature when laying clinker bricks are also one of the reasons for the appearance of efflorescence on clinker paving stones. The reasons for the appearance of efflorescence on the surface of clinker paving stones are extensive and varied, their appearance can be avoided by observing the technology of laying clinker paving stones, but getting rid of efflorescence is quite difficult. To clean clinker pavers from salt deposits, washers are used, but each time they have to be selected empirically. In addition, even a complete cleaning of the clinker from efflorescence does not guarantee against their reappearance without eliminating the causes that caused them.

The landscape company "ROAD TO THE HOUSE" specializes in the field of landscape construction and integrated landscaping. The specialists of our company at a professional level will paving with clinker bricks, or laying clinker paving stones in Moscow and the Moscow region. You can order landscape works by calling 8–901–526–21–11.

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Technology of laying clinker paving stones

The backyard territory requires improvement no less than building a house or interior decoration. So it does not hurt to show interest in your yard. The Germans, as experts in the clinker trade, advise starting the process with a soil analysis. Be sure to organize a proper rainfall runoff. It is necessary to calculate the expected load on the soil, taking into account its compaction. Based on this, it is correct to choose a plan for preparing the foundation. The capitality of the structure will depend on 90% precisely on the preparation of the lower layers.

Stacking of clinker paving stones is carried out according to two methods: on concrete or at sand and gravel basis. These options will be discussed in detail below. The main thing to remember is that natural factors such as water and temperature are the main problem for clinker coating.

Technique of coating with clinker paving stones on a concrete base

Having calculated the depth and taking out the soil, we tamp the bottom. We lay a layer of sand up to 6 cm. Next, we lay a reinforcing mesh, which will give the mortar a strength. We pour concrete by 150 mm, taking into account the slope into the drainage is not<2%. Клинкер укладывают: прибегая к водонепроницаемому клею, либо на песок, слоем 5 см, либо на сухой состав цемента и песка, с безусловным затиранием шовного пространства. Для затирки надо обязательно выбирать только гидрофобную смесь.

1) Avoid contact of water with the seams and under the paving stones

Following the laying of clinker on a dry mixture of sand and cement, it is necessary to diligently close up the joints with a hydrophobic grout. Observing a certain slope in the masonry (not<2%), вода сможет собираться у края площадки, и по желобу стечет в ливневый сток. Срок службы покрытия напрямую будет обусловлен добротной затиркой, а также правильностью использования технологии.

Take into account that filling scars with a water-repellent composition is quite laborious, does not accept deviations from well-coordinated actions and principles of work. Therefore, the case must be entrusted to an employee who knows all the subtleties and features. Otherwise, attempts to independently or quickly wipe the seams are often crowned with irreparable harm to the surface of an expensive material.

Paving stone has a finely porous structure. This is specified in the European Engineering Standards. Very reasonable, because it is this property that does not allow slipping when it is damp.

It is worth taking into account that the color of the grout changes with the amount of water added. Any, the most insignificant deviation from the recommendations, entails a radical change in shade.

The scars need to be filled with mortar along the entire thickness of the brick, compacted, and then collect an extra layer, according to the level. The process will move slowly, as everything must be done carefully. The solution should not come into contact with the surface of the paving stones, otherwise it will penetrate into the pores of the material, from where it cannot be removed. So, do not use the bulk method. In order not to spoil the unique color of the grout, indicated by the manufacturer, it is necessary to prevent additional ingress of water until it is completely hardened. Neglecting these guidelines, you can end up with an unpleasant "gray" coating that cannot be washed off even with the help of chemistry.

2) Water that has penetrated under the clinker must be "removed" from the concrete plane

Tile adhesive will help with this. It has important features:

Waterproof

Porosity

Dynamic strength

Of course, to cover a meter of clinker with trust glue is many times more expensive than for carving, but the service life of clinker paving stones will be increased by a lot.

If garden paths are not designed for serious loads, you can use purified sand, layering up to 5 cm. Next, we tamp the finished surface by sifting and fill in the scars. Then the water, of course, penetrates into the depths without interference and "flows" along the base to the edges (taking into account the slope not<2%) и далее — в ливнёвку.

3) Leave expansion joints in the base

Such a trick will protect the sidewalk from erosion during seasonal heaving of the soil.
In the spring, on the farmstead path, a small step is likely to form, where the temperature seams pass. Materials can "walk" while remaining intact. The downside is that the grout in the seams is still destroyed in places. But in the warm season it can be updated. And, literally a minor correction, will prolong the operation and preserve the aesthetic appearance of the garden path.

Clinker pavers on a sand and gravel base

Provided the soil is free of clay locks, lay the clinker on a series of prepared layers. First, we compactly ram the earth, crushed stone, fine sand or granite screenings. It is important to carefully compress every 5 cm layer. Sometimes European masters offer to increase the density of the crushed stone layer by spilling it with water. Then waterproof glue, grouts and expansion joints are not needed.

The drainage system will run through the scars between the paving stones. It will be followed by a layer of sand or granite screenings. Moisture will enter the soil through the gravel. This sequence will provide drainage literally within half an hour.

Simply put, laying clinker paving stones is:

- the use of a layer of crushed stone, the thickness of which is regulated by the predicted load;

— stacking of clinker on a bed of sand or granite;

- screening the seams with fine sand;

– final pressing with a vibrating plate

Paving stones, which will be laid according to this technique, will not be afraid of frost, water, and will not harm the environment. It is resistant to wear, does not lose color brightness, because it has the specific properties of clinker clay and its own processing secrets. The color scale, natural raw materials - the guarantor of refinement and quality. Paved paths from any shade of clinker will fit into any architectural landscape.

www.svitcegli.ua

When are paving slabs laid on concrete?

Paving of paths, parking lots, front yard and recreation areas with paving slabs is necessary to improve the quality of site operation. In classical technology, cladding elements are mounted on sand or dry mix (1/5 cement, sand, respectively). However, in difficult cases, laying paving slabs on concrete is used to ensure a stable pavement geometry:

soils subject to shrinkage- these are soils with low design resistance (silty sand, peat, fresh unformed embankment);
heaving soils- are able to destroy the coating, since swelling is uneven in some areas, the reason for this is the scaly structure of the clay.

Less often, a home master needs to decorate with his own hands the exploited structural elements with tiles - the floor of the garage, the barn, the blind area, the screed in the front yard, the existing paths. To dismantle the concrete in this case is too long, it is a solid foundation, so the tiles are laid on top of it.

There are several ways of paving, step-by-step instructions for each of them are attached below. However, the developer should take into account the nuances:

soil heaving- if a blind area or a concrete path that has been in operation for several years and has not collapsed during this time is faced, you can be sure that there is no clay under it, but if it is planned to pour a new concrete screed for the above reasons, then there are absolute guarantees that in the freezing layer clay soils are absent, the owner of the site does not;
moisture- a concrete screed and curbs on the sides (at the blind area, a curb and a foundation on the other side) are a rigid box, rainwater, even if there is a storm drain on the side, partially penetrate the structure through the seams, saturate the concrete (cracking during freezing is possible) and impregnate the solution or sand that swells in winter.

Important! To eliminate swelling, drainage is required along the outer perimeter of the blind area and insulation with extruded polystyrene foam at a depth of 40 cm. The only way to get rid of moisture accumulation is by laying the elements on tile adhesive, which will fill the seams and prevent the penetration of drains into the structure.

On the other hand, unlike clay, sand saturated with moisture increases evenly when frozen in volume:

all tiles will rise to the same height in winter, without causing trouble to the owner;
in spring, the water thaws, the tile will return to its original state.

Therefore, this nuance is most often neglected, especially in combination with a linear storm drain, the gutters of which are installed along the outer perimeter of the blind area or on one side of the path between the curbs and tiles.

Rigid Concrete Sub-base Technology

In the paving option under consideration, paving slabs are supposed to be placed inside a hard “trough”, the bottom of which will be a concrete screed. Concreting rules are similar for slab foundations with minor additions:

the lower armored belt can be used in parking lots, the paths are reinforced only in the upper third so that the screed can withstand the forces of possible swelling;
it is possible to lay concrete only on non-metallic materials in which heaving forces are reduced, therefore the arable layer is removed to a depth of 0.4 m;
the height of the curbs and storm trays is much greater than the thickness of the tiles, so it is necessary to calculate the depth of the trench depending on the thickness of the screed.

For example, with a concrete thickness of 5 cm, an underlying layer of 15 cm and a tile of 6 cm, the depth of the pit will be 26 cm. And the height of the curb is 20 cm, the storm drain is 13 - 41 cm, you will need to plan the bottom of the trench at different levels.

In addition, for the gravity removal of wastewater from the track, slopes of 2–4 degrees in the transverse and longitudinal directions are required. In parking lots, slopes are usually created in one direction - towards the roadway or drains are collected from the side of the site, discharged into an underground tank.

Important! Even when laying tiles on a dry mix, it will be very difficult to create these slopes, and when using tile adhesive it is impossible.

If paving slabs need to be laid on an existing old base (slab or screed), you can immediately go to step 3.

Marking and installation of curbs

Do-it-yourself paving materials for paths and parking lots must be purchased before this stage. The route of the path and the configuration of the parking lot, recreation areas depend on the owner's imagination. The markup technology looks like this:

the first cord is installed;
a garden border, a storm drain tray, solid tiles along the width of the path, a second curb are placed on the dry, close to it, a second cord is pulled;
on the radius / curved sections of the track, markings can be created with paint or lime mortar directly on the ground.

After that, from the inside of the zone contoured by the cord, the fertile layer is removed to a depth of 0.4 m.

Advice! If stormwater trays 30 - 41 cm in height are used, a trench of greater depth is created at the places where they pass, taking into account the addition of 10 cm of crushed stone at least and the laying of these elements on a 2 cm layer of sand concrete or cement-sand mortar.

With a site slope of more than 7 degrees, steps are designed inside the tracks. If large-format areas are being decorated (front yard, parking, recreation area), the territory is pre-terraced with a road curb stone, concrete retaining walls or gabions.

Slopes are created in the soil, the underlying layer (sand, crushed stone) or in the concrete itself during its laying. Recommended Angle:

1 - 2 degrees across the track towards the storm tray;
3 - 7 degrees along the path.

For large rectangular or square sites (for example, a parking lot), slopes are created from the center to the perimeter or in one direction.

At the same stage, storm water inlets are installed under the roof drain pipes or transverse storm trays, which drain rainwater. It is possible to exclude mutual mixing of crushed stone / sand with soil by laying geotextiles on the bottom of the trench. This material prevents the germination of weed roots, therefore it is used in most cases.

The minimum thickness of the layer of non-metallic material for tamping with a vibrating plate is 10 cm. To prevent the absorption of cement laitance during concreting, the crushed stone is leveled with sand, covered with rolled waterproofing (roofing material or Bikrost) or two layers of polyethylene film.

Curbs and stormwater trays are mounted on the mortar, aligned horizontally with a rubber mallet. After the mortar hardens, they actually become a fixed formwork for a concrete screed.

Reinforcement and laying the mixture

If the developer is lining the blind area, it is recommended to insulate this structure with extruded polystyrene foam (thickness 5 - 10 mm), adjoining the horizontal layer to the vertical thermal insulation of the basement / foundation. The laying depth is 40 cm or at the level of the sole of the MZLF. In this way, swelling is eliminated, the blind area does not experience serious loads from pedestrian traffic, so it can not be reinforced.

With paths and parking more difficult:

parking areas are under load from cars, reinforced with two meshes (reinforcing or wire);
paths can be reinforced with a single mesh to protect the screed from destruction in the event of possible swelling of clay soils under it in the freezing zone;

Wire mesh is easier to buy, reinforcing mesh can be tied independently from corrugated bars with a diameter of 6 - 8 mm

The step-by-step instruction for reinforcement is as follows:

the lower protective layer is provided by laying the mesh on plastic or concrete pads, the thickness of which should be calculated individually;
overlap of individual cards is at least one cell (10 x 10 cm or 20 x 20 cm).

For example, to reinforce a 15 cm thick screed on a path, 12 cm spacers will be required so that the mesh is located at its upper part. For parking, spacers with a minimum thickness of 1.5 - 3 cm are used, the upper mesh is laid on tables, "spiders" or other special elements.

Temperature joints are created by wooden slats laid every 4 - 6 m across the path. They can be placed between rebars or interrupt the grid at expansion joints using cards of the required size for each section of the screed. The gap is created throughout the thickness of the concrete.

To obtain the slopes of a concrete screed, different methods are used:

for the blind area, you can draw two lines - on the base and storm tray or curb, focus on them when pulling the top layer with the rule;
for the path, similar lines are created on the curbs on both sides;
inside a rectangular parking lot, it is easier to place plaster beacons, pieces of pipe, bar, galvanized profile used in GKL systems.

Advice! Depending on the air temperature, paving can be started 3-15 days after pouring the screed, so that the cement stone gains at least 70% strength.

Laying paving slabs on concrete

If there is a hard underlying layer, you can lay the tile on glue, mortar and cutting (a dry mixture of sand and cement in a ratio of 5/1, respectively). However, when using the first two options, the laying rules differ from porcelain stoneware and tile cladding.

If you put the elements on the carving, the labor costs and the finishing budget are sharply reduced, however, a vibrating plate is required for thorough tamping, first of the dry mixture, then of the finished coating. When choosing a dry technology, the tiles are laid with their own hands in front of them, the master moves around the already paved area.

In "wet" technologies, walking is possible in a day, the tiler applies mortar / glue to 1 - 1.5 m 2, moves backwards.

Mortar mounting

The budget wet method is used for large paving areas. The classic cement-sand mortar is convenient to use, as it has a long life. The technology has nuances:

the recommended layer thickness is 2 - 3 cm, so that the lining does not “float” and does not push through it completely when leveling;
to increase productivity, the solution is applied to the area within the reach of the hands of the master, leveled with a notched trowel;
then tiles are laid on the blind area, path or parking lot in accordance with the pattern.

The slopes and flatness of the surface are controlled by the level and the rule, respectively. First, the space is filled with a solid tile; on unlined areas, the entire solution is carefully selected with a trowel or spatula. After the mixture has solidified, the trimmings are cut out and installed at the place of operation. The seams are covered with sand or carving, spilled with water.

Using tile adhesive

The following "wet" method is similar to the previous technology with minor differences:

glue has a shorter life and tile adjustments;
it is kneaded in a small amount, focusing on the level of training of the master;
the diluted solution is applied to a smaller surface (0.5 - 0.7 m 2) with a layer of 0.5 - 1 cm.

The seams are processed either with the same glue, or with a cutter, by analogy with the previous method.

Dry mix laying

Step-by-step instructions for dry paving technology differ from the previous ones:

carving is mixed from seeded sand and Portland cement;
it fills the entire “trough” of the path or the entire parking lot (thickness 5 cm);
the material is compacted with a vibrating plate;
tiles are laid with a rubber mallet;
then pieces are cut out for difficult areas;
the entire surface of the coating is rammed with a vibrating plate;
seams are filled with carving.

This method allows you to walk on the coating already in the process of laying, provides maximum maintainability of the elements in case of their accidental splitting when heavy objects fall.

Thus, the step-by-step instructions differ when using different compositions on which paving slabs are laid.

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Main types of products

Depending on the manufacturing methods, the following varieties are distinguished:

vibrocast;
vibropressed;
hyperpressed;
polymer sand.

The composition of paving slabs usually includes sand concrete with the addition of granite chips, limestone, shale or rubber crumb. Less often, basalt chips are added.

sawn paving stones, having all edges even;
sawn-chopped with an even lower and upper edge;
chipped, with uneven edges.

In the first two types, the smooth upper surface can be heat treated, which makes it non-slip.

The most common square paving stone with sides of 10 cm and a thickness of 3 to 10 cm.

In what cases is it necessary to lay paving slabs on concrete

The following can be used as a base for tiling:

crushed stone or gravel-sand cushion;
concrete, reinforced with steel meshes or individual rods, composite reinforcement or vibrated fibers to increase strength.

Tiles can be laid on existing concrete screeds or on newly arranged ones.

Although in the first case the work is much easier and faster, laying tiles on concrete is necessary to ensure a stable and durable coating in the following cases:

the presence of soils with increased susceptibility to shrinkage at the site of work (recently filled embankments, dusty sands, peat);
heaving clay soils, characterized by uneven swelling in some areas;
a concrete base for paving slabs is arranged when significant loads are applied to the coating, for example, a parking device for a car;
when cladding on existing solid concrete bases, when their dismantling is impractical and highly labor intensive (the blind area around the house, existing concrete pavements, floors in garages and outbuildings). The decision whether to lay paving slabs on concrete is made after a thorough examination of the existing old concrete pavement. Laying on old concrete allows you to obtain significant savings on building materials, protect the existing coating from further destruction and significantly improve its appearance.

Advantages and disadvantages of laying pavers on a concrete base

The concrete base for laying the cobbled pavement has the following advantages:

high strength and resistance to the application of significant loads and mechanical stress;
durability;
installation of tiles on a concrete base minimizes the risk of shrinkage;
ease of implementation, allowing laying paving slabs with your own hands;
there is no need to use complex expensive technical devices;
resistance of the base to chemical influences, washing out with water, temperature changes;
on a solid concrete base, the process of leveling tiles in a single plane is much easier to obtain a clear rectilinear shape and a perfectly flat surface
the absence of failures caused by poor-quality tamping of the base;
environmental friendliness of paving tiles.

Existing cons:

the technology of laying paving stones on a concrete base is more complicated than on sand and gravel pillows;
the need for a reliable water supply system. Leaking through the seams in the coating, the water will remain between the concrete base and the tiles, and when negative temperatures occur, it can swell and even split the paving stones. To avoid this, paving stones are laid with certain slopes, point water intakes are laid in concrete, storm systems are arranged;
a concrete base for paving stones is more expensive than a simple pillow of crushed stone and sand;
in case of violation of the technological process, already after the end of the first winter, coloring of the concrete base may occur.

What requirements should paving slabs meet?

When used for paving any types of products, they must meet the following requirements:

when laying tiles outdoors frost resistance ≥ 200-t cycles;
compressive strength ≥ 30 MPa;
water absorption by weight ≤ 5%;
abrasion during annual operation ≤ 0.7 g/cm 2 ;
the purchase of products must be made from the same batch, since in different, even from the same manufacturer, the tiles will differ in geometric dimensions and color saturation;
environmentally friendly cleanliness of products, when used both for outdoor work and for indoor use with a block flooring in warehouses and utility rooms;
lack of porosity on the surface;
strict observance of geometric dimensions with evenness of all faces;
absence of internal and external cracks, as well as chips;
naturalness and uniformity of staining.

The technology of laying paving slabs on a concrete base

The following methods of paving on a rigid base are distinguished:

A dry mixture of 1 to 5 cement with sand is poured over the concrete base, the thickness of such a dry mortar is taken up to 5 cm. Due to the difficulty of creating the necessary slopes for water drainage, a slope of 2 to 5 degrees is created in the process concrete foundation devices. To prevent moisture from lingering under the tile, sections of a polymer or asbestos pipe are vertically laid in a concrete screed, 1 pc each. for every m2.
After the concrete mixture has hardened, the top of the pipes is cut off at the level of the top of the concrete and the holes are filled with crushed stone of small fractions. Laying paving stones starts directly from the curb, after laying 4 elements, a check is made to maintain the specified level using the building level. Ensuring the quality of the fit is carried out with the help of a rubber mallet, by lightly tapping the tile is sunk into a mixture of cement and sand or, if necessary, lifted with a dry mixture (carving) or a cement cushion. With this method of paving, labor costs are significantly reduced and the costs of materials and labor are saved. Laying is done in front of you with movement on an already paved surface. Minus - the need for a thorough compaction of the mixture, and then the finished cladding.
Ramming can be carried out with vibrating plates, and in their absence, a piece of thick wide board can be used. The method is the most maintainable, as it allows easy replacement of individual damaged tiles.
On mortar, widely used for paving large areas. The cement-sand mortar is applied to the base with a layer of up to 3 cm to the reach area by the master and leveled with a notched trowel.
Laying paving stones on concrete using such a “wet” technology is first carried out with whole tiles, taking into account the desired pattern, all mortar is removed from unpaved areas with trowels, cut tiles are installed on a fresh mortar after the main one has solidified under solid tiles. Compliance with the required slopes and flatness of the coating are checked using a level and a rule.
The tile in all methods is laid in compliance with equal gaps (5 mm), the resulting seams in both of the above methods are covered with carving or simply sifted quartz sand and spilled with water. Movement of people on the laid surface is allowed no earlier than a day later.
Bond the tiles to the concrete using a special building adhesive. With this method, it is possible to create the necessary slopes only on a concrete base, since the glue is spread with a very thin layer (from 5 to 10 mm) on the surface of a small area (≤ 1 m 2), since its curing time, indicated on the attached instructions to application, small. For the same reason, paving slab adhesive is diluted in small quantities to avoid it from setting.
The seams are filled with the same glue, or you can use the carving, as in previous cases. The hardened special construction adhesive provides a strong and reliable connection with concrete, so this method is used quite often, but replacing a damaged element without its final break will not work.

Step-by-step instructions for paving on a concrete base

Composition and sequence of work:

Breakdown of sites and paths on which paving is planned, with fixing the markings with wooden or metal pegs. The boundaries between the pegs wake up with lime or chalk.
Removal of the fertile soil layer with the arrangement of an earthen trough, taking into account the location of reinforced concrete curbs or curbs. The depth of the trench for the curbs depends on their height, the top of the curb fencing, to ensure drainage from the paving surface, should be 2 cm below the top of the tile and rise above the level of the lawn.
Installation of curbs or curbs. A strong cord is pulled over the hammered pegs at the height of the curbs, taking into account the observance of the necessary longitudinal slopes. To collect water flowing from the tiled floor, close to the curbs, it is recommended to provide trenches for laying storm system trays. Reinforced concrete elements are installed in trenches on a compacted sand base with a small layer of lean concrete or mortar laid on top of it. The fixation of the elements is carried out with wooden pegs and pouring the concrete mixture.
Concrete foundation device. The soil in the earthen trough is carefully rammed and covered with geotextiles to prevent the germination of weeds. The concrete is laid on a compacted bed of sand or gravel ≥ 10 cm thick.

In some cases, curbs are installed by masters after concreting the base. This option, when performing work independently, is not recommended for execution. To protect the edges of the sites from soil shedding and create a concrete base with smooth edges, formwork is mounted from boards 40 mm thick, which will have to be carefully unfastened. If the curbs are installed immediately, then they themselves will serve as formwork. The advantages of this option:

there are no costs for the purchase of materials for formwork;
saves time for its installation and subsequent disassembly;
the pouring of the concrete mixture will be carried out without seepage into the gaps between the boards;
additional fixation of curbs in the required position.

Concrete is poured no earlier than one day after fixing the curbs. The break can be used for reinforcement (tracks that will not be driven by vehicles and heavy equipment can not be reinforced). The thickness of the concrete is assumed to be 15 cm in the absence of reinforcement and 20 cm in the presence of reinforcement. In the presence of moving heaving soils, the thickness can increase up to 40 cm.

Reinforcement is carried out with meshes connected from steel or composite reinforcement with a diameter of up to 10 mm and cells from 15 to 20 cm. The meshes are located at the top, at a distance of about 5 cm from the top of the concrete, with laying on concrete linings. It is possible to perform pouring in two stages: lay a layer of concrete about 10 cm, carefully level it, lay grids on fresh concrete and pour the concrete mixture to the required mark.

When pouring large areas, every 3 m it is necessary to arrange expansion joints from boards laid across the entire thickness of the concrete. On the paths, such seams are arranged every 6 m. Before hardening, the concrete boards are removed, and the resulting seams are filled with hot bitumen.

How long does it take to lay tiles? Concrete will gain the minimum required strength in about three days, so it is impossible to start work earlier. A suitable laying method is chosen, if the pavement is highly permeable or if transport and heavy technical equipment are planned to enter it, then it is preferable to paving tiles on cement mortars or building adhesives. If there are obstacles on the area facing (sewer manholes, flower beds, drainage holes, etc.), they are outlined with whole tiles.
Before completion of work, the final design of the junctions of the desired configurations is carried out with trimming the tiles using a grinder with a circle for concrete or a circular saw. At the end of the laying, the seams are filled. Walking on a paved surface, no matter how damaging the edge of the tiles, is impossible for about 3 days. If necessary, mandatory passages can be made by laying on the paving surface of plywood sheets.
In conclusion, after 3 days, construction residues and debris are swept away, after which the entire surface is washed with water under pressure from a hose.

Laying tiles on a concrete pavement

Blind areas around buildings are usually made up to 1 m wide. First, a survey of the condition of the blind area is carried out, after which the following operations are performed:

concrete is cleaned of dirt, the existing cracks in it are cut;
the entire surface of the old concrete is poured with a 2 cm layer of cement mortar;
the boundaries of future paving are marked with the driving of pegs;
the location of the curb along the edge of the site is planned, the top of the curb should be located taking into account the implementation of a slope away from the building of 2 cm for each linear. m and below the top for paving stones by 3 cm. Then a mark is marked on the base equal to the sum of the height of the tile and the thickness of the preparation under it, to which a strong cord is attached, the second end is tied to pegs at the planned height of the top of the curb;
according to the arranged marking, a trench is being developed for the curbs, then an earthen trough is being developed between the edge of the blind area and the curbs;
further work is carried out in the manner described above when constructing a concrete base and paving with paving slabs.

When performing work on their own, the cost of paving is reduced by at least 2 times. Additionally, how to properly lay paving slabs, you can read in the technical literature or consult with experts, this will help to avoid damage to expensive materials and ensure the durability of the coating.

Laying clinker paving stones is considered by experts to be one of the best ways to design sites and paths, if not the best. The high strength properties and durability of clinker, due to its high density and low water absorption (not exceeding 3-4% in the best samples), make it an ideal material for paving. Technological dimensions (200x100x50 mm) are convenient for implementing a variety of laying schemes, and the classic, always fashionable color of a brick with a different variation of shades can give a sophisticated look to any surface without any design tricks.

Tools and materials

What tools and materials will be required for do-it-yourself? With regard to the former, everything is simple, with any technology they are the same. This:

tape measure, cord, hydrostatic level - for marking the site;
shovel, rake, water hose - for earthworks;
spatula, trowel, rubber mallet - for working with mortar and stone;
grinder with circles - for cutting stone and reinforcement;
– for compaction of soil and concrete.

But the list of required materials varies depending on the technology used. But in any case, you need:

the clinker tile itself;
and sand - for the preparation of the solution;
curbstone.

You may need:

crushed stone or gravel;
steel fittings;
wooden boards;
glue for stone;
carving or special factory grout.

Preparatory work

The first thing to start with is preparation. Three technologies are used, depending on what load the clinker paving will be subjected to.

Sandy base- for platforms and footpaths with a small load.

crushed stone- if moderate traffic and parking of cars is expected.

Concrete- with heavy traffic of cars and light trucks.

For any type of base, it will be necessary to remove the top layer of soil to a depth of 30-50 cm, level and compact the bottom of the site. But the further order of work varies depending on the type of foundation.

Sand and gravel pad

Sand or gravel is poured in a layer of 10-20 cm, spilled with water (at the rate of approximately 10 liters per 1 m 2) and rammed.

Important. When leveling and tamping, it is necessary to provide a slight slope to the edge of the site for water runoff, approximately 0.5-1 cm per 1 m of distance.

concrete base

When preparing it, the work is performed in the following order. A layer of crushed stone 10-20 cm thick is laid at the bottom of the pit, leveled with slopes, spilled with water and compacted.

A formwork of wooden boards is installed along the perimeter of the site. They fix it with the help of pegs driven into the ground and props. A concrete solution of a grade not lower than M200-300 is laid on a gravel base with a total layer of 6-15 cm. A more accurate value of the thickness of the concrete slab depends on whether reinforcement will be made or not.

Important. When pouring concrete, it is necessary to provide expansion joints with a width of at least 5 mm every 1.5-3 m of length.

When laying reinforcement, the thickness of the slab can be 6-10 cm. If reinforcement is not used, the thickness must be increased to 10-15 cm.

When reinforcing, first a layer of concrete of about 3 cm is laid, then a reinforcing mesh of welded / interconnected rods, and on top of it another layer of concrete. After laying, you need to tamp and level the surface, providing a slight slope to the edges of the site.

Clinker laying technology

Needed before installation. Their function is to prevent the edge stones from migrating and tilting to the side. And the track with them looks much neater than without them. Borders must be installed on the solution. With a gravel and sand base, a small hole is made under it. The surface of the curb should be slightly (no more than 5 mm) below the surface of the pavers.

Substrate

Without any preliminary preparation only on a sandy base. The gravel pad must be covered with a 5 cm layer of dry cement-sand mixture, leveled and compacted. also covered with a thin layer (1-3 cm) of fine sand or screenings. The purpose of the underlay is to evenly distribute the load from the paving stones over the entire surface of the base.

Clinker stone can be laid on clean concrete without a substrate. But in this case, you will have to "sit" it on a special glue. This is a good and reliable, but costly way.

Laying schemes

Clinker paving stones can be laid according to various schemes. Most commonly used:

Other schemes may apply. There are enough photos of various laying patterns on the Web - from the simplest (for paths in secluded places in the garden) to the most complex and beautiful (for stairs near the front door or on the terrace, where guests are often received).

Basic laying rules

The laying direction creates a border. If it is not installed (sometimes its device is put aside for the last), the cord is pulled to ensure the evenness of the first row.

The gap between the stones should be 3-5 mm. For their upsetting use a rubber mallet. It is necessary to constantly monitor the evenness of the masonry and the presence of a slight slope. If the base has been prepared correctly, the slope should be automatic, but this still needs to be controlled. After the masonry is completed, the gaps between the stones are filled.

Very important. The method of filling the gap between the stones depends on the type of foundation. If it is sandy, the gaps are filled with sifted sand, using a brush to spread it over the cracks. Water that gets between the stones will be drained through the sand cushion. If the base is concrete or gravel with a dry mix, the ingress of water under the paving stones must be excluded, otherwise it will accumulate there, freeze and tear the stone from the substrate. To prevent this, the gaps are approximately half filled with a dry sand-cement mixture, and the top is sealed with an elastic hydrophobic grout. Instead of the latter, in extreme cases, you can use a cheap carving.

Finishing operations

Clinker paving slabs do not require any special finishing. It is only necessary to rinse its surface with water and ram it with a vibrating plate with a sole covered with polyurethane or rubber. You need to seal from the edge to the middle.

Recently, laying the territory with clinker paving stones is gaining more and more popularity. Clinker or road brick is made from clay purified from impurities by firing. Our company has vast experience in the field of installation of tiled coatings. The cost of laying clinker paving stones is higher compared to vibrocast or vibropressed paving slabs. This is due to a more complex technological process. Depending on the volume of work, we offer a number of discounts, more means cheaper.

This type of material has a number of advantages and disadvantages:

wear resistance
Frost resistance
moisture resistance
And at the same time
Narrow range of shapes
small color range
high cost

The country of manufacture affects the price. Germany is the undisputed leader in this area. Russian manufacturers have lower quality. But we mount paving stones of any manufacturer with equal success.

The cost of laying clinker paving stones

Names of works	Unit	Price	Notes
Check-out		0 r	For free
Budgeting		0 r	For free
Advice on any matter		0 r	Choice of tiles, etc. For free
Clinker laying	m2	650	Depending on the tile manufacturer. German tiles cost 450 r per m2 on a concrete base.
Excavation 20 cm	m2	160
Laying Geotextile	m2	30
Backfilling and tamping of crushed stone 10 cm	m2	90
Backfilling and tamping of sand and sand concrete up to 10 cm	m2	160
Backfilling of seams		0 r	sand
Installation of a garden border	m.p.	300
Road curb installation		400
Installation of a storm water inlet	PC	600
Pouring concrete 10 cm and reinforcement	m2	380	M-300 concrete on gravel.
Sand (washed/sown)	M3	600-800
Crushed gravel F 5-20	M3	1800-2300
Cement M400-M500	Mesh.	270-300
Geotextile	m.p.	35-45
Border garden (vibropress)	m.p.	150
Road curb (vibropress)	m.p.	350
Rain inlet (without grate)	PC	500
Delivery of cement		500-3000	Depends on the distance of the object to the construction market.

Our company is narrowly focused. We only do what we do best. We specialize in tile work and guarantee the same quality of products for many years. Full compliance with GOST and SNIP. We give a guarantee for 2 years. We invariably coordinate all purchases of raw materials with the client. We avoid downtime, the release date of the brigade is agreed in advance.

Photo of the work of clinker paving stones

Maximum attention to each potential customer. After receiving professional advice over the phone and evaluating the free measurement and estimate, he will place his order with us. If desired, you can organize a tour of previously completed orders. We are ready to prove our professionalism.

One of the best options for paving the roadway, paths, sidewalks, blind areas and platforms is clinker paving, which is often called bridge or paving bricks. Clinker is one of the few man-made materials made from natural raw materials, which are not only affordable and have excellent decor, but can also be used without problems in outdoor conditions under the influence of huge mechanical and abrasive loads. Clinker pavers for several centuries of use as a road surface have clearly demonstrated that specially baked clay can have super strength, durability and excellent aesthetic filling, provided that it is correctly laid, properly selected layout and unmistakable arrangement of the supporting base and seams.

Base selection

Modern clinker manufacturing technology is characterized by a large selection of standard sizes and a variety of color schemes, which has a positive effect on the use of the material in private and suburban construction. Most often, a rectangular shape with a thickness of 18–110 mm is used, which, when forming a homogeneous coating, provides the possibility of uniform distribution of loads. The magnitude and intensity of load impacts determines the type of underlying layer and foundation.

In construction practice, three methodologies for laying clinker paving stones are in demand on:

sand base: light regular foot traffic;
sand and gravel base: medium and heavy pedestrian loads, irregular passage of cars;
concrete reinforced base: increased intensity of all types of traffic, including freight vehicles.

Each base has a multi-layer structure to ensure the stability of the clinker flooring and the removal of incoming moisture. Clinker bridge bricks are characterized by low water absorption, so the problem of rain puddles and lakes of melted snow is often solved by not filling or filling the joints with sand. A practical, at first glance, solution can lead to partial washing out of the base and cause deformation of the clinker flooring. The problem is easily eliminated with a special high-permeability route drainage solution or TPM-D from the company. To protect the gaps between the bricks from the accumulation of dirt and debris, a three-component permeable grout is used to fill the joints. Another way to form a durable coating of clinker pavers is to lay it on the underlying layer, made with a slight slope to one side (0.5–0.7 cm for every 100 cm of surface). As a bedding material, a road mortar for laying paving stones Tubag TDM or TPM-D is used. The seams are filled with waterproof mortar. Due to the slope of the flooring and the water resistance of the seams, all moisture from the clinker surface is quickly removed to a special storm system.

Base manufacturing technology

Sand, gravel or concrete base have a similar multi-layer structure and differ only in materials and layer thickness. Before the formation of the base, excavation, filling or leveling of the soil is carried out on the basis that on sandy soils the thickness of the base can reach 20 cm, on soils prone to swelling - up to 40 cm. If necessary, curbs are installed, which are fixed with cement mortar.

When arranging a sand-gravel base, a geotextile layout is used, a 25 cm layer of crushed stone, another geotextile sheet and a 5–10 cm underlying layer of sand, on which clinker paving stones are laid close to each other. Sand can be replaced with one of Tubag paving mortars.

The crushed stone base rests on geotextile, a 5 cm layer of sand, a 5–10 cm crushed stone backfill and a 10 cm layer of a cement-sand mixture. The reliability of the base increases many times when using Tubag TPM-D route mortars with a grain size of 4 to 8 mm as an underlying and carrier layer. The maximum strength of the base for laying clinker paving stones is achieved through the use of a 15–20 cm layer of crushed stone and a 20 cm layer of concrete screed with welded mesh reinforcement. Tubag routing mortars make it possible to prepare both the load-bearing reinforced surface and the top layer for the installation of clinker. In the process of arranging the base, each bulk layer is carefully watered and compacted.

Laying out paving stones

Laying of bridge bricks is carried out in dry weather using a rule, a building level and a rubber mallet. There are dozens of techniques for arranging clinker paving stones: run-up, herringbone, two-element block, three-quarter, half, diagonal, one- and two-block, triangles, in a circle, etc. Multi-colored layout, ornament technique and creative color compositions are used everywhere. Compliance with the same width of the gaps between the bricks is ensured by using. To fill the joints, waterproof mortar Tubag PFN or durable waterproof mortar Tubag PFL is used.