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When the Internet appeared in the world and in Russia. The history of the creation of the Internet and the most interesting facts The entry of the Russian Internet into the global Internet

The Internet is, without exaggeration, the main technological breakthrough of the last decades. But by whom and when was it invented? In fact, the invention of the Internet is a rather complicated story, and we will deal with it in this post.

The first projects of the Internet

For the first time, ideas and projects for a global computer network appeared in the early 1960s. In 1962 in the USA, Joseph Licklider, who was then working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published a series of notes in which he described the concept of the "Galactic Network". The name was a joke, and Licklider saw the main purpose of this network in the convenient exchange of data and program code, but his concept did describe some of the principles of a global computer network that resembled the modern Internet. Soon Likladyer became the head of the information technology department of DARPA, and largely thanks to his efforts, after some time, this agency begins to implement the project of one of the first computer networks ARPANET.

V. M. Glushkov

In the same 1962, an article by academician Kharkevich was published in the Soviet Union, in which he wrote about the need to create a nationwide computer network that would allow all institutions to exchange information and become the basis for planning and management in various industries. Soon, Academician Glushkov came up with an even more detailed project, called OGAS (National State Automated System for Accounting and Processing Information). The project envisaged the creation of a single computer network in the USSR, within the framework of the project it was planned to create 6,000 computer centers and train 300 thousand IT specialists. Khrushchev approved the plan and its implementation began, but after Brezhnev came to power, the Soviet bureaucracy began to openly sabotage the project. Instead of a single network, the Soviet ministries began to build their own computer centers, not connected to each other, and attempts to integrate them into a network did not go beyond experiments. So the USSR missed the opportunity to overtake the West in the field of information technology.

OGAS Glushkova

ARPANET

In 1964, two years later than in the USSR, the implementation of the ARPANET network project was launched in the USA. But, unlike the USSR, this project was brought to an end there. In 1969, this network began to work, although at first there were only 4 nodes in it.

ARPANET in 1969

Later, many began to consider this year the year of the Internet. But in fact, the ARPANET network was quite far from the modern Internet. The main problem that they tried to solve with the help of this network was the problem of optimal use of computer power. Computers were still quite expensive, and if someone could remotely connect from another computer and use its power during idle time, it would turn out to be a big savings. Due to various difficulties, this task was never realized, but ARPANET continued to develop.

Larry Roberts

In 1972, Larry Roberts, one of the developers of ARPANET, who by that time had succeeded Licklider as director of the DARPA IT department, organized an international conference on computer communications in Washington. At this conference, a demonstration of ARPANET was held, during which those who wished could connect to 20 computers from different US cities and execute various commands on them. At the time, the demonstration made a big impression on skeptics who did not believe in the reality of computer networks.

In 1972, e-mail appeared on the ARPANET. E-mail messaging soon became one of the most popular features of ARPANET. Some even believe that e-mail "saved" ARPANET, making this network really useful and in demand. Then other ways to use the network began to appear - file transfer, instant messaging, bulletin boards, etc. However, ARPANET was not yet the Internet. And the first obstacle to the further development of the network was the lack of a universal protocol that would allow computers of different types and with different software to exchange information.

TCP/IP protocol

The variety of hardware and software made it difficult to network computers. To overcome them, in 1973 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn decided to create a universal information exchange protocol that would allow connecting a variety of computers and local networks.

Vinton ("Vint") Cerf

Robert ("Bob") Kahn

The protocol was named TCP (Transmission-Control Protocol, or Transmission Control Protocol). Later, the protocol was divided into two parts and was called TCP / IP (IP - Internet Protocol). By the way, at the same time, around the mid-70s, the word “Internet” itself appeared.

The development of the protocol took quite a long time. Initially, many doubted that small computers were even capable of supporting such a complex protocol. Only in 1977 was the first data transmission using this protocol demonstrated. And ARPANET switched to the new protocol only in 1983.

And in 1984, the first DNS server was launched, which allowed using domain names instead of poorly remembered IP addresses.

Development of computer networks and the end of ARPANET

In the late 70s, the first personal computers designed for home use appeared. In the 80s, more and more such computers began to appear, and computer networks also developed at the same time. Along with state and scientific networks, commercial and amateur networks appeared, to which it was possible to connect via a modem through a telephone line. However, the functions of computer networks were still rather limited and were limited mainly to sending e-mail and exchanging messages and files via bulletin boards (BBS). It was still not the internet we were used to.

ARPANET, which at one time served as an impetus for the development of computer networks, fell into decay, and in 1989 this network was closed. The Pentagon, which financed DARPA, did not really need it, and the military segment of this network was separated from the civilian one in the early 80s. At the same time, the alternative global network NSFNET, created in 1984 by the US National Science Foundation, was actively developing. This network originally united American universities. In the mid-80s, this network began to use high-speed data lines for the first time with a data transfer rate of 1.5 Mbps instead of 56 Kbps, which was the standard for modems and telephone lines. In the late 80s, the remnants of ARPANET became part of NSFNET, and NSFNET itself in the early 90s will become the core of the global Internet. This will happen, however, not immediately, since the network was originally focused on use only for scientific and educational purposes, but then these restrictions were nevertheless removed. In 1994, NSFNET was effectively privatized and fully open to commercial use.

www

But in order for the Internet to become the way we know it, in addition to computer networks and a universal protocol, something else had to be invented. That something was site organization technology. It was she who made the Internet truly popular and massive.

Tim Berners-Lee

In 1989, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee was working on a document viewing system at CERN (the famous international center for nuclear research in Switzerland). And then it occurred to him to implement a large-scale project based on the hypertext markup that he used in documents. The project was given the name World Wide Web ("World Wide Web").

For 2 years, Tim Berners-Lee worked hard on the project. During this time, he developed the HTML language for creating web pages, a way to set page addresses as URLs, the HTTP protocol, and the first browser.

August 6, 1991 Tim Berners-Lee posted the first website on the Internet. It contained basic information about WWW technology, how to view documents, how to download a browser.

So the first users saw the world's first website

In 1993, the first browser with a graphical interface appeared. In the same year, CERN issued a statement announcing that WWW technology would not be protected by any copyright and its free use was allowed to anyone. This wise decision led to an explosion in the number of sites on the web and the emergence of the Internet as we know it today. As early as 1995, the WWW became the most used service of all (e-mail, file transfer, etc.), and for today's users it is almost synonymous with the Internet.

So who invented the internet? The Internet was not invented by one person. But of those who made the greatest personal contribution to its appearance, the following people can be distinguished.

  1. The initiators and developers of ARPANET. Among them are such people as Joseph Licklider, Larry Roberts, and Paul Baran And Bob Taylor.
  2. Creators of the TCP/IP protocol: Screw Surf And Bob Kahn.
  3. WWW Creator Tim Berners-Lee.

The emergence of Runet

The first computer networks in the USSR appeared long ago, even earlier than in the West. The first experiments in this area date back to 1952, and in 1960 a network was already deployed in the USSR that united computers within the framework of an anti-missile defense system. Later, specialized civil networks appeared, designed, for example, to account for railway and air tickets. Unfortunately, there were big problems with the development of general purpose networks due to pervasive bureaucracy.

In the 1980s, Soviet scientists for the first time began to connect to foreign networks, at first only occasionally, for example, to hold some kind of conferences on scientific topics. In 1990, the first Soviet computer network "Relcom" appeared, uniting scientific institutions from different cities of the USSR. Its creation was carried out by employees of the Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov. In the same year, the su zone was registered - the domain zone of the Soviet Union (the ru zone appeared only in 1994). In autumn 1990 Relcom establishes the first connections with foreign countries. In 1992, Relcom implements the TCP/IP protocol and establishes a connection to the European EUnet network. Runet becomes a full-fledged part of the Internet.

The Internet was born as a result of the confrontation between the USSR and the USA. In America, they believed that the USSR was about to attack them, and then back in 1957, the Soviets launched a satellite. Absolutely trouble! And they decided in the States that in case of war it is imperative to have some kind of uninterrupted communication system for early warning of a missile attack. Work on a new communication system called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was assigned to several universities.

First steps

The first real result was obtained in 1969, on October 29th. It was on this day at 9 pm that the first successful communication attempt was made between the universities at Stanford and Los Angeles. Operator Charlie Kline in Los Angeles managed to connect to the Stanford computer and transmit the code word.

October 1969

The first e-mail program appeared in 1971 and immediately gained popularity in the United States.

In the 70s, mainly mail was transmitted over the network, there were bulletin boards. At that time, several disparate networks were already operating in the world, each operating according to its own protocol. The question arose about the unification of the data transfer process. Work in this direction began in 1973. Project leader Robert Kahn unveiled several principles by which a shared network should operate:

  • Internet connection should not lead to internal alterations;
  • if the information has not reached the addressee, it must be transmitted again;
  • simple gateways and routers should be used for connection;
  • there is no common network management system.

Robert Kahn.

In the course of working on the creation of a common network, the TCP / IP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) was developed. These principles and protocol for the functioning of the network are still in effect today. The transition of all computers on the ARPANET to the TCP / IP protocol occurred in 1983. Then for the first time the ARPANET was called the Internet.

However, in 1984, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded a new inter-university network NSFNet (English National Science Foundation Network), created from several smaller ones. As NSFNet's audience grew faster than ARPANET, the name Internet passed to it. This year was also marked by the emergence of the Domain Name System, DNS.

Internet in the USSR

The first transatlantic ARPANET cable from the US to Europe was laid in 1973, connecting England, Sweden and several other countries. The USSR was late, as usual, for a decade. The first Soviet computers connected to European networks in 1982. Then the employees of the All-Union Research Institute of Applied Automated Systems established a permanent communication channel with the Vienna Institute for System Analysis.

It was a purely scientific channel. The network of the Academy of Sciences began to form from it. She was not public. Only scientists could connect to it, but Western scientific libraries with dissertations, monographs, etc. became available to them. In 1989, in the USSR, employees of the Kurchatov Institute, the Ministry of Automotive Industry began to create networks in the field, helping other citizens connect to them.

Only when cooperatives were allowed did the Relcom network appear from the Demos cooperative, but this happened already in 1990. In the same year, the SU domain belonging to the Soviet Union was registered. The process of network commercialization has begun. By the way, before the collapse of the USSR, commercial conferences helped to stabilize prices, as they were a direct source of information about where and how much. Unfortunately, these same networks played a significant role in the brain drain.

In August 1991, the Soviet Internet was one of the few channels that transmitted all the news in real time, including those that Muscovites saw with their own eyes from the windows of their apartments. These days, a huge number of servers all over the USSR connected to Relcom.

The period of the formation of the worldwide network

Popular in the 90s, the Mosaic web browser was developed in 1993 by the NCSA.

Since 1995, network providers began to route network traffic, thus freeing up NSFNet university supercomputers for scientific work. At the same time, the World Wide Web Consortium W3C was created to streamline web standards. Since 1996, the WWW protocol has overtaken FTP in terms of traffic.

The combination of the http web protocol and the Mosaic web browser has contributed to the growth of the Internet. Two years after the advent of the browser, the Internet became known throughout the world. During these years, most of the networks that existed separately merged with the Internet, and those that proudly stood aside, like Fidonet, gradually faded away.

In 1994, the SU domain stopped registering new users as Russia received the RU domain. The SU domain was recommended to be slowly phased out and liquidated. However, despite the termination of registration and the recommendation to “liquidate”, the domain continued to exist semi-legally and slowly develop, until, finally, already in the 2000s, its activity was completely legalized.

By 1997, about 10 million computers were connected to the Internet around the world, more than 1 million domain names were registered. Since that time, the Internet began to turn into one of the most popular sources of information and gradually acquired a modern look.

In Russia, by 1997, the first Internet newspapers had already appeared, the Yandex.ru search engine had appeared, and hackers began to operate. True, the entire Russian Internet or Runet, as they began to call it, could easily fit on one hard drive of a modern computer. Search engines needed to find at least some information on request, therefore, any well-written article automatically got into the TOP of the results. Golden times!

The Current State of the World Wide Web

In 1998, the Pope authorized World Internet Day. The official patron saint has not yet been announced, but by default they consider Isidore of Seville, a Spanish bishop of the 6th-7th centuries, the first encyclopedist, and this significant holiday is celebrated on April 4, on the day of Isidore's ascension.

True, each country has appointed its own Internet Day. There are two such days in Russia. Runet's birthday is celebrated on April 7th. But the Moscow firm IT Infoart Stars sent letters to users with two proposals:

  • consider September 30 as International Internet Day and celebrate it annually;
  • conduct an all-Russian census of the Internet population.

In recent years, the Internet has spread very actively in Russia, overtaking everyone in this indicator. True, now China has pushed us, the Internet in which is spreading even faster.

But this is not smart. For example, in Moscow, broadband Internet is available to almost everyone; the market has reached saturation. The reserve is available only in the rest of Russia: there, half of the households still live without the Internet. But many are switching to mobile devices. We have three domains at our disposal: .su, .ru and .rf

Statistics say that, for example, in 2009, the Internet brought 1.6% (19.3 billion dollars) to Russia's GDP, about the same as Spain or Italy (as a percentage). According to forecasts, in 2015 the contribution of the network economy to Russia's GDP should reach 3.7%.

Good afternoon friends. Now most of the houses in our country have computers. We are so used to them that they become an integral part of the house. Many people without the Internet do not see the meaning of their existence.

People are already accustomed to, if something is unknown, you need to look on the Internet. How to make a veranda - Look it up on the internet. What will the weather be like soon? Also, the internet will tell you easily.

When did the Internet appear, and in what year? Most users find it difficult to answer about this, despite the fact that it has become so firmly established in our lives. But, let's then, let's try to deal with this issue?

So, what is the Internet, or global network? I would call it a community of computers connected to each other through special cables or using wave connections. Computers can range from small in size, like Pocket PCs, to huge in size, with a whole lot of knowledge, processing quite a lot of information.

The history of the Internet is quite interesting. But what is she? When did the world wide web appear? The story of the appearance of the global network begins with the first computer. I already wrote an article - ? But, about the first appearance of the Internet, I have not yet mentioned.

When did the Internet appear

The prerequisites for the emergence of the worldwide network originate in the 50s of the last century. We can say that the Internet began to emerge with the beginning of the Cold War. In the 1950s, the USSR, in opposition to the United States, began to create its own intercontinental missiles.

These missiles could deliver a nuclear charge to the territory of America. This made the Americans very worried. They began to think about lightning-fast data transmission devices if a war broke out.

At that time, the ARPA agency was responsible for creating new technologies for the US Army. It also gave the idea to the US government to use networked computers for this. The nodes of this network were located in special rooms that would not fail if one or more of them were destroyed. Of course, all this was controlled by the Pentagon.

4 companies were commissioned to create such a network: - The University of Utah, the University of Los Angeles, the California and Stanford Research Center.

The American Department of Defense followed these studies and also dealt with their finances. The basis for the emergence of the Internet was the technology that was created by US engineer Leonard Clayton in 1961.

Its essence is that information flows were divided into packets (sequence) through a special network, and their chain can be transmitted through the network. At the same time, there are alternate routes between the 2 nodes. If one refuses, the information will go to another.

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What year did the Internet appear

Tests have begun. One of the first passed on October 29, 1969. Two PCs located 640 km apart were connected to each other. Moreover, the first computer was at Stanford University, and the second, at California. Communication cables were rented from the telephone company.


creators of the ARPANET

The connection speed was 56 Kbps. The essence of the experiment: - one of the employees of Charlie Kline from Los Angeles sent the word LOGIN. The other, Bill Duvall of Stanford, was supposed to see it on his screen and relay it over the phone.

At nine in the evening they made their first attempt, but Charlie Kline managed to send only 3 LOG characters. Half past eleven, the experiment was repeated once more. And he succeeded! Bill Duval saw the word LOGIN perfectly.

To the question - when the Internet appeared, you can answer 10/29/69! It's like his birthday! This network was called ARPANET. By the end of 1969, all these universities were combined into one network.

Hence, in connection with the development of the packet switching network, a fast and high-quality digital communication was created, based not on telephone lines. ARPANET was not only the ancestor of codes and files for the military, but also became something of a springboard for other networks.

But the history of the global network continued, and in 1971 a certain Ray Tomlinson created e-mail and wrote a program thanks to which people could write letters to each other on the Internet. Tomlinson also created the @ (dog) icon. This sign is still part of any email address.

Interesting fact! The @ sign is called differently in different countries - the Greeks call it a little duck, the Germans - a hanging monkey, the Danes - an appendage of an Elephant, and so on.

The first international connection took place in 1972. Computers from Norway and Great Britain were connected. In the same year, a satellite connection was launched with a university in Hawaii. The number of hosts in 1977 became 100.


Internet protocol TCP/IP

The next major event happened in 1983. In this year, ARPANET changed the transmission of information from NCP to TCP / IP. This protocol for transmitting and receiving information is still used today.

TCP - deals with the transformation of messages into a stream of information on the side that transmits data. Then he also collects packets back into messages, only on the side that receives.

IP - deals with the management of packet addresses. IP sends them in the right directions between different nodes of the global network and allows the association of various networks.

When the IP (Internet Protocol) protocol appeared, the name internet acquired the worldwide status of a huge association of many computers for internet communication.

Since the mid-eighties, the NSFNET network began its creation, which united a huge number of PCs located in different universities in America. Along with this, other networks began to be created, such as CSNET, BITNET and so on. Around the mid-nineties, the ARPANET network was eliminated, while the servers of this network were connected to other networks.

When did the Internet appear in Russia

In the Russian Federation, the Kurchatov Institute (Institute of Atomic Energy) was the first of the institutes to be connected to the global network in the early eighties. Also, in the nineties, a UNIX network was created - RELCOM. This network was connected DEMOS and IAE.

DEMOS was created at the end of the winter of 1989 with the aim of developing software and creating new local networks of computers. This network has been connected to the European UNIX EUnet since August of the same year.

It is the first commercial company in the Soviet Union to establish data exchange with Western networks.

When did the abbreviation WWW appear?

WWW stands for World Wide Web, which means World Wide Web. This is a very important stage in the creation of the Internet. It was created in 1991. Its basis is the use of hypertext.

Hypertext is a text containing a link to another fragment of this text (Web - page) of the same document or to another document. When a person clicks on such a link, the browser or other program takes the user to the piece of text to which it directs him.

Who Invented the World Wide Web

It was invented by Briton Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cayo. In history, it was Tim who made the first server. He also created the first browser. Tim used hypertext links to better navigate the web.


Who created the first website

I think you have already guessed that the first site was created by the same Tim Berners-Lee. He created it in the ninetieth year. The site had the address http://info.cern.ch/ .

What did the first browser look like?


The creation of the WWW service and browsers that can display Web pages on a PC has led to a real boom in the global network. The GUI browser appeared in 1993. It was the first browser of its kind and was called NCSA Mosaic.

All these discoveries and inventions, especially the WWW, created the conditions for connecting the mass user to the Internet. Nowadays, everyone can travel through the expanses of the world wide web. The number of people using the Internet is increasing exponentially.

When the Internet appeared, in what year, you now know. I wish you success!

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A computer without the Internet today seems to be a useless thing. Of course, this is the most convenient means for communication, searching for any information and even making money. But this was not always the case - initially the network was invented for a completely different purpose.

Where did it all begin?

So, why was the Internet created, in what year did it appear and who were its first users? The “parents” of the world wide web are, of course, the United States of America, whose Ministry of Defense as early as 1957 visited the idea of ​​the need to have in service (in the event of a war) a reliable exchange system. The mission to create the first was entrusted to several leading American scientific institutions .

Thanks to generous investment from the Department of Defense, already in 1969 a project called ARPANET was launched, which united its founders: the California Research Center, the Universities of Utah and California with an information network. Soon, this system, due to its efficiency and versatility, began to actively develop and became especially popular among scientists of that time.

"A turning point" in the history of the creation of the network

In what year the Internet was invented, we already know. But what date is considered his birthday? It's October 29, 1969. It is this day that today is considered the beginning of its entire history. Let's remember the events of this significant day, or rather night. It all started at 9:00 pm, when the first full-fledged communication session was held between California and Stanford. The transmission of information was carried out by an employee of the University of California, Charlie Kline, and Bill Duvall received it at Stanford, confirming the receipt of each character by telephone. But, as they say, the first pancake is always lumpy, so after the introduction of three characters (LOG) into the system, a failure occurred. American science established communication for an hour and a half, and already at 22:30 work resumed: Bill Duvall confirmed receipt of the full command to enter the network (LOGON).

So if you are asked in what year the Internet was created, albeit the most primitive one, answer with confidence: October 29, 1969.

E-mail - a push to the masses

Well, then it went like clockwork. Already after three years, on October 2, 1971, the means of communication so popular today was invented - e-mail. The code for the first messaging program created on the ARPANET,
consisted of 200 lines. This resource is the work of Ray Tomlinson, a senior engineer at BBN Technologies, who invented the character that still serves as a separator between a username and a domain address to this day. Today we proudly call this symbol “dog”.

The introduction of e-mail to the masses was a decisive event in the history of the development of the Internet. In what year the first e-mail address appeared is no longer important. The main thing is that thanks to him, the then still imperfect network became global, attracting millions of interested users.

World debut

1973 is considered the beginning of the international popularity of cyberspace, because through the transatlantic telephone cable, Great Britain and Norway were connected to the American information system. And 10 years later, ARPANET received a new name - the Internet. In what year did the term that we proudly call the World Wide Web appear today? In 1983.

At this time, the Internet has become not only a means of sending e-mail, but also a platform for posting news and announcements. In 1984, they invented which was supposed to provide a convenient robot with Internet addresses. In the same year, another large inter-university network NSFNET was created, which competed with ARPANET.

The birth of modern communications

Online communication today would be impossible if the IRC protocol had not been developed, which, translated into ordinary speech, means nothing more than “chat”. The Internet without it would not be the Internet. In what year did the real-time communication service appear? In 1988

1989 marked the advent of the true World Wide Web. This idea came to Tim Barnes-Lee, who proposed linking the information networks available at that time into one single network, the so-called World Wide Web. This was supposed to be done through hyperlinks. At the same time, the HTTP protocol was born, the HTML language was developed.

ARPANET ceased to exist relatively recently - in 1990, and all because of NSFNET, which surpassed it in many ways. Literally a year after that, the new NCSA Mosaic browser was released, as a result of which it became a public communication tool. As of 1997, approximately 10 million computers were accessing the Internet, and more than a million domains were registered in the system.

Now you know in what year the Internet was created, who did it and why. Be that as it may, this is the greatest achievement of the science of technology, which has been an integral part of the modern world for many years.

We can name the creators of the steam engine, the airplane, or the cinema. However, many brilliant scientists and teams of entire universities took part in the creation of the Internet. The technology developed rather slowly, so in different years a variety of people contributed to the formation of the “global web”.

Like most other advanced technologies for its time, the Internet appeared as a military development. The first attempts to create a wireless communication tool began at the height of the Cold War. The US leadership was concerned about the success of the USSR in space exploration. According to a number of American military experts, space technologies would make the Soviet Union absolutely invulnerable in the event of an armed conflict. Therefore, immediately after the successful launch of the Soviet Sputnik-1 in 1957, the development of a new system for data transmission began in America. All research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Defense and was kept in the deepest secret. The technical departments of the best universities in the country took part in the creation of the new technology.

In 1962, an employee of the University of Massachusetts, who part-time worked in the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Joseph Licklider, proposed his solution to the problem. Licklider believed that communication could be done through computers. Under his leadership, in the 1960s, work began on a project called ARPANET. It was planned that messages in such a network would be transmitted in their entirety, but such a transmission had several serious flaws: the impossibility of interaction of a large number of users, high cost, inefficient use of network bandwidth, inability to function normally when individual network components were destroyed.

To eliminate these shortcomings, a scientist from the University of California, Paul Baran, began to work. The result of his work was a new way of transmitting information - packet switching. In fact, each message was divided into several packets, each of which went to the addressee through its own channel. Thanks to this technical solution, the new data transmission network became practically invulnerable.


At the end of 1969, a historic event took place - the first message was transmitted over the ARPANET. The communication session was carried out between the California and Stanford universities and was crowned with success only on the second attempt. It took an hour and a half to transmit the short word "login" over a distance of 640 km. At that time, only 4 computers were connected to the network, located at different universities in America. By the early 1970s, e-mail was established, allowing messages to be exchanged within the network. And at the same time, the Internet ceased to be exclusively an American system. Universities of Hawaii, Great Britain and Norway have joined the network. As the number of computers on the network grew, their interaction became increasingly slow and out of sync.


Another scientist who worked at ARPA, Winston Cerf, took up the integration of computers into a single network. Cerf developed two protocols:

  • transmission control protocol (TCP);
  • and an optional internet protocol (IP).

Thanks to the joint work of the two protocols, it became possible to establish communications between many computers located around the world.

Internet before WWW

In the 1980s, ARPANET was already a fairly convenient tool with which universities, research laboratories and institutes could communicate with each other. In 1984, the domain name system came into being. Each of the computers included in the network was assigned its own domain name. Over time, this system has changed: the domain has become just an integral part of many email addresses, and not the name of a specific device. For convenience, user and domain names began to be separated from each other by the @ symbol. Later, a new way of communicating on the network appeared: computer owners could not only send files to each other, but also communicate in real time in special chat rooms.


In order to simplify the exchange of e-mail in 1991, the first corresponding program appeared. However, all this time the Internet remained only a set of channels for transmitting data from one computer to another, and only leading scientists in Europe and the USA used it. The revolutionary decision that made the Internet available to all computer owners was the emergence and further development of the WWW system.

The advent of the WWW


In the early 1990s, the English physicist and programmer Tim Berners-Lee began work on an open system that would allow various data to be placed on the network in such a way that any user could have access to them. It was originally planned that this system would allow physicists to exchange the necessary information. Thus, the well-known global network, the World Wide Web (WWW), appeared. To place and search for data in the digital network, it was necessary to create additional tools:

  • HTTP data transfer protocol;
  • the HTML language, thanks to which it became possible to design websites;
  • The URI and URL that could be used to find and link to a specific page.

The very first website in the world was created in August 1991 by Berners-Lee himself. On the page with the address info.cern.ch, the creator of the global network described the new data placement system and the principles of its operation.


Netscape Browser

Over the next five years after the creation of the WWW, 50 million users joined the network. To facilitate Internet surfing, a browser was developed - Netscape, which already had the functions of scrolling and following hyperlinks. The first search engine was Aliweb, which was later replaced by Yahoo!. Because the speed of the Internet was very slow, the site creators could not use a large number of pictures and animations. The first sites were predominantly text-based and were rather inconvenient for users. For example, in order to follow a hyperlink, the user had to type on the keyboard the serial number of this hyperlink, indicated in square brackets.

In 1992, America passed a law allowing the use of the Internet for commercial purposes. After that, all large companies began to acquire their own websites. Pages sprang up with the help of which it was possible to reserve a table in a cafe, order food or buy something from consumer goods. Many major magazines and newspapers began posting their issues on the Internet. To get access to such an electronic publication, one had to buy a subscription.

A new milestone in the digital revolution was the emergence of social networks that allowed people from all over the world to communicate.

In Russia, the introduction of Internet technologies began in 1990, and in 1994, the domain.ru appeared. Initially, Russian sites, as well as American ones, were mainly devoted to advanced technological developments and news from the world of science. The very first domestic site was a catalog of English and Russian-language resources located at 1-9-9-4.ru.