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Do-it-yourself septic tank from rings: device of concrete septic tanks

Many residents of country houses resort to the construction of a local treatment plant (septic tank) if there are no centralized sewer networks near the site. There are different types of septic tanks, ranging from finished factory products to home-made devices. In our article, we will focus on home-made treatment facilities, namely, the construction of septic tanks from well rings. Most often, a septic tank is made of concrete rings with their own hands to service a summer house or a small country house. In our article, we will consider the principle of operation of such structures, their varieties, the scheme of the device. The video and photos from the article will help you more clearly understand the process of building a septic tank from reinforced concrete rings.

Device diagram

The scheme of a product from well rings can contain from 1 to 3 chambers made of reinforced concrete products. All chambers are interconnected by means of overflow into a single structure. If you make a sewage treatment plant with your own hands, then the scheme of the future design should be developed taking into account the following factors:

  • volumes of water consumption in the country or in a country house;
  • terrain;
  • groundwater standing height, as well as seasonal changes in this indicator;
  • mark of soil freezing in your area;
  • the availability of free space for the entrance of construction equipment;
  • compliance with regulatory gaps from surrounding buildings and wildlife.

Before you arrange a septic tank for a summer residence, it is necessary to determine its volume. It depends on the volume of water consumption by the residents of the house during the day. The working volume of the treatment plant should be 3 times the rate of water consumption per family. As a rule, it is assumed that 1 person consumes 200 liters of water per day. If this number is multiplied by three and by the number of people living in the house, then you will get the volume of the septic tank.

In such a calculation scheme, a septic tank device is implied, consisting of two or more chambers. The working volume in this device is determined by the first chamber from the bottom to the overflow pipe.

Important: the actual capacity of the treatment plant may be slightly more than the calculated volume, but in no case less.

Principle of operation

In the treatment plant, consisting of one chamber, a cumulative scheme of work is used. Moreover, the larger the chamber, the less often it will be necessary to pump out the sediment.

In septic tanks, consisting of two or more chambers, the principle of operation is based on the separation of wastewater into different fractions. The solid components of the effluents settle to the bottom under the action of gravity forces. Clarified water remains in the upper part of the drains. This principle contributes to the fact that pre-treated effluents enter the second chamber.

In the second chamber made of reinforced concrete rings, the drains settle again. As a result, this principle of purification contributes to the fact that completely purified water from solid impurities enters the third chamber. The scheme of operation of the third chamber resembles a filter well, where pre-treated effluents through a layer of filtration material go into the ground.

Varieties

Making a septic tank from concrete rings with your own hands is quite simple, but first you need to decide how many chambers will be in your design. From reinforced concrete products, you can make the following country septic tank:

  • Single chamber product It is a waste collection tank. The correct single-chamber septic tank should have a volume that is a multiple of the daily discharge. The design can be performed without a bottom. A single-chamber installation scheme does not imply the installation of a drainage layer at the bottom of a structure made of reinforced concrete rings. Effluent is cleaned by soil filtration. As the soil becomes silted with heavy fractions, the efficiency of the treatment plant decreases.

Important: the waste liquid should not seep through the joints of the well rings in a single-chamber septic tank.

  • Double chamber cleaner. A device consisting of two cameras is more functional. In the first settling compartment, the heavy components of the effluents settle to the bottom, and the pre-treated settled water enters the second chamber. In this compartment, a drainage layer of sand and gravel is arranged at the bottom, through which the waters go into the ground. A septic tank with two chambers has the following operating condition: the first chamber is always filled to the overflow level, the volume of wastewater in the second chamber depends on the filtration rate and the discharge volume.

Attention: the bottom of the filter well should not be equipped on clay soil, which has poor permeability. Construction is best done on sandy soils.

  • Three-chamber septic tank from reinforced concrete rings - the most advanced device in terms of the correct disposal of waste. The first two wells are settling tanks, where mechanical wastewater treatment is performed. The third compartment is a filter well. Such a septic tank for giving has the following working condition: the first two chambers are filled to overflow, and in the third compartment there is a small amount of water.

The construction of septic tank chambers without a bottom is allowed in two cases:

  1. With a low location of groundwater. In this case, the probability of runoff entering aquifers is completely excluded.
  2. If you want to ensure the filtration of water into the ground. In this case, at the bottom of the structure, a filtration layer is made of sand and gravel.

To significantly speed up the process of decomposition of organic waste, you can build a septic tank with aeration. For this, a special device is used - a compressor with a timer, which pumps air into the second chamber under pressure. As a result, the activity of aerobic microorganisms is activated, which decompose ammonia into nitrites.

Wastewater treatment plant without pumping

This name of the treatment plant is rather conditional and does not mean that the sludge does not need to be pumped out of the septic tank at all. However, with the right device, this will have to be done much less often. For example, such structures are known in the country, from which the sediment has not been pumped out for 10 years in a row.

In fact, this is a three-chamber design, where in the first compartment solid waste is processed by anaerobic bacteria without air access. Here, the solid components are decomposed by microorganisms into hydrogen sulfide and methane, so a small silty sediment is formed. The better the decomposition process is performed, the less sediment is formed at the bottom.

For the efficiency of such a septic tank, you will need to equip the aeration of the second chamber with your own hands. Here, aerobic microorganisms will process the organic components of the effluent. They need oxygen to live, so you need a compressor.

In the third chamber of such a unit in the country, it is necessary to equip a high-quality filter at the bottom so that the final filtration of pretreated wastewater takes place. As a result, a minimum of sediment will form, and you will not need pumping out soon.

Choosing a place for a septic tank

The place for the treatment plant is selected in compliance with the following rules:

  • From the septic tank to the well or well should be at least 30 m.
  • On the terrain, the cleaning product is installed lower down the slope than other buildings.
  • From the foundation of a residential building to a treatment plant, it is worth retreating at least 5 m.
  • From open reservoirs to the septic tank should be at least 10-15 m.

It is also worth remembering that the sewer pipeline is laid with a slope from the house to the septic tank. At the same time, for each meter of length, the slope is 2 cm. A trench for the pipeline is dug at a depth of 0.9-1 m.

Mounting

The video at the end of the article clearly shows the device of the septic tank. If you decide to make a sewage treatment plant from reinforced concrete products with your own hands, then its construction is carried out in the following sequence:

  1. A pit for a septic tank can be dug with a shovel or using construction equipment. In this case, the dimensions of the pit should slightly (by 20 cm) exceed the dimensions of the rings.
  2. Now you need to prepare the base at the bottom of the pit for concrete rings. You can lay a factory concrete slab or make a foundation of cast-in-situ concrete. To do this, a reinforcing mesh with cells of 20x20 cm is knitted, laid on the bottom and poured with concrete with a layer of at least 20 cm. Moreover, the concrete base can be made for each of the wells or be common to all chambers.
  3. Now reinforced concrete elements are installed on the prepared base. After the construction of the well, holes for the pipeline and tees are marked and punched in its walls. To do this, you can use a grinder and a puncher.
  4. Next, connecting pipelines are installed between the wells and a drain pipe is connected.
  5. We carry out waterproofing of concrete rings. For these purposes, the outer surface must be coated with liquid polymer mastics, bituminous composition or liquid glass. Also for these purposes, you can use a special concrete mix with additives that will make the rings waterproof. The seams between the elements are filled with special care.
  6. We install covers over the cameras. In this case, the covers over the first and second settling tanks must have hatches for removing sediment.
  7. Now we are building ventilation. To do this, in the cover above the second chamber, we install a ventilation pipe that rises 50 cm above the ground.
  8. At this stage, you can perform backfilling. The soil is filled up between the walls of the pit and the structure and is rammed every 20-30 cm. The cover is covered with soil so that the hatch is on the surface.

Maintenance of a treatment plant made of reinforced concrete rings is reduced to monitoring the level of waste liquid in all chambers. If necessary, clean them.

Video about the device of a two-chamber treatment plant made of concrete rings: